safety and emc rules and regualtions - microvolt · flow chart notes 1. equipment without...
TRANSCRIPT
Regulatory Compliance: An
Introduction to Rules and
Regulations and Best EMC
Practices
Scope and objectives
Date – April, 22 2009
Introduction
This presentation is presented by ;
Chaman Bhardwaj
Sr. Engineer, Global Compliance
SHURE® Incorporated.
Dated: April 22, 2009
Rules & regulations
There are the following types of Rules &
Regulations.
• Mandatory: Laws imposed by the
government are mandatory. For
example, FCC-15, FCC-74, and FCC-
90 etc.
• Recommendatory : Product
Safety rules.
• Contractual Laws: These are agreed
upon between the supplier and buyer
of products.
Terms and Definitions
European Directive
Legal Document adopted by EC (EU Commission) Council of Ministers
Must be adopted into National Law by each EC member state
Does not call out technical standards; refers to private standards-making bodies to draw up product standards
European Norm (EN)
Harmonized Standard: Common Standard used for determining conformity
– Committee process
– ENs based on existing standards (CISPR, IEC)
Must be adopted into National Standards by each EC Member state
CENELEC (Comite Europeen de Normalisation Electrotechnique)
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization: responsible for generating European Norms
CE: Communaute Europeenne
CISPR: Comite International Special des Perturbations Radioelectriques or in English the International Special Committee on Radio Interference
New approach directives
Objective: Elimination of Technical Barriers
New Approach calls out Essential Requirements
Technical Details Left to Committees
Harmonization of European Norms (Standards)
CENELEC
Conformity to European Norms demonstrates compliance
Products meeting essential requirements eligible for CE Marking
Scope of New EMC Directive Directive 2004/108/EC
Article 1:
1. This Directive regulates the electromagnetic compatibility
of equipment. It aims to ensure the functioning of the internal
market by requiring equipment to comply with an adequate
level of electromagnetic compatibility. This Directive applies to
equipment as defined in Article 2.
2. This Directive shall not apply to:
(a) equipment covered by Directive 1999/5/EC;
Article 2 of New Approach EMC Directive
Definitions
1. For the purposes of this Directive, the following definitions
shall apply:
(a) ‘equipment’ means any apparatus or fixed installation;
(b) ‘apparatus’ means any finished appliance or combination
thereof made commercially available as a single functional
unit, intended for the end user and liable to generate electromagnetic
disturbance, or the performance of which is
liable to be affected by such disturbance;
(c) ‘fixed installation’ means a particular combination of
several types of apparatus and, where applicable, other
Article 2, Continued…
devices, which are assembled, installed and intended to be
used permanently at a predefined location;
(d) ‘electromagnetic compatibility’ means the ability of equipment
to function satisfactorily in its electromagnetic environment
without introducing intolerable electromagnetic
disturbances to other equipment in that environment;
… and so on ..
Essential requirements – Article 5
Apparatus
Electromagnetic disturbances generated do not exceed level to interfere with operation of radio, telecommunications or other equipment
Has a level of immunity to electromagnetic disturbances expected in it’s intended environment
Fixed installations
Use good engineering practices with a view to meeting apparatus requirements. Document those practices with the documentation on file as long as installation is in operation.
Flow Chart Notes
1. Equipment without electrical or electronic parts is except
2. Excluded
R&TTE (covered by 1999/5/EC)
Aeronautical parts, products and appliances
Radio equipment used by radio amateurs
3. Equipment covered by other specific community directives
Motor vehicles (2004/104/EC)
Medical devices (various directives)
Marine equipment (6/98/EC)
Agricultural and forestry tractors (75/332/EEC)
Two or three wheeled motor vehicles (97/24/EC)
Measuring instruments (immunity excluded see 2004/22/EC)
Non-automatic weighing instruments (immunity excluded see 90/334/EEC)
4. Inherently benign equipment
Incapable of generating or contributing to emissions
Operate without degradation in the presence of EMI normally present
5. Apparatus or fixed installation classification (to flowchart 4)
CE MARKING
• There is no such thing as a CE approval or CE
certification!
• CE is not a mark or approval, it’s a marking which is
only a self declaration under the supplier’s own
responsibility.
CE DIRECTIVES
• Directives tell us why we must comply (consumer
safety / EMC) and what may happen if we ignore
laws (withdraw products).
• It’s the European standards that show us how to
comply (design and assessment).
Implementation of CE marking
Implementation of the CE Marking:
Must be affixed to:
– Product
– Packaging
– Instructions for use, OR
– Guarantee certificate
Can be used with other marks providing they do not reduce the visibility and legibility of the mark
The marking may include:
– The identification of a notified body involved in assessment
Europa Web site
• http://eur-
lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2008:
280:0014:0032:EN:PDF
Safety Standards
IEC 60065 7th edition
IEC 60950: 2000
IEC 60065 Standard:
Title: Audio, Video and similar Electronic
Apparatus, Safety Requirements
IEC 60950 Standard:
Title: Safety of Information Technology Equipment
Scope of Safety Standards
Scope of IEC 60065
• International Safety Standard applies to
electronic apparatus designed to be fed
from MAINS, from a SUPPLY APPARATUS,
from Batteries or from REMOTE POWER
FEEDING and intended for reception,
generation or reproduction respectively of
audio, video and associated signals. It also
applies to apparatus designed to be used
exclusively in combination with above
mentioned apparatus.
Scope of IEC 60950
• This standard is applicable to mains-powered
ITE, including electrical business equipment and
associated equipment, with RATED Voltage not
exceeding 600V.
• This standard is also applicable to such ITE
designed and intended to be connected directly
to TELECOMMINICATION NETWORK, regardless
of the source of power
• It is also applicable to such ITE designed to use
the AC mains Supply a telecommunication
transmission medium
Scope of Safety Standards
Principles of Safety
Electric Shock
Excessive Temperatures
Radiation (ionization and Lasers)
Implosion (Picture Tubes)
Mechanical hazards
Fire
Chemical hazard
Energy Efficiency Rules and Regulations
– USA
• California Energy Commission (CEC) regulations for
external Power supplies.
• ENERGY INDEPENDENCE AND SECURITY ACT OF 2007.
Also called PUBLIC LAW 110–140—DEC. 19, 2007,
Effective July 2008
– Europe
• Code of Conduct (It’s a voluntary standard at this time).
It is similar to CEC rules.
• Directive 2005/32/EC, ECO Design
Energy Efficiency and Environmental Regulations
Energy Efficiency Requirements continued..
– Australia & New Zeeland
• Per Standard AS/NZS 4665.1:2005 and AS/NZS
4665.2:2005. These are similar to Tier I requirements of
CEC and effective date for these requirements is
October 1st, 2007. Tier II has not been on the horizon as
of today for this market.
– China, Japan and S. Korea
• watch out for updates
Environmental Regulations
RoHS (Restrictions of Hazardous Substances
– USA
• California Proposition 65 and OSHA Regulations
– Europe
• Per ROHS and WEEE directives
• RoHS-Directive 2002/95/EC
• WEEE-Directive 2002/96/EC for consumer
electronics items and there is another directive for
consumer batteries, “Directive 2006/66/EC” dated
September 6, 2006
– China and other Asian countries
• Watch out for upcoming news, for China it will be
in phases I and II etc.
EMI and EMC regulations
EMC issues have been around since radio
– USA: Communications Act of 1934
Regulation of EMC started after WWII.
– Military, aircraft EMC standards
– Automotive EMC standards
– Medical EMC standards
Personal computers spurred emissions rules starting ~ 1979.
EMC Directive required commercial immunity regulations by
1996.
EMC Rules and Regulations
EMC Directive 89/336/EEC
mandatory 1992 (delayed to 1996)
first standards harmonized 1996
EMC Directive 2004/108EEC
mandatory July 20, 2008
R & TTE Directive 1999/5/EC (radio/telecom)
safety, including RF exposure
EMC
protection of spectrum
Immunity Requirements Standards
Electrostatic discharge IEC
61000-4-2
RF radiated immunity IEC 61000-4-3
Fast transient burst (EFT/B) IEC
61000-4-4
Lightning induced surge IEC 61000-4-5
RF conducted immunity IEC 61000-4-6
Harmonics/ interharmonics* IEC
61000-4-7
Radiated magnetic immunity IEC
61000-4-8
Pulsed magnetic immunity IEC 61000-4-9
Damped oscillatory magnetic IEC
61000-4-10
Voltage dips/interrupts IEC
61000-4-11
* a guide, not a standard
EMC Environment
Class
A
Class
B
non-residential
residential
industrial
residential,
commercial,
light industrial
Emissions increase Immunity disturbances increase
EMC Environment
Emissions
radiated
conducted
– low-frequency
– high-frequency
Immunity
compliance criteria
radiated & conducted phenomena
EMC environment - radiated
Important to remember!
Interference from unintentional
radiators does not usually come
from the clock frequency, but from
harmonics of the clock frequency.
EMC- Conducted Emissions
Low frequency ( 0 - 2 kHz)
Harmonics
flicker
high frequency (150 kHz - 30 MHz)
EMC Environment Radiated
Intentional radiators
radio/TV stations
remote controls
paging, cell phones
Wi-Fi hotspots
Unintentional radiators
digital electronics
microwave ovens
appliances
EMC Environment Radiated
Comparison
of maximum
radiated
interference
field strength
at 10 meters
for FCC and
CISPR
specifications.
AC Power- Conducted Emissions
Considered a threat because power cord can be an
effective antenna at low frequencies.
Also, power cord couples radio noise into AC power
network.
Immunity compliance criteria
Performance criterion A - The apparatus shall continue
to operate as intended during and after the test.
Performance criterion B - The apparatus shall continue to
operate as intended after the test.
Performance criterion C - Temporary loss of function is
allowed, provided the loss of function is self
recoverable or can be restored by the operation of the
controls.
The design process
Concept the idea
Target specifications the details (include functional
and regulatory - EMC)
System architecture the structure and
details - EMC
Design rules the circuit and layout
constraints- EMC
Initial design build it
Functional evaluation does it work? If not, modify.
Regulatory evaluation is it legal? If not modify - EMC
Release it meets the (modified) specs.
The design process- check
Target specifications the details (include functional
and regulatory - EMC)
- Are all the jurisdictions
specified?
- Have the requirements
changed?
- Is the environment correct?
The design process
System architecture the structure and details –
EMC
-How many layers in PCBs?
-Are reactive circuits located
away from I/O ports?
-Are I/O ports isolated/shielded?
-Are IC families appropriate for
speeds needed?
-Will housing provide shielding?
Design for compliance
Initial Design must consider the following:
design goals
Components
PCB architecture
PCB layout and I/O
Cables
enclosures and shielding
software/firmware
The design process
Design rules the circuit and layout constraints –EMC
- Are RF signal traces short and/ or embedded?
- Are bypass caps located and sized optimally?
- Are ground planes low-Z, and earth bypass
provided?
- Have sensitive designs been modeled?
-Consider use of Signal Integrity and Quiet expert,
EMC Flo simulation tools
Design for compliance: software and firmware
Design for robustness:
- checkpoint routines and watchdog timers.
- checksums, error detection/correction codes.
- “sanity checks” of measured values.
- poll status of ports, sensors, actuators.
- read/write to digital ports to validate.
The design process
To increase the EMC success rate, the design process
must have following checks:
-Be sure the regulatory specifications are correct and
current.
-Take into account the impact of equipment
architecture
on EMC. Assure that purchased modules also comply.
- Consider EMC design rules, manual and/or automatic.
- Include places for EMC compliance modifications.
- Perform pre-compliance testing where possible.
The design process
Regulatory evaluation is it legal? If not modify – EMC
- Were places provided for optional
filtering/bypassing?
- Are ferrites cost-effective?
- Can spring fingers be added to
the enclosure?
- Will a shielded cable help?
- Board re-spin?
Design for compliance: logic families
EMI increases with power consumption
EMI increases with slew rate/clock speed
EMI increases with ground bounce
EMI increases with output loading
Differential drive can reduce EMI (LVDS)
Design for compliance: PCB architecture
Adjacent ground and power planes act as very good decoupling
capacitors.
ground and power planes can shield high-speed or low-level
signal traces between.
separate ground and chassis planes can reduce noise.
16-planes (layers) design is common for back planes
To pre-test for RF immunity:
use licensed transmitters for radiated fields.
use coupling networks and transformers for
conducted disturbances.
To mitigate RF immunity problems:
try ferrites and spring fingers above 50 MHz
try filters below 50 MHz, bypassing anywhere.
Pre-compliance tools
Pre-compliance EMI sites
1 m site
minimizes factory ambient.
good for small EUT, frequencies > 100 MHz.
screened room
inexpensive, OK for regulatory conducted emissions and
conducted immunity tests.
can be used for radiated emissions, with precautions.
Pre-compliance tools
Immunity
disturbance generators (ESD, surge…)
radio transmitters
ferrites
filters and filtered connectors
CB radio 27 MHz
Portable phone handset 49 MHz /2500 MHz
Garage door opener 300 MHz
Walkie-talkie 460 MHz
Cell phone, analog/TDMA 900 MHz
Cell phone, PCS 1900 MHz
Wireless LAN 2450 MHz
Pre-compliance testing: radio transmitters