safety during project execution

7/27/2019 Safety During Project Execution

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Welcome to the

Session on


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Prof. AbhijeetSangapurkar

Assistant professor

NICMAR - Pune


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Safety Defined

Difficult to define due to its inter-relatednesswith several factors

Anything devoid of accident is SAFE

A thing is provisionally categorized assafe if its risks are deemed known and,inthe light of that knowledge, judged to beacceptable

Safety is inversely proportional to accidentrate.High Rate lower the safety and vice-

versa.


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SAFETY

SAFETY

Health

Media

Human

FactorRegu

latory

Agencies

Cost

Quality Production

S JobSecurity


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Human factors

Issues

The perceptual, physical, and mental

capabilities of people

Interactionof individuals with their

respective jobs

The influence of equipment andsystem design

The organisational characteristics


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A deviation from

accepted norm orcorrect procedure orpractice, which has

a potential to causeaccident.


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Any physical condition

which deviates fromaccepted norm or practiceand has the potential to

cause accident.


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Domino Theory...

The Domino theory is based on thetheory that a chain or sequence of events

can be listed in chronological order

to show the events leading upto anaccident:

event a event b event c accident effect


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Domino Theory...

The five factors or stages in the sequence of events are1. ancestry and social environment, leading to

2. fault of a person, consisting the proximate reason for

3. an unsafe act and / or mechanical hazard, which

results in4. the accident, which leads to

5. the injury

Heinrich suggested to remove thirddomino UNSAFE ACT for accident

prevention


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Socialenviron

Fault ofperson

U/AU/C

Accident Injury


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Number ofmen on site

Ratio of HSE Personnel

50 - 1 x SO100 - 2 x SO150 - 1 x SE + 2 x SO

200 - 1 x SE + 2 x SO + 1 x SA250 - 1 x SE + 2 x SO + 2 x SA300 - 1 x SE + 2 x SO + 3 x SA400 - 1 x SM + 1 x SE + 2 x SO + 3 x SA500 - 1 x SM + 1 x SE + 3 x SO + 4 x SA

1,000 - 1 x SM + 1 x SSE + 2 x SE + 6 x SO + 8x SA

SM = HSEManager

SSE = Senior HSE Engineer SE = HSE Engineer

SO = Safety Officer SA = Safety Assistant

SR = Safety Representative


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Accident Defined

An event

which is Unplanned,

Undesired, Unexpected and

Uncontrolled

& which may or may not result

in damage to property or injury toa person in the course of the

employment


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Human

Legal

Economic


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300

29

NO DAMAGE ORNO INJURY

CASES

MAJOR

ACCIDENT

MINOR

ACCIDENTS

Major, Minor & Near Miss Accidents


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Reportable Accident


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An Injury Causing Disablement

Extending 48 Hours Beyond

the Day or Shift on Which the

Accident Occurred


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ReactiveApproach

ProactiveApproach

AccidentInjury / Damage

Causatives

Safety

Safety

Causatives

Accident

Injury / Damage

The Approach


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The 4 ComponentsThe Accident

Result of the accident

Immediate Causes of Accidents

Contributing Causes of accidents


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Immediate Causes Of

Accidents PPEs provided but not used

Hazardous method of handling

Improper tools or equipments


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Contributing causes

Inadequate codes or standards

Failure by management to enforce the

safety rules and regulationFaulty design or lack of maintenance

Inadequate PPEs

Lack of safety awareness and training

Emotional stability and temperament+/-

Poor physical conditions viz.fatigue,deafness,poor eyesight so onand so forth


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Physical condition Of Person

Periodic examinations / re-

examinations

Proper job placement

Adequate medical facilities

Check for physical conditions of

the workers on all transfers and

change in jobs,shifts.


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Accident Cost1]Direct Cost

2] Indirect Cost

The direct cost is as good as a tipof

an Ice -Berg

DIRECT VS INDIRECT


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DIRECT VS. INDIRECT

COST OF AN

ACCIDENT

Re-trainingProperty damageEquipment damageProduction delaysSupervisory time

Medical billsCompensationBenefits


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Total No. of Reportable Accidents

----- ----------------------------------------- X 106

Total Man hours Worked

FR

Frequency Rate


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Man days lost due to Reportable accident

--------------------------------------------------- X 106

Total Man hours Worked

SR

Severity Rate


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Frequency rate x Severity rate

________________________

Risk Index

Accident Rate

Risk Index:

Comparative Index of Hazard Rating.

AR


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** TOTAL MANHOURS WORKED----------------------------------------WORKING DAYS /YEAR X 10 HOURS/DAY

NO OF FATALITY X 100000-----------------------------

NO OF WORKMEN ENGAGED**

Fatality Rate =

Uniformly followed by all countries.

Fatality Rate


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4.363.89

1.86

1.210.88

1.60

1.060.59

0.450.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

96-

97

97-

98

98-

99

99-

00

00-

01

01-

02

02-

03

03-

04

04-

05

SAFETY PERFORMANCE

FREQUENCY RATE

Source L T


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SAFETY IN P&M

OPERATIONS


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Fencing of Machinery

All rotating parts &

gears

Not to remove fencingof dangerous parts of

machinery while in

operation

when removed, replace

as soon as practicable and

before brought into use.


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Minimum Clearance 6m

Work near Overhead Power Line

If necessary to operate with clearance less than above,

Power lines shall invariably be shut off during the operation


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Power Shovels (Excavators)

Check: bucket teeth shouldnever come nearer less than 40

cm to boom.

Location of any underground

power cables in the area ofoperations

Not advisable to be under

raised bucket and When not in

use, bucket be rested on ground

Shall be kept away from the

edge 2m or half the the depth

whichever is more.


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STABILITY

Following misadventures to be avoided to avoid over-turning:

By taking load in excess of SWL

By braking suddenly in order to arrest descending load

By sudden release of a heavy load

By pulling loads from the sides

By operating the crane without sufficient counter-weight

By positioning the crane at a steep slope


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MOBILE CRANES

While traveling up; derrick out the load & while

traveling down; derrick in the load

Engine & gear condition while move down the hill?Fully extended outriggers while lifting the load

Horn, Head light, side lamp, rear & stop lights

Tag line


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PASSENGER HOIST

SAFETY MEASURES

SWL Displayed

Secondary Defence Provision for Emergency

stops

Drop Test Exp. Qualified Operator

Interlocks


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VEHICLES

Vehicle in condition

Speed At site 20 KMPH

Reverse horn


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If the pump becomes energized, everything that

touches the pump is also energized


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Never open a Pressurized Line

A plugged line may have maximum pump pressure inside.

Wait until the operator reverses the pump and tells you that it

safe to open the pipe.


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Safety while workingat height


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HIGH INCIDENCES OF FATAL ACCIDENTS

WHILE WORKING AT HEIGHT

Fall of Object

Electrocution

Transport vehicle

Miscellaneous

08%

11%

16%

08%

Fall of Person

57 %


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DEVICES

GAINING ACCESS LADDERS

STAIRWAYS

SCAFFOLDS

FOR PREVENTING FALLS GUARD RAILS

TOE BOARDS

ROOF TOP LADDERS

PROTECTION AGAINST INJURIES SAFETY BELTS

SAFETY NET


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Ladder Safety

Follow the 4:1 rule when using extension ladders

6 m (20 ft)

1.5 m (5 ft.)

LADDERS


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LADDERS

Angle of Inclination

Extension off landing

LADDER


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LADDER

THE ANGLE SHOULD BE BETWEEN 65- 750 TO THE HORIZONTAL (1 : 4)fourup, one down

STILES TO EXTEND AT LEAST 1 M ( 3FT) ABOVE THE STEP-OFF POINT.

NO RUNG SHOULD BE MISSING.

IT SHOULD ALWAYS BE LACED ATTHE LEVEL OF THE PLATFORM.

IT SHOULD BE FIRM & FITTED WITHA NON-SLIPPERY FOOT HOLD.

RUNGS SHALL BE CLEAR OF OIL /GREASE etc.,

Do's

LADDER


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LADDER

ALLOW MORE THAN ONE PERSON AT ATIME

FACE AWAY FROM THE LADDER WHILEASCENDING OR DESCENDING.

CARRY A LOAD THAT WILL PREVENTBOTH HANDS FROM HOLDING RUNG

OVER-REACH ON A LADDER

HANG ANY TOOL FROM THE RUNGS

WORK HIGHER THAN 2 STEPS FROM THETOP OF THE LADDER.

NEVER USE HORIZONTALLY AS A WORKPLATFORM.

Don'ts


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SCAFFOLDS

TO WITHSTAND LOAD OF MEN,MATERIAL AND SELF LOAD

STABILITY

WITHSTAND IMPACT AND WINDPRESSURE

NOT TO BE OVERLOADED

CLEAR ACCESS TO BE MAINTAINED

PROHIBIT PUBLIC ENTRY


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Hazards In Scaffolding

1] Falls

2] Collapse

3] Hit by falling object

4] Electrical

5] Fire

6] Vehicular Traffic

Ri ht M th d f S ff ldi


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Erect First Tower Adjust andensure the top level issame.Connect all pin bracing

Right Method of Scaffolding

G ardrails


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Top rails between 900mmht.Toe boards at least 150

width

Top Rail

Mid- Rail

Toeboard

Guardrails

SAFETY BELT


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For more than 2.0 m height.

Lanyard to be anchored to afixed point.

Free-fall not to exceed 1.80m

Lanyard not more than 3m.

SAFETY BELT

FULL BODY SAFETY HARNESS


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FULL BODY SAFETY HARNESS

Lif li ith FALL ARRESTER


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Life line with FALL ARRESTER


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Safety In

Excavation


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Excavation Hazards

oSoil Collapse / Soil CaveoUnder ground Utilities

oHazardous atmospheresoAdjacent structuresoFalls / Falling loads

oAccess / EgressoVehicular trafficoMobile equipment


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Preventing Soil Collapse

Soil classification (Type a, b, or C)determines construction of protective system:

Sloping

Benching

Placing a shield.

Shoring

Timber / Aluminumshoring

Sheet piling

Si l Sl i T A S il


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Simple Sloping -TypeASoil

Unsupported Vertically-Sided Lower Portion


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Supported or Shielded Vertically-Sided Lower Portion

Simple Sloping -TypeASoil
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Simple Sloping

Type B- 1:1 450

Type C- 1 :1 340

Note :Greater than 20 feet deep shall be designedby a registered professional engineer.


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PREVENTION

Stacking the material 1 Mtrsaway from

the edge of the excavation.


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PREVENTION

Never parkthe mobile equipment within 2.5

Mtrs of the Excavated Edge.

FENCING


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FENCING Hard Barrication shall be

provided, in the fall prone areas

and if depth is more Physical barricades required

always

Must be placed 2m away fromexcavation

Standard fall protection

required for vertical falls over1.3m

Traffic diversions

Pedestrian walkway diversion

Elements of fire


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Elements of fire

Fuel Combustible substance in the form of

vapour, Liquid or incandescent Solid.

Heat A Source of Ignition sufficient to initiate and

propagate the Chemical Reaction ofCombustion.

Oxygen Oxygen content in atmospheric Air in

sufficient proportion to form a combustibleVapour-Air mixture.


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Classification of Fire

Class A Fires

Class B Fires

Class C Fires

Class D Fires

Class K Fires

Storage Guidelines


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Storage Guidelines

No storage is allowed

in corridors andstairwells. A clutteredhallway could slowdown emergencyevacuation.

Storage must notexceed a plane of 18inches below sprinklerheads or smokedetectors. Storagethat breaks this plane

may prevent sprinklerheads from fullycovering room duringa fire.

An example of how storage can

protrude into the 18-inch plane below

sprinkler heads.

18

plane

Storage Guidelines


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Storage Guidelines All storage must be at least

3 ft from electrical panels. In some emergency

situationsit will be necessary toaccess panels quickly.

Maintain at least a 3ft clearance

from heating surfaces, airducts, heaters, and lightingfixtures.

Storage of combustiblematerials in mechanical roomsis prohibited.

Improper Storage

in front of Electrical Panel

Improper Mechanical

Room Storage


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Flammable and CombustibleLiquids

Flammable Liquids

Any liquid having a

flashpoint below100oF(37.8oC) orlower.

NFPA Classes IA, IB, &IC

CombustibleLiquids

Any liquid having aflashpoint at orabove 100oF (37.8o

C).

NFPA Classes II & IIIA &B

Classes of Flammable


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Classes of Flammableand Combustible Liquids

200

140

100

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IIIA

II

IC

IA IB

100

COMBUSTIBLE(Flash Point >100 F)

FLAMMABLE

(Flash Point < 100 F)

Boiling Point (F)

F

lashpoint(Fo)

Fire Extinguisher Anatomy


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Fire Extinguisher Anatomy

DISCHARGE HOSE

DISCHARGE NOZZLE

DISCHARGE ORIFICE

BODY

DATA PLATE

CARRYING

HANDLE

PRESSURE GAUGE

(not found on CO2

ext inguishers)

DISCHARGE LEVER

DISCHARGE LOCKING PIN

AND SEAL

Classes & Types of Fires


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Classesof Fires

Types of FiresPictureSymbol

Fire ExtinguisherLabel

AWood, paper, cloth, trash& other ordinarymaterials.

BGasoline, oil, paint andother flammablematerials.

C

May be used on firesinvolving live electricalequipment without dangerto the operator.

D Combustible metals andcombustible metal alloys.

K

Cooking media (vegetable

or animal oils and fats)

& Labeling of Fire Extinguishers

Triangle

Square

Circle

StarD


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Suitability of Fire Extinguishers

TYPE OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERCLASS

OF FIRE WATER DCP CO2

A Y Y N

B N Y Y

C N Y YD N Y N

Electrical N Y Y


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How to Use a

Fire

Extinguisher

Even though extinguishers come in a number of

shapes and sizes, they all operate in a similarmanner. Here's an easy acronym for fireextinguisher use:

P A S S -- Pull, Aim, Squeeze, and Sweep


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PullThe pin at the top of the extinguisher that keepsthe handle from being accidentally pressed.


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Aim

The nozzle toward thebase of the fire


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Stand approximately 8 feet away from the fire and

squeezethe handle to discharge theextinguisher. If you release the handle, the

discharge will stop.


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Sweepthe nozzle back and forth at the base ofthe fire. After the fire appears to be out, watch itcarefully since it may re-ignite!


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Thank you all

safety during project execution

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