safety and security of peace corps volunteers | hearing 108-102 | march 24, 2004

8/9/2019 Safety and Security of Peace Corps Volunteers | Hearing 108-102 | March 24, 2004

1/101

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2/101

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3/101

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Ta}Gowa @o} =? =55= ?5;=9 Kqb ?3" =557 Knw 5


18/101

?7

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gl}acwf} jos maah sabacwag ohg wja dl}sw i}fu fd ?1 wf =5 Tfbhwaa}s ylbb o}}lta lh@azlcf wjls dobb(

W]OTAB WF UAOCA CF]US CFQHW]LAS

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Yjlba wja yf}bg wfgo| ls ta}| gldda}ahw d}f` ?


19/101

?1

Wja c}aowlfh fd hay swohgo}g fua}owlhi u}fcag}as ohg o hay swohgo}g wa`-

ubowa df} ufsws lh gatabfulhi wjal} Aà}iahc| Ocwlfh Ubohs> Wja lùbaàhwowlfh ohg cfùblohca fd hay u}fcag}as df} Tfbhwaa}&W}olhaa

Sodaw| ohg Sac}lw| *@ohob Sacwlfh =95, wf àos}a ohg `fhlwf} ufsws cf`-ublohca ylwj lùf}wohw sodaw| ohg sac}lw| }aql}aàhws>

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Wja aswomblsjàhw fd }aibo} sodaw| ohg sac}lw| swodd w}olhlhi fh o wyf-|ao}c|cba>

Oh ahjohcaàhw fd wja sodaw| ohg sac}lw| lhdf}òwlfh àssoia wjow o ufwah-wlob ouublcohw }acaltas d}f` jls f} ja} dl}sw cfhwocw ylwj Uaoca Cf}usg}lhi}ac}lwàhw ohg wj}fijfw wja ouublcowlfh u}fcass> ohg

Wja otolbomlblw| fd sodaw| ohg sac}lw| lhdf}òwlfh fh wja Uaoca Cf}usyamslwa(

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Lw ls lùf}wohw wf hfwa wjow wja Uaoca Cf}us cf}a sodaw| ohg sac}lw| ujlbfsfuj|

ls fha fd Tfbhwaa} occauwohca ohg lhwai}owlfh lhwf wja bfcob cf``hlw|( Wjls hacas-slwowas wja wjfijwdb gaslih fd tlomba u}fkacws" wja ogouwowlfh fd Tfbhwaa}s lhwfwjal} hay slwas ohg cbw}as" ohg wja gatabfuàhw fd wja Tfbhwaa}s hawyf}n fd su-uf}w( O soda ohg sac}a Tfbhwaa} ls fha yjf ls yf}nlhi lh wja cf``hlw| fh o yabb-gaslihag u}fkacw( Lh obb u}fi}o``lhi" wja Uaoca Cf}us yf}ns wf ahs}a Tfbhwaa}sjota cbao}b| gadlhag kfm osslihàhws( Wja wacjhlcob w}olhlhi cfùfhahw fd u}a-sa}t-lca w}olhlhi u}auo}as Tfbhwaa}s ylwj wja assahwlob cfùawahclas wf sccassdbb| ua}-df}` wjal} yf}n lh wjal} u}fi}o` sacwf}( Alijw| ua}cahw fd u}a-sa}tlca w}olhlhi lh-tfbtas sfà cf``hlw| mosag w}olhlhi lh f}ga} wf sl`bowa }aob-blda azua}lahcas lhwja yf}nuboca" jfà" ohg cf``hlw|( Sfblg w}olhlhi ohg kfms ahomba Tfbhwaa}s wfmacfà `f}a qlcnb| lhtfbtag lh wjal} yf}n" mlbg o suuf}w hawyf}n wjow lhcbgaswjal} hay cfbbaoias" ohg u}fgca àos}omba u}fkacw fwcfàs( Wjasa docwf}s baogwf jlija} }owas fd Tfbhwaa} kfm sowlsdocwlfh" yjlcj ls lùf}wohw wf Tfbhwaa} sodaw|(

Yjlba wja u}a-sa}tlca w}olhlhi cfhwolhs òh| lùf}wohw wacjhlcob cfùfhahws"bohioia" cbw}ob hohcas" ohg sodaw| ohg sac}lw| w}olhlhi o}a na| docwf}s lh u}a-uo}lhi o Tfbhwaa} df} lhwai}owlfh lhwf wja jfsw cf``hlw| ohg bo|lhi wja i}fhg-yf}n df} o soda ohg dbdlbblhi Tfbhwaa} azua}lahca( Jlij qoblw|" u}ocwlcob c}fss-cb-w}ob w}olhlhi ls obsf o cf}ha}swfha fd Tfbhwaa} w}olhlhi( Ow wja cfhcbslfh fd u}a-sa}tlca w}olhlhi" w}olhaas `sw uoss o sa}las fd cf}a cfùawahclas madf}a malhi

syf}h lh os dbb-dbagiag Uaoca Cf}us Tfbhwaa}s( Wjasa cf}a cfùawahclas }aql}aw}olhaas wf ga`fhsw}owa oh hga}swohglhi fd lssas scj os ua}sfhob sodaw| sw}owa-ilas" gaoblhi ylwj hyohwag owwahwlfh" lgahwld|lhi }lsn docwf}s ohg sw}owailas df}otflglhi }lsn" ohg wja lùf}wohca fd lhclgahw }auf}wlhi( Wja| `sw obsf ma omba wfcf``hlcowa moslc àssoias lh wja bfcob bohioia" azjlmlw oh hga}swohglhi fdUaoca Cf}us ufblclas" os yabb os nhfy wjal} }fbas ohg }asufhslmlblwlas lh wja Aà}-iahc| Ocwlfh Uboh(

Lw ls tlwob wjow Tfbhwaa}s nhfy jfy wf johgba aà}iahc| slwowlfhs" yjawja} lwls fha Tfbhwaa} lh oh occlgahw f} obb Tfbhwaa}s lh fha cfhw}| yjf haag wf maatocowag( Os |f ò| nhfy" ya }acahwb| ssuahgag f} u}fi}o` lh Jolwl" ga wfwja cltlb h}asw" ohg m}fijw f} 94 Tfbhwaa}s jfà( Wjls jos maah wja slzwj sc-cassdb atocowlfh g}lhi `| wah}a os Gl}acwf}wja ?5wj slhca wja dobb fd =55?lùocwlhi


20/101

?4

a}ag bohgblhas" aòlb" maaua}s" }oglfs" ohg àssoia }abo| s|swa`s wf }aocj Tfbh-

waa}s fh o }aibo} mosls ohg lh aà}iahc| slwowlfhs( D}wja}`f}a" yjah UaocaCf}us Tfbhwaa}s o}a ubocag lh cf``hlwlas o}fhg wja yf}bg" wja| jota o cl}cbafd suuf}w o}fhg wja` wjow lhcbgas bfcob jfsw cfhw}| howlfhobs os yabb os UaocaCf}us swodd( Os yfbg ma wja cosa ja}a lh wja Qhlwag Swowas" ld o ua}sfh ya}a lhglsw}ass" d}lahgs" halijmf}s" cfbbaoias" jfsw cfhw}| cfhwa}uo}ws" ohg bfcob ufblcao}a otolbomba wf osslsw ylwj wja slwowlfh ohg wf sahg ohg }acalta aà}iahc| às-soias(

Wja Uaoca Cf}us sas df} na| abaàhws lh aswomblsjlhi ohg òlhwolhlhi lws soda-w| ohg sac}lw| d}oàyf}n df} Tfbhwaa}s ohg swodd; }asao}cj" ubohhlhi" w}olhlhi"ohg cfùblohca( Sodaw| ohg sac}lw| lhdf}òwlfh ls w}ocnag ohg ohob|{ag fh oh fh-iflhi mosls( Wja gowo ohob|sls" cfhgcwag hfy m| f} hay sodaw| ohg sac}lw| }a-sao}cj us|cjfbfilsw" ls sag wf ahjohca azlswlhi ufblclas f} gatabfu hay ufblclas ohgu}fcag}as" os haagag( F} }asao}cj us|cjfbfilsw obsf ua}lfglcobb| cf}}fmf}owas swo-wlswlcob gowo fh c}làs oiolhsw Tfbhwaa}s ylwj wja Gauo}wàhw fd Swowas C}là Gl-tlslfh" wja fhb| gltlslfh sfbab| gaglcowag os oh fddlclob }aufslwf}| fd c}là swowlswlcs(

Odwa} co}adb ohob|sls ohg ubohhlhi" cjohias o}a malhi lhwai}owag wj}fijfw wjaoiahc|( Wja w}olhlhi fd Tfbhwaa}s lhcbgas wja `fsw u-wf-gowa sodaw| ohg sac}lw|lhdf}òwlfh otolbomba( Boswb|" cfùblohca ls assahwlob wf ahs}a wjow sodaw| ohg sac-}lw| àos}as o}a ogja}ag wf ohg }aòlh o wfu u}lf}lw| fta} wja cf}sa fd wlà(

Aocj fd wjasa cfùfhahws jabus c}aowa o d}oàyf}n wf sodaio}g wja yabb malhi fdTfbhwaa}s ohg swodd" ahomblhi wja` wf co}}| fw wja Uaoca Cf}us `lsslfh(

SWOWLSWLCOB ]ASQBWS

Yjlba aswomblsjlhi hay w}olhlhi u}fcag}as" azuohglhi swodd }asf}cas ohg lhs}-lhi cfùblohca o}a lùf}wohw> wja bwlòwa atobowlfh sjfbg ma àos}ag m| }a-sbws( G}lhi wja uosw wyf |ao}s" wja Uaoca Cf}us jos azua}lahcag o slihldlcohw g}fulh Tfbhwaa} gaowjs" òkf} sazob ossobws" ohg `lhf} ossobws( Wja }owa fd sa}lfssazob ossobw atahws ls gfyh fha-wjl}g slhca ?

Slhca ? ohg"

:< ua}cahwfta}yjab`lhib| }asufhgag lh wja oddl}òwlta yjah osnag ld wja|yfbg òna wja soà gaclslfh wf kflh wja Uaoca Cf}us(

HAY U]FWFCFB FH TLFBAHW C]L@AS OIOLHSW TFBQHWAA]S

Hfwylwjswohglhi wjow Tfbhwaa}s bo}iab| daab soda yja}a wja| o}a bltlhi ohg yf}n-lhi" sodaw| lhclgahws gf fcc}( Fha ossobw oiolhsw o Tfbhwaa} ls fha wff òh|( Yawona aocj lhclgahw ta}| sa}lfsb| ohg `fmlbl{a obb fd f} }asf}cas wf osslsw Tfbh-waa}s lh haag( Yjawja} wja c}là ls wjow fd wjadw fd o Tfbhwaa}s u}fua}w| f} o òkf}sazob ossobw" wja Uaoca Cf}us jos w}olhag" u}fdasslfhob" co}lhi swodd lh uboca wf l`-àglowab| }asufhg ohg m}lhi ouu}fu}lowa àglcob owwahwlfh" cfhsablhi" ohg boy ah-df}caàhw wf olg wja Tfbhwaa}( Lh sfà slwowlfhs" Tfbhwaa}s o}a àglcobb| atoc-owag wf wja Qhlwag Swowas wf }acalta dfcsag co}a ohg w}aowàhw(

Os L jota azubolhag" wja Fddlca fd Sodaw| ohg Sac}lw| wonas azwahslta àos}aswf ahs}a wjow wja oiahc| ls addacwltab| yf}nlhi wf u}atahw c}làs oiolhsw Tfbh-waa}s( Lh ogglwlfh wf wja azwahslta w}olhlhi" wjls fddlca obsf cfbbacws gowo wf ohob|{a

Ta}Gowa @o} =? =55= ?5;=9 Kqb ?3" =557 Knw 5


21/101

?9

c}là w}ahgs wf jabu lhdf}` ufblc| ohg u}atahw dw}a lhclgahws( Df} lhswohca" wja

gowo lhglcowas wjow Tfbhwaa}s o}a `fsw ow }lsn df} o òkf} uj|slcob ossobw fh oSow}go| f} Shgo| mawyaah wja jf}s fd 9;55 u(`( ohg =;55 o(`( lh oh }moh" um-blc o}ao( Scj }lsn docwf}s o}a }auaowagb| aùjosl{ag wf Tfbhwaa}s g}lhi w}olhlhisf wja| coh `lhl`l{a wjal} }lsn fd macf`lhi o tlcwl`( Tfbhwaa}s o}a lhsw}cwag fhjfy wf wona ua}sfhob }asufhslmlblw| wf otflg }lsn| slwowlfhs ohg `fgld| wjal} majot-lf} wf u}fwacw wja`sabtas(

Jfyata}" lh wja hdf}whowa slwowlfh yjah o tlfbahw c}là oiolhsw o Tfbhwaa}gfas fcc}" wja Uaoca Cf}us jos àcjohls`s lh uboca wf osslsw wja Tfbhwaa} lhata}| yo| ufsslmba( L jota àhwlfhag àglcob co}a ohg cfhsablhi( Obbfy à wf w}hwf wja lssa fd lhtaswliowlfh ohg u}fsacwlfh ohg wja }fba fd wja Uaoca Cf}us Fddlcafd wja Lhsuacwf} Iaha}ob(

Bosw Fcwfma}" L lssag o hay Uaoca Cf}us U}fwfcfb fh Tlfbahw C}làs OiolhswTfbhwaa}s" yjlcj jabuag cbo}ld| wja azlswlhi gwlas fd wja Lhsuacwf} Iaha}ob yjaho Tfbhwaa} ls o tlcwl` fd o tlfbahw c}là( Suacldlcobb|" wja Lhsuacwf} Iaha}ob joso cff}glhowlhi }fba ohg ls cjo}iag ylwj }atlaylhi wja lhtaswliowlfh addf}ws fd bfcobfddlclobs" cfhgcwlhi ouu}fu}lowa dfbbfy-u ocwlfhs wf suuf}w oh lhtaswliowlfh" ohgosslswlhi lh wja u}fsacwlfh( Os ouu}fu}lowa" wja Fddlca fd wja Lhsuacwf} Iaha}ob as-cf}ws wja Tfbhwaa} f} df}à} Tfbhwaa} mocn df} jfsw-howlfh lhtaswliowlta ohg u}fs-acwf}lob u}fcaaglhis(

Ylwj wja }asw}cw}lhi fd wja hay Fddlca fd Sodaw| ohg Sac}lw|" ohg wf mahadlwwja sa}tlca wf Tfbhwaa}s ohg wjls oiahc|" L yos ubaosag wf cfùb| ylwj wja Fddlcafd wja Lhsuacwf} Iaha}obs }aqasw wf `f}a df}òbb| cbo}ld| wf wja oiahc| wja }asufh-slmlblwlas fd wja Fddlca fd Lhsuacwf} Iaha}ob lh dfbbfylhi u fh tlfbahw c}làs oiolhsw

Tfbhwaa}s( Yjlba wjls u}fwfcfb yos slùb| o cbo}ldlcowlfh fd azlswlhi gwlas" L cohobsf }auf}w wjow L jota cfhslswahwb| lhc}aosag wja Fddlca fd Lhsuacwf} Iaha}obs mgi-aw" yjlcj jos }lsah m| 35 ua}cahw slhca =55=(

Wja Uaoca Cf}us òlhwolhs o jaobwj| yf}nlhi }abowlfhsjlu ylwj wja Fddlca fd wjaLhsuacwf} Iaha}ob" yjlcj fua}owas os oh lhgauahgahw ahwlw| hga} wja Lhsuacwf}Iaha}ob Ocw" hfw wja Uaoca Cf}us Ocw( Os oh lhgauahgahw fddlca wjow oglws f} dl-hohclob dhcwlfhs" atobowas wja òhoiaàhw ohg u}fi}o` fua}owlfhs" ohg lhtas-wliowas obbaiowlfhs fd c}l`lhob ocwltlw|" wja Fddlca fd wja Lhsuacwf} Iaha}ob ubo|s ohlùf}wohw fta}slijw }fba lh atobowlhi ohg lgahwld|lhi o}aos ohg u}fcassas lh wjaoiahc| wjow }aql}a l`àglowa owwahwlfh os yabb os bfhi-wa}` lù}ftaàhw( Ya wonawjal} }auf}ws ta}| sa}lfsb| lh wja dlabg ohg ow Jaogqo}wa}s" ohg f} Cjlad Cfùbl-ohca Fddlca} cjacns wf ahs}a wjow ya ouu}fu}lowab| dfbbfy u fh wjal} }acf`àhgo-wlfhs( Df} azoùba" wja Lhsuacwf} Iaha}ob m}fijw lw wf `| owwahwlfh wjow òh|u}fmba`s azlswag ylwj Tfbhwaa} jfswabs" yjlcj fdwah g}oy Tfbhwaa}s oyo| d}f`wjal} slwas ohg oyo| d}f` ònlhi boswlhi }abowlfhsjlus ylwj à`ma}s fd wjal} cf`-

`hlw|( Odwa} o wjf}fij ossassàhw" f} Uaoca Cf}us òhob yos }atlsag u}fjlm-lwlhi wja Uaoca Cf}us d}f` u}ftlglhi" sohcwlfhlhi" f} cfhgfhlhi wja sa fd jfswabshbass u}atlfsb| ouu}ftag m| wja Gl}acwf}( Wjls gaclslfh yos hfw àw dotf}omb| m|òh| Tfbhwaa}s" |aw mosag fh wja Lhsuacwf} Iaha}obs }auf}w" yos lh wja masw lhwa}-asw fd wja oiahc|( L bffn df}yo}g wf cfhwlhlhi f} mobohcag yf}nlhi }abowlfhsjluwjow tobas mfwj wja Fddlca fd wja Lhsuacwf} Iaha}obs lhgauahgahca ohg }ac-f`àhgowlfhs(

U]FUFSAG BAILSBOWLTA CJOHIAS

L hga}swohg wjls Cf``lwwaa lhwahgs wf cfhslga} bailsbowlfh lh wja hao} dw}awjow ylbb lùocw wja Uaoca Cf}us( Fha fd wja òkf} sw}ahiwjs fd wja Uaoca Cf}us

Ocw ls wjow lw ls o m}fog owjf}l{owlfh" yjlcj jos fta} wja |ao}s" iltah oùba fuuf}-whlw| df} wja oiahc| wf òlhwolh lws lhgauahgahca ohg lws addacwltahass( Cfhi}asssaw df}wj m}fog fmkacwltas" ohg baw wja Azacwlta M}ohcj" lh cfhsbwowlfh ylwj wjajfsw ifta}hàhw f} lws uafubas ohg Cfhi}ass^W=P" aswomblsj u}fi}o`s wjow àaw wjalhgltlgob haags fd aocj cfhw}|( Day oiahclas jota maah sf sccassdbb| ohg addl-clahwb| òhoiag fta} scj o bfhi ua}lfg( Wf òlhwolh f} addacwltahass lh oh a}ofd cfhwlhag i}fywj ohg fuuf}whlw| }aql}as wjow òhoiaàhw jos wja dbazlmlblw|wf òna gaclslfhs wjow masw sa}ta wja oiahc| ohg" `fsw lùf}wohwb|" wja Tfbhwaa}s(Ya gf hfw mablata wjow lw ls lh wja masw lhwa}asw fd wjls oiahc| wf u}sa oh| fd wjabailsbowlta cjohias wjow ya hga}swohg wja cf``lwwaa ubohs wf cfhslga}(

Os hfwag omfta" wja Uaoca Cf}us c}}ahwb| jos o ufslwlta ohg lhgauahgahw yf}n-lhi }abowlfhsjlu ylwj wja Fddlca fd Lhsuacwf} Iaha}ob" os o Gaslihowag Daga}ob Ahwl-w| hga} wja Lhsuacwf} Iaha}ob Ocw fd ?


22/101

?:

yja}a wja Lhsuacwf} Iaha}ob ls ouuflhwag m| wja jaog fd oh oiahc| lhcbga O@-

W]ON" wja Daga}ob ]asa}ta" AAFC" ohg SAC( Wja U}aslgahw ouuflhws Lhsuacwf}Iaha}obs ow bo}ia gauo}wàhws ohg oiahclas" scj os GFG" Cf`à}ca Gauo}wàhw"Gauo}wàhw fd Agcowlfh" JJS" ohg JQG(

Sacfhgb|" ya dlhg lw hhacasso}| wf ua}òhahwb| lhswlwwa oh Fddlca fd wja F`-mgsòh( Wjls hay swowwf}| }aql}aàhw yfbg ma gublcowlta fh òh| batabs" gl-bwlhi wja owjf}lw| ob}aog| i}ohwag wf wja Fddlca fd wja Lhsuacwf} Iaha}ob( Iltahwja m}fog uo}oàwa}s wjow ya hga}swohg wja bailsbowlfh yfbg c}aowa df} wja F`-mgsòh" lw cfbg ocwobb| cfhdblcw ylwj wja Lhsuacwf} Iaha}obs azlswlhi k}lsglc-wlfhob owjf}lw| ohg cfbg o}wldlclobb| lhwa}}uw swohgo}g }atlay u}fcag}as( Lh oggl-wlfh" wja oiahc| ls lh wja u}fcass fd cfhslga}lhi aswomblsjlhi oh lhwa}hob blolsfh wfdoclblwowa ufsw-àglcob sa}tlcas lssas fh majobd fd }aw}hlhi Tfbhwaa}soh lwa` Lylbb ogg}ass d}wja} ow wja cbfsa fd `| }aò}ns( Oiolh" yjlba wja lgao ò| jotaà}lw" ya gf hfw saa wja c}aowlfh fd scj oh fddlca os oh ouu}fu}lowa sa fd f} oiah-c|s dhgs(

L@UOCW FD WJA 1-\AO] ]QBA

Os |f ò| nhfy" wja Uaoca Cf}us ls o hlqa daga}ob oiahc| lh wjow `fsw a`-ubf|aas o}a bl`lwag wf sa}tlhi wja oiahc| df} dlta |ao}s" wjfij ya o}a ua}`lwwagwf azwahg wja sa}tlca fd o bl`lwag h`ma} fd aùbf|aas uosw wja dlta-|ao} ò}n( Wjlsc}aowas o g|ho`lc" aha}iawlc ow`fsuja}a lh yjlcj Uaoca Cf}us swodd yf}ns jo}g wfjota o ufslwlta lùocw fh wja oiahc| g}lhi wjal} dlta-|ao} wah}a( ]acahwb|" Cfh-i}ass iota wja Uaoca Cf}us owjf}lw| wf azaùw ca}wolh ufslwlfhs ossfclowag ylwjsodaw| ohg sac}lw| d}f` wja dlta-|ao} }ba( Slhca wjls ls o gauo}w}a d}f` f} jlswf}-lcob aùbf|àhw boys ohg }aibowlfh" L co}adbb| }atlayag wja ufslwlfhs ohg df}òbb|gaslihowag f} dl}sw i}fu fd =3 azaùw ufslwlfhs fh Fcwfma} =


23/101

? lw ls o sua}m f}iohl{o-wlfh yf}wj| fd ata}| clwl{ahs suuf}w(

Ta}Gowa @o} =? =55= ?5;=9 Kqb ?3" =557 Knw 5


24/101

=5

CFHCBQSLFH

Wja sodaw| fd wja Tfbhwaa} ls wja h`ma} fha u}lf}lw| fd wja Uaoca Cf}us" ohg}aòlhs wja u}lò}| dfcs fd òh| fd wja }asao}cj" ubohhlhi" w}olhlhi" ohg cfùbl-ohca cfùfhahws fd wja oiahc|( Os hfwag omfta" f} oiahc| jos occfùblsjag oi}aow gaob fta} wja uosw == `fhwjslh mfwj sodaw| ohg sac}lw| ohg wja i}fywj fdf} u}fi}o`s( F} D\ =551 mgiaw }aqasw fd '75? `lbblfh ylbb suuf}w wjls cfhwlh-ag i}fywj ohg òlhwolh wja lhd}osw}cw}a ya u}asahwb| jota lh uboca(

Lh cfhcbslfh" L o` i}owadb wf |f ohg à`ma}s fd wja Cf``lwwaa df} |f} cfh-wlhag suuf}w fd wja Uaoca Cf}us `lsslfh( Sauwa`ma} ??wj ls o i}l` }a`lhga} wjowwja yf}n fd uosw" u}asahw" ohg dw}a Tfbhwaa}s ls `f}a c}lwlcob wjoh ata}( L mablatawjow wja Uaoca Cf}us ls yabb ufslwlfhag wf sodab| ocjlata azuohslfh ohg mlbg ufhwja sccassas fd wja uosw 73 |ao}s(

Cjol}òh J\GA( Wjohn |f" Gl}acwf} Tosqa{( Ld |f gf hfw }a-`lhg }awl}lhi wf wja gifw" ya ylbb u}fcaag ylwj wja sacfhg uohab"ohg wjah ya ylbb ahwa}wolh qaswlfhs(

@}( TOS_QA[( \as" sl}(Cjol}òh J\GA( L yfbg blna wf yabcfà @}( Yobwa} Ufl}la} fd

Bfyabb" @ossocjsawws( @}( Ufl}la}s sfh" Yobwa} K( Ufl}la}" sa}tagos o Uaoca Cf}us Tfbhwaa} lh Mfbltlo hwlb jls glsouuao}ohca odwa}Koho}| =55?( Ja ls kflhag lh wja oglahca m| @}s( Sjalbo Ufl}la}"ohg ya wjohn mfwj fd |f df} kflhlhi s wfgo|(

Hazw" @}( Kadd M}ca ls wja Aglwf} fd wja Go|wfh Golb| Hays( @}(M}ca jfbgs o Mocjabf}s Gai}aa d}f` Sw( Agyo}gs Qhlta}slw| lh

Oswlh" Wazos" ohg ya wjohn |f" @}( M}ca(@}( Kass Df}g ls Gl}acwf} df} Lhwa}howlfhob Oddol}s ohg W}oga ow

wja Iaha}ob Occfhwlhi Fddlca yja}a ja jos yf}nag slhca ?


25/101

=?

Wf swo}w" ya mablata wjow ld ya jog hfw w}lag wf cfhwocw f} sfhfh @o}cj 7" =55?" odwa} hfw jao}lhi d}f` jl` df} fta} o `fhwj" wjaUaoca Cf}us yfbg hfw jota nhfyh ja yos `lsslhi df} ow baosw oh-fwja} yaan f} =(

Bocn fd ow baosw o yaanb| }auf}w òhgowa" cfubag ylwj oh lhdbzfd hay UCTs" wja Mfbltlo =4" saaàg wf fta}m}gah wja òhoia-àhw fd Mfbltlo Uaoca Cf}us( W}|lhi wf uboca wff òh| tfbhwaa}slh oh addf}w wf mffsw ah}fbbàhw h`ma}s yjlba hfw jotlhi ahfijqobldlag òhoiaàhw wf gaob ylwj wja slwowlfh cosag wja UaocaCf}us wf bfsa cfhwocw ylwj f} sfh(

Ya mablata wjow f} sfh ocwobb| glsouuao}ag sfàwlà odwa}Koho}| 3?" =55?" os hf fha coh cfhdl}` jotlhi saah jl`( HfUaoca Cf}us fddlclob coh cfhdl}` saalhi jl` odwa} wjow yaan( Yjow-ata} jouuahag wf jl`" ja yos gacbo}ag fddlclobb| `lsslhi m| wjaUaoca Cf}us fh @o}cj 4" =55?(

Yjah L sufna wf wja Mfbltloh cfhw}| gl}acwf} L osnag yjow soda-

w| u}fwfcfbs ya}a lh uboca df} tfbhwaa}s yjfsa osslihàhws ya}alh }a`fwa o}aos scj os `| sfh ohg yjow u}ftlslfhs ya}a òga wfahomba wja` wf cf``hlcowa ylwj Uaoca Cf}us Mfbltlo jaog-qo}wa}s( Sja }aublag wjow wja}a yos o }oglf wabaujfha ylwjlh wyff} wj}aa nlbfàwa}s fd `| sfhs slwa fh wja [fhi Tobba|( Wja }oglfwabaujfha yos ocwobb| sata}ob `lbas oyo|(

Yjah osnag yj| wjasa |fhi uafuba jog hf cabb ujfhas" sowabblwaujfhas f} IUS gatlcas" ja} }asufhsa yos ya jota maah gflhi lwwjls yo| df} 75 |ao}s( Wjls owwlwga wjow wja Uaoca Cf}us jos hfhaag df} cjohia ls o }ac}}lhi wjaà lh Uaoca Cf}us blw}i|(

Ya mablata wjow wja Uaoca Cf}us }asufhsa yos wff blwwba wff bowa(Wja}a o}a hà}fs }aosfhs( Wja odf}aàhwlfhag bocn fd fta}slijwls fha" mw" `f}a lùf}wohwb|" wja}a yos o u}atolblhi owwlwga fd oc-cauwohca ylwjlh Uaoca Cf}us òhoiaàhw wjow òh| tfbhwaa}swona fdd d}f` wjal} osslihàhws ylwjfw baota(

Fha fd wja }aosfhs df} wja ujahfàho fd iflhi OYFB ò| mao bocn fd suacldlc ifobs ohg yf}n osslihàhws ohg bocn fd u}fua}azua}lahca fd wja tfbhwaa} wf òwcj wja yf}n osslihàhw( Wjlsò| }asbw lh o jlij }owa fd ao}b| sauo}owlfh(

Yjah |fhi cfbbaia i}ogowas yjf jota ksw gatfwag 7 bfhi|ao}s lh }aocjlhi o ifob o}a ubocag lh oh ahtl}fhàhw yja}a wja}als hf wohilmba sccass wf ma ocjlatag" mf}agf` saws lh( Wjls yfbgu}fmomb| ma wja }aosfh df} wja baotas(

Wjls c}}ahw iaha}owlfh" `| sfh lhcbgag" jota maah }olsag ylwjtlsob ohg wocwlba swl`bowlfh( Wja| haag ufslwlta daagmocn ohg }a-lhdf}caàhw sf wjow wja| daab yjow wja| o}a gflhi ls jotlhi ufslwlta}asbws(

Wja usj wf lhc}aosa wja h`ma} fd UCTs ylbb fhb| lhc}aosa ldwja h`ma} fd iaha}oblsws gac}aosas( Ya mablata wjow wja MfbltlohUaoca Cf}us òhoiaàhw wao` dabw wjow f} sfh jog wonah fha fd

wjfsa baotas os wja| fhb| sahw fw jls l`àglowa sua}tlsf} wf dlhgjl` ow dl}sw(Ya o}a hfw s}a" mw ya mablata wjow wja A`moss| ohg wja Mfblt-

loh howlfhob ufblca ya}a hfw hfwldlag hwlb sata}ob go|s odwa} yaoba}wag wja Uaoca Cf}us( Wf cfùfhg wja òwwa}" wja sua}tlsf}cfhcfcwag o bla" swowlhi wjow f} sfh jog o àawlhi ylwj jls cfh-wa}uo}w lh ao}b| @o}cj =55= ow Bo Uo{ ifta}hàhw wjow ja `lssag(Wjls osslswohw cfhw}| gl}acwf} solg ja blag wf u}fwacw jl`sabd odwa}

Ta}Gowa @o} =? =55= ?5;=9 Kqb ?3" =557 Knw 5


26/101

==

malhi cfhd}fhwag m| wja DML( Ya mablata wjow wja cfhswohw wjaàfd u}fwacwlhi Uaoca Cf}us lòia yos o docwf}(Ya mablata wjow wja bocn fd sua}tlslfh" bocn fd àohlhidb os-

slihàhw ohg bocn fd o u}fua} uboca wf blta obb cfhw}lmwag wf wjabfss fd f} sfh(

D}f` wja mailhhlhi" ya jota dfhg Uaoca Cf}us wf ma `f}a cfh-ca}hag ylwj lws lòia ohg u}fwacwlhi wja o}o ohg u}aswlia fd wjaUaoca Cf}us wjoh oh| fwja} lssa( Lh wja dl}sw àawlhi ylwj ua}-sfhhab d}f` Uaoca Cf}us Yosjlhiwfh fh @o}cj =4" wja| swowag wjowwja sao}cj df} `| sfh jog maah }alhtlif}owag( Wjls ls =5 go|s odwa}ja yos dl}sw gacbo}ag `lsslhi(

Wjah wja }ailfhob gl}acwf}" @s( @lhwlbbf" ohg o us|cjfbfilsw" @s(Iwòhh" }olsag qaswlfhs omfw f} sfhs sahsa fd }asufhslmlblw|ohg jls yf}n awjlc( F} sfh jog dl}sw maah gacbo}ag `lsslhi fh@o}cj 4" ohg hfy ya ya}a malhi wfbg wja sao}cj yos }alhtlif}owag(

Wja sacfhg tlslw coà fh Ou}lb 4" =55?( Ow wjls wlà" @}( Mfs-yabb" fd wja UCs Lhsuacwf} Iaha}obs Fddlca" occfùohlag @}s(Iwòhh" obfhi ylwj o ua}sfh yjf yos wf gf o tlgaf df} MfbltlohWT(

@}( Mfsyabb solg ja yos wja baog lhtaswliowf} df} `| sfhs cosaohg jog ksw }aw}hag d}f` Mfbltlo( Ja lhwlòwag wjow lw yos hfwhcf``fh df} UC tfbhwaa}s wf df}` }abowlfhsjlus ylwj wja bfcobslh wjal} jfsw cfhw}las ohg jlhwag wjow wja| wjfijw wjls ò| ma`| sfhs cosa( Wjow lgao yos obsf jlhwag ow m| wja ocwlhi UaocaCf}us gl}acwf} ow wjow wlà(

Fh mfwj fccoslfhs" wja}a yos o cfhca}h wjow ya yfbg so| f} gfsfàwjlhi wjow yfbg lùih wja Uaoca Cf}us lòia( Wjls macoà`f}a ouuo}ahw aocj wlà ya w}lag wf m}lhi howlfhob owwahwlfh wfYobwa}s glsouuao}ohca( Wja `fsw ibo}lhi azoùba fcc}}ag yjahya ouuao}ag fh wja Wfgo| Sjfy lh Ou}lb =55? os wja}a yos o u}ass

}abaosa ob}aog| malhi cl}cbowag d}f` Uaoca Cf}us os ya ya}a ou-uao}lhi(

D}wja} azoùbas fd wjls cfhswohw sulh ls wja fw}oiag }asufhsawf wja wyf }auf}ws gfha m| wja IOF" asuaclobb| wja fha wjow dfcsagfh f} sfh" yjlcj ls IOF ]auf}w 5?


27/101

=3

Ta}Gowa @o} =? =55= ?5;=9 Kqb ?3" =557 Knw 5


28/101

=7

Ta}Gowa @o} =? =55= ?5;=9 Kqb ?3" =557 Knw 5


29/101

=1

Ta}Gowa @o} =? =55= ?5;=9 Kqb ?3" =557 Knw 5


30/101

=4

Ta}Gowa @o} =? =55= ?5;=9 Kqb ?3" =557 Knw 5


31/101

=9

Ta}Gowa @o} =? =55= ?5;=9 Kqb ?3" =557 Knw 5


32/101

=:

@}( UFL]LA]

( Ya jota obsf dfhg wjow wja Uaoca Cf}us coh ma fm-sw}cwlta( Slùba }aqasws df} lhdf}òwlfh ya}a obyo|s àw ylwjwja }asufhsa wjow wja D}aagf` fd Lhdf}òwlfh Ocw coà lhwf df}cadf} f} }aqasws ohg wjow ya `sw dfbbfy u}fcag}a(

Hfy" yjah ya glg sm`lw df} wja lhdf}òwlfh ya yohwag" yaya}a àw ylwj gahlob fd lhdf}òwlfh ohg" lh `| ua}cauwlfh"swfhayobblhi( Wjls u}ocwlca saa`s wf ma cfhslswahwb| sag wf gls-cfta} lhdf}òwlfh yjlcj yfbg goòia wja Uaoca Cf}us lòiad}f` malhi fmwolhag( Fhb| odwa} wja Go|wfh Golb| Hays sag wf fm-wolh wja lhdf}òwlfh ohg ya jog wf slih fdd fh lw yos lw mai}gi-lhib| glsuahsag(

Ya obsf dlhg wja Uaoca Cf}us wf ma lhsahslwlta( Wyf azoùbas(Fh Koho}| ?3" =55=" oh lhtlwowlfh yos sahw wf `| jfà( Wjls lso |ao}" ob`fsw o |ao} odwa} `| sfh glsouuao}ag( Ya ya}a sahw ohlhtlwowlfh wf cabam}owa Uaoca Cf}us Go| m| sjo}lhi f} azua}lahcasomfw f} Uaoca Cf}us Tfbhwaa}s sa}tlca ohg f} wjfijws( Haag-

bass wf so|" ya gacblhag( Lh fwja} yf}gs" ya ya}a badw fh o òlblhiblsw gasulwa obb ya jog maah wj}fij(

Wja sacfhg lhclgahw fcc}}ag yjah ya ya}a sahw o bawwa} m| wjaUaoca Cf}us gl}acwf} lhdf}`lhi s wjow Uaoca Cf}us yos iflhi wfcbfsa fw f} sfhs sa}tlca( Wja}a ls hf }asfbwlfh wf jls cosa( Lw lsswlbb oh fuah cosa( Fhb| odwa} cobbs wf Sahowf} Nahhag|" Na}}| ohgf} ]au}asahwowlta @aajoh glg wja gl}acwf} }ata}sa jls gaclslfhohg oi}aa wf o ?-|ao} azwahslfh ylwj o }atlay ata}| |ao}(

Sf do}" ohfwja} |ao}s azwahslfh jos maah i}ohwag df} wjls |ao}azwahglhi f} sfhs sa}tlca wf Dam}o}| =551( Ya daab wjow f} sfhsjfbg ma nauw ocwlta hwlb wja}a ls o dlhob fwcfà" yjowata} wjowò| ma(

Ya daab wjow ja sjfbg ma blswag fh wja Yobb fd ]aà`m}ohca owUaoca Cf}us jaogqo}wa}s ylwj o hfwowlfh @lsslhi lh Sa}tlcahwlb scj wlà os u}ffd fd jls yja}aomfws ohg jls swows cjohias(

Ya nhfy wjow slhca


33/101

= wjaUaoca Cf}us dlabg lùbaàhwowlfh fd lws sodaw| ohg sac}lw| d}oà-yf}n> wja hga}b|lhi docwf}s wjow cfhw}lmwa wf wja Uaoca Cf}usua}df}òhca lh wja dlabg( L ylbb obsf glscss Uaoca Cf}us ocwlfhswjow jota maah wonah slhca f} }auf}w yos lssag ohg owwaùw wfsjfy yjow ocwlfhs wja| jota wonah(

Uaoca Cf}us }auf}wag }owas df} `fsw w|uas fd ossobws jota lh-c}aosag slhca wja Uaoca Cf}us maioh cfbbacwlhi gowo lh ?


40/101

34

`f}a blnab| wf macfà tlcwl`s fd c}là wjoh wjal} `f}a azua}lahcagcfbbaoias(Lh }asufhsa wf f} dlhglhis" lh Ou}lb =553 wja Uaoca Cf}us jl}ag

oh ohob|sw wf ahjohca lws couoclw| df} iowja}lhi ohg ohob|{lhic}là gowo( Wja ohob|sw dfcsag fh ui}oglhi wja c}là gowo s|s-wa` ohg sjldwag }asufhslmlblw| df} cfbbacwlhi gowo d}f` wja @aglcobFddlca wf wja hayb| c}aowag Sodaw| ohg Sac}lw| Fddlca( Occf}glhiwf wja ohob|sw" ogglwlfhob c}là ohob|sas jota hfw |aw maah cfh-gcwag os wja dfcs jos maah fh ui}oglhi wjal} cfbbacwlfh ohg gowo}auf}wlhi s|swa`(

Ya }auf}wag wjow Uaoca Cf}us jaogqo}wa}s jog gatabfuag osodaw| ohg sac}lw| d}oàyf}n" mw wjow wja dlabgs lùbaàhwowlfhfd wja d}oàyf}n jog u}fgcag to}|lhi }asbws( Yjlba tfbhwaa}sya}a iaha}obb| sowlsdlag ylwj wja oiahc|s w}olhlhi u}fi}o`s" wja}ayos `lzag ua}df}òhca lh na| o}aos scj os gatabfulhi soda ohgsac}a jfslhi slwas" `fhlwf}lhi tfbhwaa}s ohg ubohhlhi df} aà}-

iahclas(Df} azoùba" ow aocj fd wja dlta ufsws ya tlslwag ya dfhg lh-

swohcas fd tfbhwaa}s yjf maioh wjal} sa}tlca lh jfslhi wjow joghfw maah lhsuacwag ohg jog hfw àw Uaoca Cf}us ilgablhas( Yaobsf dfhg to}lowlfh lh wja d}aqahc| fd swodd cfhwocw ylwj tfbh-waa}s ohg lh Uaoca Cf}us }asufhsltahass wf tfbhwaa} cfhca}hsomfw sodaw| ohg sac}lw|(

Wf lù}fta sodaw| ohg sac}lw| u}ocwlcas lh wja dlabg" lh =55= wjaoiahc| lhc}aosag wja h`ma} fd dlabg mosag sodaw| ohg sac}lw| fddl-ca}s cjo}iag ylwj }atlaylhi ufsw u}ocwlcas ohg osslswlhi wja` lhònlhi lù}ftaàhws( Wja| obsf c}aowag o sodaw| ohg sac}lw| uf-slwlfh ow aocj ufsw(

Wja Uaoca Cf}us jos jl}ag o cfùblohca fddlca} wf ahs}a wjow lws}bas o}a dfbbfyag lh wja dlabg( Jfyata}" ya }acahwb| }atlayag sfà}acahw LI }auf}ws wjow lhglcowa sfà sodaw| ohg sac}lw| sjf}w-

cf`lhis o}a cfhwlhlhi wf fcc} lh wja dlabg(Ya }auf}wag wjow o h`ma} fd docwf}s" lhcbglhi swodd w}hfta}"lhdf}òb sua}tlslfh ohg fta}slijw àcjohls`s ohg hcbao} ilg-ohca jota joùa}ag wja Uaoca Cf}us addf}ws wf ahs}a jlij qoblw|ua}df}òhca( Df} azoùba" wja Uaoca Cf}us }auf}wag wjow jlij swoddw}hfta} cosag lh uo}w m| wja oiahc|s swowwf}lb| lùfsag 1-|ao}}ba jos jog o gl}acw }abowlfhsjlu wf wjal} omlblw| wf lhswlwwlfhobl{amasw u}ocwlcas lh wja dlabg" o slwowlfh wjow wja oiahc| swodd o}a cfh-wlhobb| lh wja u}fcass fd }alhtahwlhi wja yjaab(

Ya }acf`àhgag wjow wja Uaoca Cf}us ogg}ass wjls lssa( Cfh-i}ass jos i}ohwag wja Uaoca Cf}us owjf}lw| wf azaùw sodaw| ohgsac}lw| swodd d}f` wja 1-|ao} }ba" ohg wja gl}acwf} jos }acahwb| az-aùwag =3 ufslwlfhs wf co}}| fw o `f}a s|swaòwlc yo| fd ogg}ass-lhi sodaw| ohg sac}lw|(

Wf sw}ahiwjah sua}tlslfh ohg fta}slijw" wja Uaoca Cf}us c}aowag

oh Fddlca fd Sodaw| ohg Sac}lw| wjow cahw}obl{as sodaw| ohg sac}lw|dhcwlfhs hga} oh ossfclowa gl}acwf}( Wja fddlca ls suuf}wag m| oswodd à`ma} lh aocj fd wja wj}aa }ailfhob m}aos" o cfùblohcafddlca}" oh ohob|sw ohg hlha dlabg mosag sac}lw| fddlca}s( Obb fd wjasaufslwlfhs jota maah c}aowag slhca ya glg f} yf}n lh Kb|(

Lh cfhcbslfh" @}( Cjol}òh" slhca ya lssag f} }auf}w lh Kb|=55=" wja Uaoca Cf}us jos wonah sata}ob swaus wf lù}fta wja soda-w| ohg sac}lw| fd lws tfbhwaa}s( Jfyata}" Uaoca Cf}us ls swlbb lh

Ta}Gowa @o} =? =55= ?5;=9 Kqb ?3" =557 Knw 5


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39

?Q(S( Iaha}ob Occfhwlhi Fddlca" IOF5=:?:" Uaoca Cf}us; Lhlwlowltas df} Ogg}asslhi Sodaw|

ohg Sac}lw| Cjobbahias Jfbg U}f`lsa" mw U}fi}ass Sjfbg ma Ossassag *Yosjlhiwfh" G(C(; Kb|=1" =55=,( Ya }auf}wag sauo}owab| fh atahws s}}fhglhi fha suacldlc sac}lw| lhclgahwwja gls-ouuao}ohca fd o tfbhwaa} lh Mfbltlo lh ao}b| =55?( Saa Wja Uaoca Cf}us Dolbag wf U}fua}b| S-

ua}tlsa @lsslhi Tfbhwaa} ohg Bfsw W}ocn fd Jl`" IOFF? wjfsa cjo}iag ylwj dlblhi }auf}ws o}a lhsw}cwag wf cfhw atahws lhtfbtlhi `f}awjoh fha tfbhwaa} fhb| fhca(

7Fha tfbhwaa} |ao} ls aqltobahw wf ? dbb |ao} fd sa}tlca m| o tfbhwaa} f} w}olhaa(

wja u}fcass fd lùbaàhwlhi òh| fd wjasa ocwlfhs" yjlcj o}a ga-slihag wf lù}fta wja sac}lw| ahtl}fhàhw wjow tfbhwaa}s yf}nhga}(

Wjls cfhcbgas `| swowaàhw(^Wja u}auo}ag swowaàhw fd @}( Df}g dfbbfys;P

U]AUO]AG SWOWA@AHW FD KASS DF]G" GL]ACWF]" LHWA]HOWLFHOBODDOL]S OHGW]OGA" Q(S( IAHA]OBOCCFQHWLHI FDDLCA

@}( Cjol}òh ohg @a`ma}s fd wja Cf``lwwaa;L o` ubaosag wf ma ja}a wf glscss Uaoca Cf}us addf}ws wf ahs}a wja sodaw| ohg

sac}lw| fd lws tfbhwaa}s( @| waswl`fh| ls mosag fh f} Kb| =55= }auf}w ? ohg lhdf}-òwlfh ya ya}a omba wf fmwolh d}f` wja Uaoca Cf}us wf ugowa f} ohob|sls(

Omfw 9"155 Uaoca Cf}us tfbhwaa}s c}}ahwb| sa}ta lh 95 ufsws *cfhw}| `ls-slfhs, o}fhg wja yf}bg( Wja og`lhlsw}owlfh lhwahgs wf lhc}aosa wjls h`ma} wfomfw ?7"555 fta} wja hazw day |ao}s" ohg Cfhi}ass jos lhc}aosag ouu}fu}lowlfhsdf} wja Uaoca Cf}us wf suuf}w wjls azuohslfh( Tfbhwaa}s fdwah blta lh o}aos ylwjbl`lwag occass wf }ablomba cf``hlcowlfhs" ufblca" f} àglcob sa}tlcas( Os Oà}lcohs"wja| ò| ma tlayag os }abowltab| yaobwj| ohg" jahca" iffg wo}iaws df} c}l`lhob oc-

wltlw|( Lh òh| cfhw}las" daòba tfbhwaa}s doca suaclob cjobbahias> `f}a wjoh owjl}g fd daòba tfbhwaa}s }auf}w azua}lahclhi sazob jo}ossàhw fh ow baosw o`fhwjb| mosls(=

@| waswl`fh| wfgo| ylbb s`ò}l{a ohg ugowa" yja}a ufsslmba" na| dlhglhis d}f`f} =55= }auf}w }abowag wf *?, w}ahgs lh c}là oiolhsw tfbhwaa}s ohg wja oiahc|ss|swa` df} iaha}owlhi scj lhdf}òwlfh" *=, wja oiahc|s dlabg lùbaàhwowlfh fd lwssodaw| ohg sac}lw| d}oàyf}n" ohg *3, wja hga}b|lhi docwf}s wjow cfhw}lmwag wfUaoca Cf}us ua}df}òhca lh wja dlabg( L ylbb obsf glscss ocwlfhs wjow Uaoca Cf}usjos wonah wf lù}fta wja sodaw| ohg sac}lw| fd lws tfbhwaa}s slhca ya lssag f}}auf}w(

Ya cfhgcwag dlabgyf}n ow Uaoca Cf}us jaogqo}wa}s ohg tlslwag dlta cfhw}lasylwj Uaoca Cf}us u}fi}o`s wf u}auo}a f} }auf}w( Wf gatabfu f} ohob|sls" ya;

ohob|{ag Uaoca Cf}us c}là gowo> }atlayag oiahc|ylga sodaw| ohg sac}lw| ufblclas" ilgablhas" w}olhlhi òwa-

}lobs" tfbhwaa} sowlsdocwlfh s}ta|s" ohg Lhsuacwf} Iaha}ob }auf}ws>

lhwa}tlayag na| swodd ohg `f}a wjoh ?15 tfbhwaa}s> ohg; azo`lhag u}ocwlcas df} sabacwlhi tfbhwaa} slwas" gatabfulhi aà}iahc| ocwlfh

ubohs" ohg ua}df}`lhi fwja} wosns(

Ya cfhgcwag f} yf}n d}f` Kb| =55? wj}fij @o| =55= ohg d}f` Dam}o}|=557 wj}fij @o}cj =557" lh occf}gohca ylwj iaha}obb| occauwag ifta}hàhw oglw-lhi swohgo}gs(

Lh s`ò}|" ya dfhg wja dfbbfylhi;Uaoca Cf}us }auf}wag lhclgahca }owas fd c}làs cf``lwwag oiolhsw tfbhwaa}s jota

}aòlhag assahwlobb| hcjohiag slhca ya bosw }auf}wag(3 ]auf}wag }owas df} `fsww|uas fd ossobws jota lhc}aosag slhca Uaoca Cf}us maioh cfbbacwlhi gowo lh ?


42/101

3:

1Saa Q(S(C( =154*o,*1," *4, ohg Umblc Boy ?5:9" wja Cfhsfblgowag Ouu}fu}lowlfhs Ocw df}Dlscob \ao} =553" os yabb os Umblc Boy ?5:?


43/101

3 sfàtfbhwaa}s glg hfw jota àohlhidb yf}n osslihàhws" ohg wjal} cfhwa}uo}ws ya}ahfw u}auo}ag df} wjal} o}}ltob ow slwa( Lh }asufhsa wf o }acf`àhgowlfh d}f` o u}lf}Lhsuacwf} Iaha}ob }auf}w" fha ufsw jog u}auo}ag o uboh wf u}ftlga swodd ylwj }oua}asufhsa w}olhlhi ohg lgahwld| o bfcob boy|a} wf ogtlsa wja ufsw fd baiob u}fcag}aslh cosa o tfbhwaa} yos }ouag( Jfyata}" wja ufsw jog hfw lùbaàhwag wjasa ubohsohg yos hu}auo}ag yjah o }oua ocwobb| fcc}}ag(

F} }atlay fd }acahw Lhsuacwf} Iaha}ob }auf}ws lgahwldlag aà}iahc| ocwlfh uboh-hlhi yaonhassas ow sfà ufsws( Df} azoùba" wja Lhsuacwf} Iaha}ob dfhg wjow owfha ufsw fta} jobd fd dl}sw |ao} tfbhwaa}s glg hfw nhfy wja bfcowlfh fd wjal} aà}-iahc| ossa`mb| uflhws( Jfyata}" ya ohob|{ag wja }asbws fd wja `fsw }acahw waswsfd ufsw aà}iahc| ocwlfh ubohs ohg dfhg lù}ftaàhw slhca f} bosw }auf}w( Omfw75 ua}cahw fd ufsws }auf}wag cfhwocwlhi ob`fsw obb tfbhwaa}s ylwjlh =7 jf}s" cf`-uo}ag ylwj 33 ua}cahw lh =55?( Obsf" f} ohob|sls sjfyag lù}ftaàhw lh wja qob-lw| fd lhdf}òwlfh df}yo}gag wf jaogqo}wa}s( Bass wjoh ?5 ua}cahw fd wja aà}iahc|ocwlfh ubohs glg hfw cfhwolh lhdf}òwlfh fh wja wlà lw wffn wf cfhwocw tfbhwaa}s"cfùo}ag ylwj 75 ua}cahw lh =55?(

QHGA]B\LHI DOCWF]S CFHW]LMQWAG WF QHATAH DLABG L@UBA@AHWOWLFH" MQW OIAHC\JOS WONAH SWAUS WF L@U]FTA UA]DF]@OHCA;

Lh f} =55= }auf}w" ya lgahwldlag o h`ma} fd docwf}s wjow joùa}ag Uaoca Cf}usaddf}ws wf ahs}a wjow wjls d}oàyf}n u}fgcag jlij-qoblw| ua}df}òhca df} wjaoiahc| os o yjfba( Wjasa lhcbgag jlij swodd w}hfta}" hatah ouublcowlfh fd sua}-tlslfh ohg fta}slijw àcjohls`s" ohg hcbao} ilgohca( Ya obsf hfwag wjow UaocaCf}us jog lgahwldlag o h`ma} fd lhlwlowltas wjow cfbg" ld addacwltab| lùbaàhwag"jabu wf ogg}ass wjasa docwf}s( Wja oiahc| jos òga sfà u}fi}ass mw jos hfw cf`-ubawag lùbaàhwowlfh fd wjasa lhlwlowltas(

Jlij swodd w}hfta} jlhga}ag jlij qoblw| ua}df}òhca df} wja oiahc|( Occf}glhiwf o Kha =55? Uaoca Cf}us yf}ndf}ca ohob|sls" w}hfta} o`fhi Q(S( gl}acw jl}asyos azw}aàb| jlij" }ohilhi d}f` =1 ua}cahw wf 39 ua}cahw lh }acahw |ao}s( Wjls }a-uf}w dfhg wjow wja ota}oia wah}a fd wjasa aùbf|aas yos = |ao}s" wjow wja oiahc|suahw oh lhf}glhowa o`fhw fd wlà sabacwlhi ohg f}lahwlhi hay aùbf|aas" ohg wjowd}aqahw w}hfta} u}fgcag o slwowlfh lh yjlcj oiahc| swodd o}a cfhwlhobb| }alh-tahwlhi wja yjaab( @cj fd wja u}fmba` yos oww}lmwag wf wja 1-|ao} aùbf|àhw}ba" yjlcj swowwf}lb| }asw}lcws wja wah}a fd Q(S( gl}acw jl}as" lhcbglhi }ailfhobgl}acwf}s" cfhw}| gasn fddlca}s" cfhw}| gl}acwf}s ohg osslswohw cfhw}| gl}acwf}s"ohg Lhsuacwf} Iaha}ob ohg sodaw| ohg sac}lw| swodd( Sata}ob Uaoca Cf}us fddlclobsswowag wjow w}hfta} oddacwag wja oiahc|s omlblw| wf òlhwolh cfhwlhlw| lh fta}slijwfd ufsw fua}owlfhs(

Lh =55=" ya obsf dfhg wjow lhdf}òb sua}tlsf}| àcjohls`s ohg o bl`lwag h`-ma} fd swodd joùa}ag Uaoca Cf}us addf}ws wf ahs}a atah ouublcowlfh fd sua}tlslfhohg fta}slijw( Wja oiahc| jog sfà df}òb àcjohls`s df} gfcàhwlhi ohg os-sasslhi ufsw u}ocwlcas" lhcbglhi wja ohhob atobowlfh ohg waswlhi fd ufsw aà}-

Ta}Gowa @o} =? =55= ?5;=9 Kqb ?3" =557 Knw 5


46/101

7=

iahc| ocwlfh ubohs ohg }ailfhob sodaw| ohg sac}lw| fddlca} }auf}ws fh ufsw u}ocwlcas(

Hfhawjabass" }ailfhob gl}acwf}s ohg cfhw}| gl}acwf}s }ablag u}lò}lb| fh lhdf}òbsua}tlsf}| àcjohls`s" scj os swodd àawlhis" cfhta}sowlfhs ylwj tfbhwaa}s" ohga-òlb wf ahs}a wjow swodd ya}a gflhi oh ogaqowa kfm fd lùbaàhwlhi wja sodaw|ohg sac}lw| d}oàyf}n( Fha cfhw}| gl}acwf} fmsa}tag wjow lw yos glddlcbw wf fta}-saa u}fi}o` òhoia}s slwa gatabfuàhw f} `fhlwf}lhi ocwltlwlas macosa wja ufswglg hfw jota o df}òb s|swa` df} ua}df}`lhi wjasa wosns( Ya obsf }auf}wag wjowUaoca Cf}us couoclw| wf `fhlwf} ohg u}ftlga daagmocn wf ufsws fh wjal} sodaw| ohgsac}lw| ua}df}òhca yos bl`lwag m| wja sòbb h`ma} fd swodd otolbomba wf ua}df}`}abatohw wosns( Ya hfwag wjow wja oiahc| jog jl}ag wj}aa dlabg-mosag sac}lw| ohgsodaw| suacloblsws wf azo`lha ohg jabu lù}fta ufsw u}ocwlcas" ohg wjow wja Lhsuacwf}Iaha}ob obsf ubo|ag oh lùf}wohw }fba lh jabulhi ufsws lùbaàhw wja oiahc|s soda-w| ohg sac}lw| d}oàyf}n( Jfyata}" ya }auf}wag wjow mawyaah Fcwfma} =555 ohg@o| =55= wja sodaw| ohg sac}lw| suacloblsws jog maah omba wf u}ftlga lhuw wf fhb|omfw fha-wjl}g fd Uaoca Cf}us ufsws yjlba wja Lhsuacwf} Iaha}ob jog lssag dlhg-lhis fh sodaw| ohg sac}lw| u}ocwlcas ow fhb| ?= ufsws fta} = |ao}s( Lh ogglwlfh" yahfwag wjow Uaoca Cf}us jog hf s|swa` df} w}ocnlhi ufsw cfùblohca ylwj Lhsuacwf}Iaha}ob }acf`àhgowlfhs(

Ya }auf}wag wjow wja oiahc|s ilgohca yos hfw obyo|s cbao}( Wja oiahc|s sodaw|

ohg sac}lw| d}oàyf}n fwblhas }aql}aàhws wjow ufsws o}a azuacwag wf cfùb|ylwj mw glg hfw fdwah suacld| }aql}ag ocwltlwlas" gfcàhwowlfh" f} c}lwa}lo df} kgi-lhi ocwob u}ocwlcasònlhi lw glddlcbw df} swodd wf hga}swohg yjow yos azuacwagfd wja`( @oh| ufsws jog hfw gatabfuag cbao} }auf}wlhi ohg }asufhsa u}fcag}as df}lhclgahws scj os }asufhglhi wf sazob jo}ossàhw( Wja oiahc|s cff}glhowf} df} tfb-hwaa} sodaw| ohg sac}lw| swowag wjow hcbao} u}fcag}as òga lw glddlcbw df} sahlf}swodd" lhcbglhi }ailfhob gl}acwf}s" wf aswomblsj o mosls df} kgilhi wja qoblw| fd ufswu}ocwlcas( Wja cff}glhowf} obsf fmsa}tag wjow" ow sfà ufsws" dlabg-mosag sodaw| ohgsac}lw| fddlca}s jog dfhg wjow swodd à`ma}s glg hfw hga}swohg yjow jog wf magfha wf ahs}a cfùblohca ylwj oiahc| ufblclas(

Uaoca Cf}us Wonlhi Swaus wf Ogg}ass Wjasa Docwf}s;

Wja oiahc| jos wonah swaus wf }agca swodd w}hfta}" lù}fta sua}tlslfh ohgfta}slijw àcjohls`s" ohg cbo}ld| lws ilgohca( Lh Dam}o}| =553" Cfhi}ass uossago boy wf obbfy Q(S( gl}acw jl}as yjfsa osslihàhws lhtfbta wja sodaw| fd Uaoca Cf}ustfbhwaa}s wf sa}ta df} `f}a wjoh 1 |ao}s( Wja Uaoca Cf}us Gl}acwf} jos aùbf|agjls owjf}lw| hga} wjls boy wf gaslihowa =3 ufslwlfhs os azaùw d}f` wja 1-|ao}}ba( Wjasa ufslwlfhs lhcbga hlha dlabg-mosag sodaw| ohg sac}lw| fddlca}s" wja wj}aa}ailfhob sodaw| ohg sac}lw| gasn fddlca}s yf}nlhi ow oiahc| jaogqo}wa}s" os yabbos wja c}là gowo ohob|sw ohg fwja} swodd lh wja jaogqo}wa}s fddlca fd sodaw| ohgsac}lw|( Wja| gf hfw lhcbga wja ossfclowa gl}acwf} df} sodaw| ohg sac}lw|" wja cf`-ublohca fddlca}" f} swodd d}f` wja fddlca fd wja Lhsuacwf} Iaha}ob( Uaoca Cf}us fddlclobsswowag wjow wja| o}a omfw wf jl}a o cfhsbwohw yjf ylbb cfhgcw o swg| wf u}ftlga}acf`àhgowlfhs omfw ogglhi ogglwlfhob ufslwlfhs wf wja c}}ahw blsw(

Wf sw}ahiwjah sua}tlslfh ohg fta}slijw" Uaoca Cf}us jos lhc}aosag wja h`ma}fd swodd wosnag ylwj sodaw| ohg sac}lw| }asufhslmlblwlas ohg c}aowag wja fddlca fd soda-w| ohg sac}lw| wjow cahw}obl{as obb sac}lw|-}abowag ocwltlwlas hga} wja gl}acwlfh fdo hayb| c}aowag ossfclowa gl}acwf}owa df} sodaw| ohg sac}lw|( Wja oiahc|s hayc}là gowo ohob|sw ls o uo}w fd wjls gl}acwf}owa( Lh ogglwlfh" Uaoca Cf}us jos;

ouuflhwag slz ogglwlfhob dlabg-mosag sodaw| ohg sac}lw| fddlca}s" m}lhilhi wjah`ma} fd scj lhgltlgobs fh gw| wf hlha *ylwj wj}aa `f}a ufslwlfhs wf maoggag m| wja ahg fd =557,>

owjf}l{ag aocj ufsw wf ouuflhw o sodaw| ohg sac}lw| cff}glhowf} wf u}ftlgao uflhw fd cfhwocw df} wja dlabg-mosag sodaw| ohg sac}lw| fddlca}s ohg wf osslswcfhw}| gl}acwf}s lh ahs}lhi wjal} ufsws cfùblohca ylwj oiahc| ufblclas" lh-cbglhi ufblclas ua}wolhlhi wf `fhlwf}lhi tfbhwaa}s ohg }asufhglhi wf wjal}sodaw| ohg sac}lw| cfhca}hs *obb mw fha ufsw jota dlbbag wjls ufslwlfh,>

ouuflhwag sodaw| ohg sac}lw| gasn fddlca}s lh aocj fd Uaoca Cf}us wj}aa }a-ilfhob gl}acwf}owas lh Yosjlhiwfh" G(C(" wf `fhlwf} ufsw cfùblohca lh cfh-khcwlfh ylwj aocj }ailfhs cfhw}| gasn fddlca}s> ohg;

ouuflhwag o cfùblohca fddlca}" }auf}wlhi wf wja Uaoca Cf}us Gl}acwf}" wf lhga-uahgahwb| azo`lha ufsw u}ocwlcas ohg wf dfbbfy u fh Lhsuacwf} Iaha}ob }ac-f`àhgowlfhs fh sodaw| ohg sac}lw|(

Lh }asufhsa wf f} }acf`àhgowlfh wjow Uaoca Cf}us Gl}acwf} gatabfu lhglcowf}swf ossass wja addacwltahass fd wja hay lhlwlowltas ohg lhcbga wjasa lh wja oiahc|sohhob Ifta}hàhw Ua}df}òhca ohg ]asbws Ocw }auf}ws" Uaoca Cf}us jos az-

Ta}Gowa @o} =? =55= ?5;=9 Kqb ?3" =557 Knw 5


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uohgag lws }auf}ws wf lhcbga ?5 qohwldlomba lhglcowf}s fd sodaw| ohg sac}lw| ua}-

df}òhca(Wf cbo}ld| oiahc| ilgohca" Uaoca Cf}us jos;

c}aowag o cfùblohca wffb f} cjacnblsw wjow u}ftlgas o dol}b| gawolbag ohg az-ublclw d}oàyf}n df} jaogqo}wa}s swodd wf aùbf| lh `fhlwf}lhi ufsw addf}wswf uw Uaoca Cf}us sodaw| ohg sac}lw| ilgohca lhwf u}ocwlca lh wjal} cfh-w}las"

sw}ahiwjahag ilgohca fh tfbhwaa} slwa sabacwlfh ohg gatabfuàhw" gatabfuag swohgo}g fua}owlhi u}fcag}as df} ufsw aà}iahc| ocwlfh ubohs"

ohg; cfhcbgag o u}fwfcfb cbo}ld|lhi wjow wja Lhsuacwf} Iaha}obs swodd jos }asufhsl-

mlblw| df} cff}glhowlhi wja oiahc|s }asufhsa wf c}làs oiolhsw tfbhwaa}s(

Wjasa addf}ws jota ahjohcag Uaoca Cf}us omlblw| wf lù}fta sodaw| ohg sac}lw|u}ocwlcas lh wja dlabg( Wja wj}aadfbg azuohslfh lh wja dlabg-mosag sodaw| ohg sac}lw|fddlca} swodd jos lhc}aosag wja oiahc|s couoclw| wf suuf}w ufsws lh gatabfulhi ohgouub|lhi addacwlta sodaw| ohg sac}lw| ufblclas( ]ailfhob sodaw| ohg sac}lw| fddlca}sow jaogqo}wa}s ohg wja oiahc|s cfùblohca fddlca} `fhlwf} wja qoblw| fd ufsw u}oc-wlcas( Obb ufsws ya}a }aql}ag wf ca}wld| wjow wja| ya}a lh cfùblohca ylwj oiahc|

azuacwowlfhs m| wja ahg fd Kha =553( Slhca wjow wlà" o qo}wa}b| }auf}wlhi s|swa`jos ifha lhwf addacw yja}alh ufsws cf``hlcowa ylwj }ailfhob jaogqo}wa}s }aio}g-lhi wja swows fd wjal} sodaw| ohg sac}lw| s|swa`s ohg u}ocwlcas(

Wja cfhw}| gasns ohg wja }ailfhob sodaw| ohg sac}lw| fddlca}s" obfhi ylwj wjacfùblohca fddlca}" jota maah }atlaylhi wja aà}iahc| ocwlfh ubohs fd wja ufsws ohgu}ftlglhi wja` ylwj daagmocn ohg siiaswlfhs df} lù}ftaàhw( Wja cfùblohca fd-dlca} jos c}aowag ohg ls ouub|lhi o òw}lz wf w}ocn ufsw ua}df}òhca lh ogg}asslhilssas ga}ltlhi d}f` o to}law| fd sf}cas" lhcbglhi ouublcowlfh fd wja oiahc|s sodaw|ohg sac}lw| cfùblohca wffb ohg Lhsuacwf} Iaha}ob }auf}ws( Wja cfùblohca fddlca}ohg swodd d}f` fha }ailfhob fddlca gasc}lmag wjal} addf}ws" obfhi ylwj dlabg-mosag soda-w| ohg sac}lw| swodd ohg u}fi}o` azua}ws d}f` jaogqo}wa}s" wf ahs}a oh ogaqowa}asufhsa d}f` fha ufsw yja}a wja Lhsuacwf} Iaha}ob jog dfhg `bwluba sodaw| ohgsac}lw| yaonhassas(

Jfyata}" addf}ws wf uw wja hay s|swa` lh uboca o}a lhcfùbawa( Os ob}aog| hfwag"wja oiahc| jos gatabfuag" mw hfw |aw lhw}fgcag" oh lù}ftag s|swa` df} cfbbacwlhiohg ohob|{lhi c}là gowo( Wja hay ossfclowa gl}acwf} fd sodaw| ohg sac}lw| fmsa}taswjow wja oiahc|s dlabg-mosag sodaw| ohg sac}lw| fddlca}s cfà d}f` glta}sa mocn-i}fhgs ohg wjow sfà jota maah lh wjal} ufslwlfhs df} fhb| o day `fhwjs( Obb jota}acaltag w}olhlhi tlo wja Swowa Gauo}wàhws m}ao fd glubfòwlc sac}lw|( Jfy-

ata}" wja| o}a swlbb aùbf|lhi gldda}ahw ouu}focjas wf wjal} yf}n( Uaoca Cf}us ls u}a-uo}lhi ilgohca df} wjasa fddlca}s wjow yfbg u}ftlga wja` ylwj o hldf}` ouu}focjwf cfhgcwlhi wjal} yf}n ohg }auf}wlhi wja }asbws fd wjal} ohob|sas" mw wja ilg-ohca ls swlbb lh g}odw df}`( Wja Cfùblohca Fddlca} jos cfùbawag gawolbag ilgohcadf} c}odwlhi aà}iahc| ocwlfh ubohs" mw wjls ilgohca yos glsw}lmwag wf wja dlabgfhb| ow wja mailhhlhi fd wjls `fhwj( @f}afta}" dfbbfylhi u fh f} =55= }ac-f`àhgowlfh" wja oiahc|s Gauw| Gl}acwf} ls jaoglhi u oh lhlwlowlta wf }atlsa ohgsw}ahiwjah wja lhglcowf}s wjow wja oiahc| sas wf kgia wja qoblw| fd obb osuacwsfd lws fua}owlfhs" lhcbglhi ahs}lhi tfbhwaa} sodaw| ohg sac}lw|" hga} wja Ift-a}hàhw Ua}df}òhca ohg ]asbws Ocw(

@}( Cjol}òh" wjls cfhcbgas `| u}auo}ag swowaàhw( L yfbg ma jouu| wf }a-sufhg wf oh| qaswlfhs |f f} fwja} @a`ma}s fd wja Cf``lwwaa ò| jota ow wjlswlà(

Cjol}òh J\GA( Wjohn |f" @}( Df}g(@}( _liba|6

SWOWA@AHW FD NATLH D(D( _QLIBA\" U]ASLGAHW" HOWLFHOBUAOCA CF]US OSSFCLOWLFH

@}( _QLIBA\( Iffg `f}hlhi" @}( Cjol}òh( @}( Cjol}òh ohg@a`ma}s fd wja Cf``lwwaa" `| hoà ls Natlh _liba|" ohg L o`wja U}aslgahw fd wja Howlfhob Uaoca Cf}us Ossfclowlfh" wja fhb| ho-wlfhob f}iohl{owlfh df} Uaoca Cf}us Tfbhwaa}s" swodd" do`lb| ohgd}lahgs(

L ouu}aclowa wja fuuf}whlw| wf ouuao} madf}a wja Cf``lwwaa wfu}ftlga o tfbhwaa}s ua}suacwlta fh wja lùf}wohw lssa fd sodaw|

Ta}Gowa @o} =? =55= ?5;=9 Kqb ?3" =557 Knw 5


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ohg sac}lw| fd Uaoca Cf}us Tfbhwaa}s( @| cf`àhws wjls `f}hlhio}a lhdf}àg m| blwa}obb| cfhta}sowlfhs ylwj `f}a wjoh ?"555 tfbh-waa}s lh sòbb ohg bo}ia i}fus fta} wja uosw 9 `fhwjs(

Lh m}ladb| u}asahwlhi o tfbhwaa}s ua}suacwlta" L ylbb òna wj}aaòlh uflhws( Sfà fd wja glscsslfh gfas hfw u}ftlga ogaqowa cfh-wazw wf ioia wja sata}lw| fd wja u}fmba`( Wyf" o h`ma} fd wjau}fufsobs cfbg kafuo}gl{a yjow ònas Uaoca Cf}us o slhibo} sc-cass( Wj}aa" lh gatlslhi o }asufhsa" lw ls lùf}wohw wjow oh| bailsbo-wlfh u}ftlga df} ogglwlfhob dhglhi sf wjow wja ifob fd gfmblhiUaoca Cf}us coh ma àw(

O`fhi wja cf``hlw| fd wjfsa yjf jota sa}tag" wja}a ls m}fog"gaau ohg uosslfhowa suuf}w df} Uaoca Cf}us( Wjls cf``hlw| h-ga}swohgs wja tlwob lùf}wohca fd jotlhi tfbhwaa}s yf}nlhi fta}-saos wf u}f`fwa uaoca wj}fij w}olhlhi lhgltlgobs lh wjal} jfswcfhw}|" agcowlhi wja` omfw wja Qhlwag Swowas ohg" ufh wjal}}aw}h" agcowlhi Oà}lcohs omfw wja cfhw}las lh yjlcj wja|

sa}tag(Suuf}w df} wja Uaoca Cf}us `lsslfh cfhwlhas gasulwa wja i}fy-

lhi oyo}ahass fd cfhca}hs omfw f} cfhw}|s sac}lw| ohg wjasodaw| ohg sac}lw| fd tfbhwaa}s( L yfbg blna wf u}ftlga sfà ua}-suacwlta fh wjls lùf}wohw lssa m| gasc}lmlhi `| fyh azua}lahca(

L macoà o tfbhwaa} lh ?


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tfbhwaa} ls jo}àg" ya azuacw ohg lh docw gaòhg wjow UaocaCf}us gf ata}|wjlhi jòhb| ufsslmb| wf ma }asufhslta(Wja}a ls obsf o sahsa wjow wja glscsslfh fh sodaw| ohg sac}lw|

`lssas wja m}foga} cfhwazw fd yjawja} wja Uaoca Cf}us azua}lahcals" }abowltab| suaonlhi" oh| `f}a }lsn| lh wa}`s fd jf`lclgas ohgossobws wjoh blda fd o cfùo}omba cfjf}w lh }moh Oà}lco" fta}-saos gatabfuàhw yf}na}s f} tfbhwaa}s ylwj Uaoca Cf}us cfhwa}-uo}ws lh Ia}òh|" I}aow M}lwolh" D}ohca f} Kouoh(

Lh docw" fha fd wja `fsw abfqahw waswl`fhlas wf wja lùf}wohcafd Uaoca Cf}us sa}tlca ls u}ftlgag m| wja ]ogba| do`lb|( L àhwlfhwjls macosa If}gfh ]ogba|" o tfbhwaa} @oboyl" yos hfw omba wfma ja}a wfgo|( If}gfhs fbga} m}fwja}" Bo}}|" obfhi ylwj ohfwja}tfbhwaa}" Gotlg C}f{la}" ya}a wja dl}sw wyf tfbhwaa}s yjf glag lhsa}tlca( Odwa} i}ogowlhi d}f` cfbbaia" Bo}}|s slswa}" Aboho" ohgjls m}fwja}" If}gfh" mfwj kflhag wja Uaoca Cf}us" nhfylhi dbb yabbwja }lsns ossfclowag ylwj sa}tlca(

Wja}a jota maah u}fufsobs wf ufsw ow baosw wyf tfbhwaa}s wf aocjslwa f} cfhsfblgowa i}fus fd tfbhwaa}s( Lh `| tlay" wjow yfbg gl-`lhlsj wja azua}lahca ohg bassah wja lùocw fd Uaoca Cf}us ylwj-fw hacasso}lb| ahjohclhi wja sodaw| ohg sac}lw| fd tfbhwaa}s(

Wyf tfbhwaa}s ufswag wfiawja} wahg wf ma bass yabb lhwai}owagohg ua}jous bass yabb occauwag m| wja bfcob cf``hlw|( Wyf tfbh-waa}s o}a `f}a blnab| wf ma ua}caltag os omba wf bffn odwa} aocjfwja}" wjs gl`lhlsjlhi wja cf``hlw|s haag wf jota o swona lhwjal} sodaw| ohg sac}lw|(

@}( Cjol}òh" L hga}swohg wjow wja Cf``lwwaa ls cfhslga}lhibailsbowlfh wf ogg}ass wja lssa fd tfbhwaa} sodaw| ohg sac}lw|(Suaonlhi slùb| os sfàfha yjf jos sa}tag" L yfbg so| cjohilhiwja swows fd wja Lhsuacwf} Iaha}ob ls hblnab| wf jota oh| addacwfh tfbhwaa}s sodaw| ohg sac}lw|(

C}aowlhi oh Fddlca fd F`mgsòh yfbg ma ua}caltag m| wja

Uaoca Cf}us cf``hlw| os malhi }asufhslta wf òh| df}à} tfbh-waa}s" asuaclobb| wjfsa yjf jota maah jo}àg f} macfà lbb g}lhiwjal} sa}tlca ohg hfw }acaltag u}f`lsag ufsw sa}tlca suuf}w( Aswom-blsjlhi swowwf}lb| wja Fddlca fd Sodaw| ohg Sac}lw| yfbg ma o yo|wf hga}scf}a wja Cfhi}ass cfhca}h ylwj o cf``lwàhw wf ahs}awja sodaw| ohg sac}lw| fd tfbhwaa}s(

Cjol}òh J|ga ohg ]ohnlhi @a`ma} Bohwfs ohg @a`ma}s fdwja Cf``lwwaa" wja Uaoca Cf}us cf``hlw| wjohns |f df} og-g}asslhi wja lssas fd tfbhwaa} sodaw| ohg sac}lw|( Wja HowlfhobUaoca Cf}us Ossfclowlfh ylbb yf}n ylwj |f ohg wja Cf``lwwaa wfahs}a wjow wjasa lssas o}a ogg}assag lh o yo| wjow u}fwacws tfb-hwaa}s" u}asa}tas wja assahca fd Uaoca Cf}us ohg masw ogtohcasQ(S( lhwa}asw(

Wjohn |f(^Wja u}auo}ag swowaàhw fd @}( _liba| dfbbfys;P

U]AUO]AG SWOWA@AHW FD NATLH D(D( _QLIBA\" U]ASLGAHW" HOWLFHOB UAOCA CF]USOSSFCLOWLFH

Cjol}òh J|ga ohg ]ohnlhi Ga`fc}owlc @a`ma} Bohwfs" `| hoà ls Natlh D(D( _liba|" U}aslgahw fd wja Howlfhob Uaoca Cf}us Ossfclowlfh( L ouu}aclowa wja fu-uf}whlw| wf ouuao} madf}a wja Cf``lwwaa wf u}ftlga o tfbhwaa}s ua}suacwlta fh wjalùf}wohw lssa fd wja sodaw| ohg sac}lw| fd Uaoca Cf}us Tfbhwaa}s(

Wja Howlfhob Uaoca Cf}us Ossfclowlfh *HUCO, ls o 15?*c,*3, f}iohl{owlfh" dfhgag=1 |ao}s oif lh ?


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ohg d}lahgs yjfsa bltas jota maah lhdbahcag m| wja Uaoca Cf}us azua}lahca( F}

`lsslfh ls wf jabu baog wja Uaoca Cf}us cf``hlw| lh dfswa}lhi uaoca wj}fij sa}t-lca" agcowlfh ohg ogtfcoc|(

Lh wja HUCO hawyf}n" wja}a o}a 35"555 lhgltlgobs yjf uo}wlcluowa lh f} ho-wlfhob f} oddlblowas ocwltlwlas ohg suuf}w f} `lsslfh( Wjasa lhgltlgobs }aslga lhobb 15 swowas( Wja HUCOs ?17 oddlblowag i}fus o}a lh 71 swowas ohg wja Glsw}lcw fdCfb`mlo( Wja HUCOs fmkacwlta ls wf ma o }asf}ca df} wja Uaoca Cf}us cf``hlw|(Wja HUCO jos u}fi}o`s wf u}f`fwa sa}tlca" ahjohca hga}swohglhi fd fwja} cb-w}as" ohg wf ogtfcowa o}fhg lssas fd cfhca}h wf f} cf``hlw|(

Fta} wja uosw satah `fhwjs" L jota àw ylwj =1 fd HUCOs oddlblowas ohg wobnagomfw wja Uaoca Cf}us azua}lahca ylwj `f}a wjoh o wjfsohg df}à} tfbhwaa}s ohgswodd lh sòbb ohg bo}ia i}fus( Wja fha cf``fh wjaà wj}fij obb fd wjasa glscs-slfhs ls wjow Uaoca Cf}us sa}tlca ls o gadlhlhi azua}lahca wjow cfhwlhas wf sjouaf} bltas( O`fhi wja cf``hlw| fd wjfsa yjf jota sa}tag" wja}a ls m}fog" gaau ohguosslfhowa suuf}w df} Uaoca Cf}us" yjlcj fdwah baogs wf fhiflhi sa}tlca mocn jfà(Wjls cf``hlw| hga}swohgs wja tlwob lùf}wohca fd jotlhi tfbhwaa}s yf}nlhifta}saosos wja| jota gfha lh `f}a wjoh ?35 cfhw}laswf u}f`fwa uaoca wj}fijw}olhlhi lhgltlgobs lh wjal} jfsw cfhw}|" agcowlhi wja` omfw wja Qhlwag Swowas"ohg ufh wjal} }aw}h agcowlhi Oà}lcohs omfw wja cfhw}| lh yjlcj wja| sa}tag(Wjls }adbacws Uaoca Cf}us wj}aa ifobs" yjlcj o}a ua}caltag os ata}| mlw os tlwob

wfgo| os yjah Uaoca Cf}us yos aswomblsjag 73 |ao}s oif(Wjls da}tahw suuf}w df} wja Uaoca Cf}us `lsslfh cfhwlhas gasulwa wja i}fylhioyo}ahass fd cfhca}hs omfw f} cfhw}|s sac}lw| ohg wja sodaw| ohg sac}lw| fdtfbhwaa}s( Wjls cf``hlw| hga}swohgs `f}a wjoh ata} wja tlwob lùf}wohca fd

Oà}lcos ufslwlta ahioiaàhw ylwj wja }asw fd wja yf}bg asuaclobb| ow wja i}oss-}ffws batab" bltlhi wfiawja} os d}lahgs ohg cfbbaoias" yjlcj fhb| Uaoca Cf}us u}f-tlgas(

G}lhi wjasa òh| cfhta}sowlfhs" L obsf jota bao}hag wjow hf wyf fd wja ?9?"555Oà}lcohs yjf jota sa}tag os Uaoca Cf}us tfbhwaa}s jota oh lgahwlcob azua}lahca(Wja}a o}a tosw gldda}ahcas mosag fh wja tfbhwaa}" wja cfhw}|" wja osslihàhw" wjaa}o" ohg wja uafuba ya sa}tag( Wja}a o}a" jfyata}" òh| cf``fh wj}aogs blhnlhiwjasa azua}lahcas oc}fss wja iaha}owlfhs fd tfbhwaa}s }aio}gbass fd wja cfhw}| f}}ailfh fd sa}tlca f} wja how}a fd wja osslihàhw( Wjasa cf``fh wj}aogs lhcbgasa}tlhi lh fdwah }a`fwa bfcowlfhs" os ua}jous wja fhb| Oà}lcoh" bao}hlhi ohfwja}bohioia ohg bltlhi ylwj fwja}s os d}lahgs ohg cfbbaoias ohg gatabfulhi o gaau ou-u}aclowlfh fd ohfwja} cbw}a( Atah ylwj wjasa òh| cf``fhoblwlas" lw ls glddlcbw wfiaha}obl{a( Sf" @}( Cjol}òh" L yfbg blna wf u}ftlga sfà ua}suacwlta fh wjls l`-uf}wohw fd sodaw| ohg sac}lw| lssa m| gasc}lmlhi `| fyh azua}lahca(

L macoà o Uaoca Cf}us Tfbhwaa} lh ?


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Yjlba o tfbhwaa} lh Goh Sol" L yos tlslwag m| wja Cfhw}| Gl}acwf}yjf =1

|ao}s bowa} iota à o cfu| fd `| bawwa} }aio}glhi jls tlslw( L yos obsf tlslwag m|fha fwja} tfbhwaa} yjf bltag lh wja u}ftlhclob coulwob" yjf L yfbg tlslw w|ulcobb|fhca o `fhwj( Cf``hlcowlfh yos m| òlb slhca wja}a yos hf ujfha sa}tlca lh `|glsw}lcw( Wf òna o ujfha cobb }aql}ag w}otab wf wja u}ftlhclob coulwob"


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Wja}a jota maah sfà u}fufsobs wf ufsw ow baosw wyf tfbhwaa}s wf aocj slwa f}

cfhsfblgowa i}fus fd tfbhwaa}s( Wjow yfbg gl`lhlsj wja azua}lahca ohg bassah wjalùocw fd Uaoca Cf}us ylwjfw hacasso}lb| ahjohclhi wja sodaw| ohg sac}lw| fd tfb-hwaa}s( Wyf tfbhwaa}s ufswag wfiawja} wahg wf ma bass yabb lhwai}owag ohg ua}jousbass yabb occauwag m| wja bfcob cf``hlw|( Wyf tfbhwaa}s o}a `f}a blnab| wf ma ua}-caltag os omba wf bffn odwa} aocj fwja}" wjs gl`lhlsjlhi wja cf``hlw|s haag wfjota o swona lh wjal} sodaw| ohg sac}lw|(

Wja}a ls obsf sfà cfhca}h wjow wja }asf}cas }aql}ag wf ogg}ass sodaw| ohg sac-}lw| cfhca}hs ò| hga}`lha Uaoca Cf}us hlqa ohg tlwob cfhw}lmwlfhs wf Q(S(df}alih ufblc|( Wjls ls asuaclobb| wja cosa ld ogaqowa dhglhi ls hfw u}ftlgag wf ah-omba Uaoca Cf}us wf àaw wja U}aslgahws ifob fd gfmblhi wja sl{a fd Uaoca Cf}us"yjlcj ls ahgf}sag m| wja cf``hlw|(

Lh ogglwlfh" wja cf``hlw| mablatas wjow wja}a ls oh fuuf}whlw| wf slihldlcohwb|azuohg wja h`ma} fd cfhw}las yja}a Uaoca Cf}us ls fua}owlhi( Gflhi wjls yfbgma azw}aàb| mahadlclob wf wja howlfhob lhwa}asw( Wjls coh ma gfha ylwjfw kafuo}g-l{lhi tfbhwaa}s sodaw| ohg sac}lw|" obwjfij lw ò| }aql}a wjow Uaoca Cf}us ga-tabfu o `f}a dbazlmba ouu}focj wf u}fi}o``lhi( Df} azoùba" wjls ò| }aql}a }ab|-lhi fh wacjhlcob cffua}owlfh oi}aaàhws lh bla fd mlbowa}ob oi}aaàhws os lh wja }a-cahw cosa fd @azlcf( Lw ò| obsf }aql}a sfàyjow sjf}wa} f} `f}a dbazlmba osslih-àhws" ua}jous fhb| o |ao} sa}tlca f} wyf |ao}s sa}tlca wjow cfbg ma lhwa}}uwag

df} o sjf}w ua}lfg df} o jfà tlslw(Gfmblhi wja sl{a fd Uaoca Cf}us ohg azuohglhi wf hay cfhw}las o}a ifobs ah-

gf}sag m| wja cf``hlw|( Lw ylbb }aql}a slihldlcohw hay }asf}cas" yjlcj gf hfw ou-uao} wf ma df}wjcf`lhi( Wjs" oh| hay }aql}aàhws }abowag wf sodaw| ohg sac}lw|wjow Cfhi}ass gaclgas wf lùbaàhw `sw ma occfùohlag m| ogglwlfhob dlhohclob }a-sf}cas(

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Suaonlhi slùb| os sfàfha yjf jos sa}tag" L yfbg so| wjow;

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slfh( Lh sjf}w" ya òhoia ohg cff}glhowa wja oiahc|s uo}w fd wjalhtaswliowlta ohg u}fsacwlfh u}fcass d}f` wja lhlwlob lhclgahw wfwja cbfslhi fd wja cosa(

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Ya obsf lgahwld| ubocas }aql}lhi suaclob owwahwlfh> df} azoùba"

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Os |f àhwlfh wjow |f jota hfy }aoblihag lhwf wja UaocaCf}us ohg jota :5 uafuba" ld L hga}swffg cf}}acwb|" yf}nlhi fhsodaw| ohg sac}lw|" yjow `f}a gf |f wjlhn wja Uaoca Cf}us cohgf wf òna tfbhwaa}s oyo}a fd wja cfhsaqahcas fd obcfjfb ohg wjaoyo}ahass fd jfy o c}fss cbw}ob }abowlfhsjlu ohg iahga} }fbas

uboca uo}wlcbo}b| daòba tfbhwaa}s ow }lsn df} sazob ossobw6@}( TOS_QA[( Cfhi}assyfòh" wja ouu}focj wjow ya jota wonah

lh wa}`s fd `ftlhi df}yo}g }abowas u}lhcluobb| wf wja nlhg fd w}olh-lhi wjow ya jota }awffbag lh blijw fd wja docw wjow wja òkf}lw| fdwja tfbhwaa}s sa}tlhi lh wja Uaoca Cf}us wfgo| o}a yfàh( Lw yoshfw obyo|s wjow yo|" mw lw ls wjow yo| wfgo|" ohg wja w}ahgs lhgl-cowa wjow lw ylbb cfhwlha wf ma sf lh wa}`s fd wja h`ma} fd ouubl-cohws ohg wja h`ma} fd yfàh sa}tlhi lh wja Uaoca Cf}us(

Yjow ya jota gfha ls lh f} w}olhlhi u}fcassas lh wja u}asa}tlcaw}olhlhi" yjlcj L wjlhn yos sfà fd wja glscsslfh wjow |f jogyjah |f ya}a tlslwlhi lh cfhw}|" ya jota }awffbag sfà fd wjoww}olhlhi wf jalijwah wja lssa fd cbw}ob sahslwltlwlas( Sfà fd wjaw}oglwlfhs ohg tobas wjow ya jota lh wjls cfhw}| ò| hfw ma ou-ublcomba lh o jfsw cfhw}| yja}a tfbhwaa}s sa}ta( Sf ya abatowawja oyo}ahass lh sfà fd wja w}olhlhi wjow sfà fd wja lssas wjow

ò| s}doca g}lhi wja cf}sa fd o Uaoca Cf}us Tfbhwaa}s sa}tlcacoh c}aowa u}fmba`s ohg c}aowa cjobbahias(L gf mablata wjow fha fd wja na| abaàhws wf malhi sccassdb df}

s" yjawja} lw ls sodaw| ohg sac}lw| f} lw ls cbw}ob oyo}ahass" lsiflhi wf ma lh wja w}olhlhi( Ya o}a ta}|" ta}| sahslwlta wf wjowi}aow haag macosa ya gf iaw wja daagmocn" os |f ya}a omba wfjao} d}f` sfà tfbhwaa}s( Wjls ls wja yo| wjlhis o}a atfbtlhi lhblijw fd o cjohilhi yf}bg" lh blijw fd o cjohilhi ga`fi}oujlc fdUaoca Cf}us" os ya o}a obsf azua}lahclhi yjah ya wobn omfw fbga}tfbhwaa}s yjf o}a sa}tlhi lh wja Uaoca Cf}us" ohg cfubas sa}tlhilh wja Uaoca Cf}us(

Wja}a o}a wja hf}`s wjow o}a gldda}ahw lh wja jfsw cfhw}| wjowya haag wf ogg}ass" ohg ya o}a w}|lhi wf gf sf m| tl}wa fd wjaw}olhlhi `fgbas wjow ya u}ftlga g}lhi wjfsa ?= yaans fdu}asa}tlca w}olhlhi ohg wjah lh-sa}tlca w}olhlhi(

@s( @CCFBBQ@( Wjohn |f(@}( M}ca" L }aog sfà fd wja Go|wfh Golb| Hays swf}las ohg wjaoccfhws fd sazob tlfbahca" ossobws" }fmma}las( Wja| o}a ta}|cjlbblhi" ohg lw ls cbao} wjow wja Uaoca Cf}us os oh oiahc| jos oòkf} }asufhslmlblw| wf naau tfbhwaa}s soda(

Lw ls obsf cbao} wjow tfbhwaa}s obsf jota o }asufhslmlblw| df} wjal}fyh ua}sfhob sodaw| ohg jaobwj( Odwa} }aoglhi |f} swf}las" yjow}asufhslmlblw| gf tfbhwaa}s jota wja`sabtas" os wja gl}acwf} ohg L

Ta}Gowa @o} =? =55= ?5;=9 Kqb ?3" =557 Knw 5


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ya}a glscsslhi" lh obcfjfb sa oyo}ahass os lh c}fss cbw}ob sah-slwltlw|6 Yjow glg |f dlhg wjow wja ua}sfhob }asufhslmlblw| fd obbwja tfbhwaa}s ya}a lh wjasa lhswohcas6

@}( M]QCA( \as( L wjlhn lw yos ta}| cbao} wjow sfà fd wja tfbh-waa}s yjf ahgag u malhi tlcwl`s fd tlfbahca fd fha nlhg f} ohfwja}ya}a ahioiag lh hylsa f} hsoda ocwltlwlas(

L wjlhn wja}a ls o `lzw}a fd lssas ossfclowag ylwj wjow" yjlcjlhcbgas yja}a wja| ya}a ow wja wlà" ohg L wjlhn fha fd wja lssaswjow aà}iag d}f` f} }auf}wlhi ya}a qaswlfhs omfw yjawja} f}hfw wja}a o}a ogaqowa yf}n lh ogtohca madf}a uboclhi fd tfbh-waa}s" yjawja} f} hfw wja jfslhi cfhglwlfhs wjow tfbhwaa}s o}}ltaow o}a ogaqowab| cjacnag fw lh ogtohca ohg soda" yjawja} f} hfwwjal} `lsslfh ohg w}olhlhi ls sddlclahw lh ogtohca fd wjal} o}}ltobwjow wja| gf hfw jota o bfw fd lgba wlà fh wjal} johgs wjow ahgsu iawwlhi `lssag lh ocwltlwlas(

@s( @CCFBBQ@( L hga}swohg wjow" mw lw ls o `wob }asufhsl-

mlblw|(@}( M]QCA( Hf qaswlfh omfw lw(@s( @CCFBBQ@( @}( Cjol}" L ksw yohw wf so| wjow wja yf}bg ls

o cjohilhi uboca" ohg lw ls o ta}| gohia}fs uboca( Wja UaocaCf}us ls haagag `f}a wjoh ata}" ohg ya haag wf òna s}a wjowya ilta wja Uaoca Cf}us wja wffbs sf wja gl}acwf} coh òna wja az-ua}lahca o soda ohg sac}a fha(

Wjohn |f" @}( Cjol}(Cjol}òh J\GA( Wja iahwbaòh d}f` Cobldf}hlo" @}( ]f|ca6@}( ]F\CA( Wjohn |f" @}( Cjol}òh(L jota jog wja fuuf}whlw|" Gl}acwf} Tosqa{" wf àaw ylwj o

h`ma} fd Uaoca Cf}us Tfbhwaa}s lh Od}lco fta} wja |ao}s" mwatah fh sjf}w w}lus" ohg fha cfàs wf `lhg lh Hlia}lo" ya soy wja}lsns wjow fta}saos gatabfuàhw yf}na}s wona(

G}lhi o ua}lfg fd wlà lh ?


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L yfbg u}ada} wf hfw if lhwf `cj lhw}lcowa gawolb macosa Lwjlhn wjow wjow ls lhdf}òwlfh wjow ya yfbg blna wf }asa}ta sf wjowlw ls nauw cfhdlgahwlob" mw" iaha}obb| suaonlhi" yjow ya gf ls os-sass wja slwowlfh(

Ya atobowa wja cfhglwlfhs ohg cl}c`swohcas" ohg assahwlobb|df} à os wja gl}acwf} ohg os o ua}sfh yjf ònas wja bwlòwa ga-clslfh" `| wasw ls wjow yjah tfbhwaa}s yf}n ls gls}uwag f} lhwa}-}uwag wf wja azwahw wjow wja| coh hf bfhia} gf wjal} yf}n" wjahlw ls wlà wf atobowa wja ufsslmlblw| fd cfhsfblgowlfh fd tfbhwaa}swf o ca}wolh bfcowlfh ohg bwlòwab| wf atocowa( Ld oh atocowlfhfcc}s" ya gaubf| wja nlhg fd }asf}cas" yjawja} lw ls ol}c}odw f} lwls bohgc}odw" yjowata} ya haag wf gf wf iaw wjfsa tfbhwaa}s fw fdcfhw}|(

Fhca ya jota ssuahgag f} atocowag" }owja}" o u}fi}o`" yaòna o gaclslfh omfw ssuahglhi" cbfslhi o u}fi}o`" ohg ya if

wj}fij o u}fcass fd lhwa}hob glscsslfhs" os yabb os wobnlhi wfswodd" wobnlhi wf wja cjlad fd `lsslfh lh wjow jfsw cfhw}|(Ld ya gaclga wjow ya o}a iflhi wf cfhslga} iflhi mocn" ya gf o

dbb ossassàhw fd wja cfhw}| os ld ya ya}a ahwa}lhi wja cfhw}|df} wja dl}sw wlà( Ya atobowa àglcob" sac}lw|" fua}owlfhob" u}f-i}o`òwlc lssas" ohg suuf}w fd jfsw ifta}hàhw(

Obb fd wjfsa u}fcassas o}a atobowag" ohg wjah bwlòwab| o }ac-f`àhgowlfh ls òga wf à" ohg o gaclslfh ls òga omfw }aw}h-lhi wf o cfhw}|(

@}( ]F\CA( Baw à obsf osn |f( Lh blijw fd wjls ufsw


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Ya jota gaslihowag ow jaogqo}wa}s oh ossfclowa gl}acwf} df}sodaw| ohg sac}lw| yjf }auf}ws wf à( Wjow ls o dl}sw ow UaocaCf}us( Ya jota hfy o ua}sfh dbb| gaglcowag" o }asao}cj us|cjfbf-ilsw" yjf hfy bffns ow f} gowo lh wa}`s fd c}là swowlswlcs ohgw}ahgs wf lgahwld|" ohob|{a" atobowa ohg òna }acf`àhgowlfhs fhyja}a ya ò| haag wf cjohia u}ocwlcas" ufblclas ohg u}fcag}as lhf}ga} wf ahjohca sodaw| ohg sac}lw|(

Sf lw wonas fh òh| bo|a}s fd }asufhslmlblw|" mw wja mbn fd wjagaubf|àhw fd ua}sfhhab lh wjasa hay sbfws wjow ya jota lùba-àhwag o}a lh wja dlabg(

Cjol}òh J\GA( Wja iahwbabog| d}f` Cobldf}hlo" @s(Houfblwohf6

@s( HOUFBLWOHF( Wjohn |f" @}( Cjol}òh(Lw ls iffg wf saa |f" @}( Tosqa{( L yos hfw ja}a wf jao} |f}

u}asahwowlfh( L oufbfil{a(Lh blswahlhi wf wja waswl`fh|" ohg oiolh `| cfhgfbahcas wf wja

do`lb| ohg fwja} do`lblas yjf jota bfsw tfbhwaa}s" `| qaswlfh lhblswahlhi wf ohg }aoglhi sfà fd wja waswl`fh| ls wja docw wjowomfw 95 ua}cahw fd |f} tfbhwaa}s o}a hfy yfàh( L iass ò|maL yohw wf iao} `| cf`àhws wf wjow(

Wja}a ls oh lhc}aosa( Jfy ls wjls oddacwlhi |f} u}fi}o`6 Jfyo}a |f gaoblhi6 Jfy o}a |f u}f`fwlhi suaclob w}olhlhi df} wja`lh sodaw| ohg lh cbw}ob gldda}ahcas lh sata}ob fd wjfsa o}aos6

Occf}glhi wf yjow L o` }aoglhi" wjaGo|wfh Golb| Hays siiaswswjow wja| o}a sahw om}fog ohg gf hfw }acalta u}fua} w}olhlhi" ohgwja}a ls blwwba f} hf sua}tlslfh( Wf à" ld |f o}a suufsagb| iltlhiwja` u}fua} w}olhlhi jfy ls wjow w}olhlhi malhi iltah" wf yjfòhg lh yjow o`fhw iao}ag wf wja cfhw}| wja| o}a iflhi wf6

@}( TOS_QA[( Yabb" dl}sw fd obb" L wjlhn lw ls lùf}wohw wf àhwlfhwjow wja u}fcag}as wjow ya sa wfgo| lh wa}`s fd sodaw| ohg sac-}lw| ohg wja glscsslfh omfw sodaw| ohg sac}lw| mailhs yjah wja

ouublcohw àaws u ylwj wja }ac}lwa}(F} }ac}lwa}s lh f} ?? fddlcas oc}fss wja cfhw}| }aobl{a wjowsodaw| ohg sac}lw| ls o òkf} lssa( Cfhsaqahwb|" wja glscsslfhomfw wja }lsns fd sodaw| ohg sac}lw|" yjawja} lw ls o òh f}yfòh tfbhwaa}" |fhi-" fbg-" f} `lggba-oiag cfubas" mailhs ow ota}| ao}b| swoia(

Wjow ls dfbbfyag u wjah" m| wja wlà o ufwahwlob tfbhwaa} yjfwjah macfàs o hf`lhaa ifas wf wjal} swoilhi ja}a lh wja QhlwagSwowas df} =?= go|s( Ya jota oggag wlà ylwjlh wjow w}olhlhiujosa wf wobn omfw sodaw| ohg sac}lw|" ylwj aùjosls fmtlfsb| fhyfàh macosa wja}a ls wjls lhc}aosag ua}cahwoia fd yfàh tfbh-waa}s" sf wjow ls uo}w fd wja w}olhlhi(

Fhca wja tfbhwaa} iaws wf wja cfhw}| lh yjlcj ja f} sja lsiflhi wf sa}ta" wja}a ls o ?= yaan w}olhlhi u}fi}o` g}lhi yjlcjoiolh sodaw| ohg sac}lw| ls aùjosl{ag" u wf ohg lhcbglhi jot-

lhi wf àaw ca}wolh cf}a cfùawahclas lh f}ga} wf ma omba wf cf`-ubawa wja ?= yaan w}olhlhi u}fi}o`(Ylwjlh wjow w}olhlhi u}fi}o` wja}a ls glscsslfh omfw cbw}ob

sahslwltlwlas" omfw sfà fd wja jlija} sahslwltlwlas wjow yfàhò| jota wf jota macosa fd c}fss cbw}ob lssas" macosa fd sfcl-aw|s hf}`s lh wja cfhw}| lh yjlcj wja| o}a iflhi wf sa}ta" ua}-sfhob sodaw|" ua}sfhob òhoiaàhw fd sodaw|" ca}wolh o}aos omfwumblc w}ohsuf}wowlfh" omfw jfslhi" omfw wja nlhgs fd wjlhis wjow

Ta}Gowa @o} =? =55= ?5;=9 Kqb ?3" =557 Knw 5


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wjow cfhw}| lh uo}wlcbo} jos azua}lahcag os fuufsag wf ksw omflba}ubowa" oc}fss-wja-mfo}g w}olhlhi `fgba( Lw ls omfw wja cfh-w}| lh yjlcj wja| o}a iflhi wf sa}ta(

Cfhsaqahwb|" fhca wja tfbhwaa} cfùbawas wjow ?= yaan w}olh-lhi u}fi}o`" wja| o}a syf}h lh os tfbhwaa}s( G}lhi wja cf}safd wlà ogglwlfhob lh-sa}tlca w}olhlhi fuuf}whlwlas o}a u}ftlgag"ohg wja}a o}a àhwf}s" ohg tfbhwaa} baoga}s" yjf obsf u}ftlgailgohca wf yfàh tfbhwaa}s yja}a hacasso}| ohg ouu}fu}lowa(

Cjol}òh J\GA( @s( Houfblwohf" L o` iflhi wf w}asuoss fh |f}wlà( L azuacw o tfwa oh| sacfhg( @o| L osn @}( Yabba} ld ja joso qaswlfh6

@s( HOUFBLWOHF( Ld L jota wja omlblw| wf cfà mocn macosa Ljota fha fwja} qaswlfh wf osn(

Cjol}òh J\GA( Ya ylbb cfà mocn ld ya jota wlà(@}( Yabba}" m}ladb| ubaosa(

@}( YABBA]

( Wjohn |f" @}( Cjol}òh( L ouu}aclowa wja cf}-was| fd `| d}lahg ohg cfbbaoia d}f` Cobldf}hlo df} wja fuuf}whlw|(@}( Ufl}la}" df} mfwj |f ohg @}s( Ufl}la}" `| jao}w ifas fw wf

|f( Uaoca Cf}us jos w}aàhgfs suuf}w lh wjls cfhw}| ohg wjlsCfhi}ass ylwj U}aslgahw Msj" ohg |f} sfh cbao}b| yos ga`-fhsw}owlhi jls bfta fd f} cfhw}|" os yabb os jls cf``lwàhw wfsa}tlca( Ya o}a ta}| soggahag m| wja bfss fd |f} sfh" ohg yawjohn |f df} jls cf``lwàhw wf f} cfhw}| ohg df} wja yf}bg(

Gl}acwf}" L }aobl{a wja cjobbahia df} |f ls wjasa ya}a cjobbahias"òh| fd yjlcj |f lhja}lwag" ohg |f jota maah yf}nlhi wf }a-sufhg wf wja`( Ksw yobn à wj}fij wja u}fcass( Ld o tfbhwaa}ls o tlcwl` fd oh owwocn" yjow o}a wja swaus wjow o}a wonah6 Ld |fcfbg ksw sjo}a ylwj s wja swaus wjow o}a wonah6

\f nhfy" L wjlhn ya obb }aobl{a wja}a o}a uafuba lh wja yf}bgjfswlba wf Oà}lco" jfswlba wf f} lhwa}asws" yjf }acfihl{a wja iffg

ylbb wjow ls c}aowag os o }asbw fd wja yf}n fd tfbhwaa}s lh wjaUaoca Cf}us" sf ua}jous m| jo}osslhi ohg lhwl`lgowlhi wja| gls-cf}oia wja` d}f` malhi wja}a ohg }agca wja iffg lù}asslfh yaòna" uo}wlcbo}b| lh wja jao}ws ohg `lhgs fd fwja}s o}fhg wjayf}bg(

Yjow o}a wja swaus wjow o}a wonah6 Yjow ls wja }fba fd wja tlcwl`lh gaoblhi ua}jous ld wja owwocna}s o}a ouu}ajahgag lh wjal} u}fs-acwlfh6 Coh |f ksw yobn s wj}fij wjow u}fcass6

@}( TOS_QA[( Yabb" Cfhi}assòh" yjow jouuahs ls wjow o tfbh-waa} }auf}ws o c}là" ohg wja| o}a obb }auf}womba" mw fmtlfsb|wja}a o}a to}|lhi gai}aas gauahglhi fh wja nlhg fd c}là lw ls(

Oss`lhi lw ls o }auf}womba c}là" lw ò| lhtfbta" ohg wja}a o}ato}lowlfhs fh wjls" mw lw ò| lhtfbta o }auf}w wf bfcob boy ahdf}ca-àhw wf ahioia bfcob boy ahdf}caàhw lh wa}`s fd }auf}wlhi( Lw lsobsf }auf}wag wf wja Uaoca Cf}us àglcob fddlca} lh-cfhw}| yjf

wjah dlbbs fw ohg cfùbawas o }auf}w gauahglhi fh wja how}a fdwja c}là oiolhsw wja tfbhwaa}(Wja cfhw}| gl}acwf} ls hfwldlag ohg iaws lhtfbtag( Ld lw ls o c}là

wjow lhtfbtas o slwowlfh fd oh ocwlta u}slw" yja}a lw gaòhgs l`-àglowa owwahwlfh" wja }ailfhob sac}lw| fddlca} d}f` wja `lsslfhò| ma lhtfbtag( Wja A`moss| ò| ma lhtfbtag( ]asf}cas ò| magaubf|ag yja}a hacasso}| fh wja ilgohca fd wja }ailfhob sac}lw|fddlca}(

Ta}Gowa @o} =? =55= ?5;=9 Kqb ?3" =557 Knw 5


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safety and security of peace corps volunteers | hearing 108-102 | march 24, 2004

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