safe transport of thethe newborn · safe transport of the newborn • this presentation will enable...

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SAFE TRANSPORT OF THE NEWBORN THE NEWBORN Paul H. Cole, RN, MSN, NNP N t lC iti lC T tS i li t NeonatalCriticalCare T ransportSpecialist Stanford Children’s Hospital Palo Alto, California, USA

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Page 1: SAFE TRANSPORT OF THETHE NEWBORN · SAFE TRANSPORT OF THE NEWBORN • This presentation will enable you to describe: – Why neonatal transport matters. – How transport differs

SAFE  TRANSPORT  OF  THE NEWBORNTHE NEWBORN

Paul H. Cole, RN, MSN, NNP

N t l C iti l C  T t S i li tNeonatal Critical Care Transport Specialist

Stanford Children’s Hospital

Palo Alto, California, USA

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SAFE  TRANSPORT  OF  THE NEWBORNNEWBORN

• This presentation will enable you to describe:• This presentation will enable you to describe:

– Why neonatal transport matters.

– How transport differs from in‐hospital care.

– How the decision to transport is madeHow the decision to transport is made.

– The clinical findings  to be shared between referring 

and receiving providers.

– The “ABCs” of safe transport for any patient.p y p

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WHY IS HIGH QUALITY TRANSPORT IMPORTANT?IMPORTANT?

• 2017 transport statistics for one hospital in Gujarat:

– Overall mortality for inborn babies was 7.67%.

– Overall mortality for transported babies was 22%.y p

– Mortality for transported babies almost 3 times that of in‐borns.

– Of the transported babies, only 27% were brought by 108 ambulances.

– The remainder were brought by taxi, private car, or private ambulance.

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WHAT MAKES TRANSPORT DIFFERENT?• Care environment in motion can cause:Care environment in motion can cause:

– loud noise making communication and exams difficult.

– poor lighting affecting visibility of patient and equipment.

– unreliable monitor outputs.

– motion sickness in team members.

– difficulty managing fine motor medical proceduresdifficulty managing fine motor medical procedures.

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WHAT MAKES TRANSPORT DIFFERENT?

• Limited equipment & supplies

• Limited human resources in a crisis

C l   b   f b k• Complete absence of backup

• Incomplete patient informationIncomplete patient information

• Absence of lab and imaging facilities

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WHAT MAKES TRANSPORT DIFFERENT?

• Constant presence of family members

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WHAT MAKES TRANSPORT DIFFERENT?

k f h d• Risks of the road:

– breakdowns.

– heavy traffic causing long out‐of‐hospital times.

h ff d d– poor weather affecting driving conditions.

– driver fatigue.

– accidents.

A b l     h    d   hi l    • Ambulances are the most dangerous vehicles on 

the road.

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WHAT MAKES TRANSPORT DIFFERENT?

f• Emergency vehicle fatality rates in the USA are estimated 

to be up to 4.8 times higher than the national average.

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• One survey determined that of  90 children’s hospitals 

WHAT MAKES TRANSPORT DIFFERENT?• One survey determined that of  90 children s hospitals 

responding,  57 had transport teams that had been involved in an ambulance collision during one 5‐year period.an ambulance collision during one 5 year period.

• King BR, Woodward GA, Prehospital Emergency Care. 2002 Oct‐Dec; 6(4):449‐54. 

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WHAT MAKES TRANSPORT DIFFERENT?

• The previous slides should not discourage the appropriate transport of sick neonatesappropriate transport of sick neonates.

• Rather they should reinforce the idea that safety is of the utmost importance.

• During transport safety can be divided into:g p y• Safety of the transport team

• Vehicle safetyVehicle safety

• Safety of the patient

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WHAT MAKES TRANSPORT DIFFERENT?• Securing patients  providers  and all supplies & • Securing patients, providers, and all supplies & equipment is the single most effective means of d d d h dreducing injuries and deaths in accidents.

Page 12: SAFE TRANSPORT OF THETHE NEWBORN · SAFE TRANSPORT OF THE NEWBORN • This presentation will enable you to describe: – Why neonatal transport matters. – How transport differs

IMAGINE THE BABY BELOW IS BORN AT YOUR COMMUNITY HEALTH FACILITYYOUR COMMUNITY HEALTH FACILITY

• The baby is covered in thick meconium.

• She is full term and of good size.g

• She is floppy and unresponsive with a heart rate > 100, but no 

respiratory effort.

• What do you do?

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WHAT DO YOU DO FIRST?

• A.  Start an IV and give epinephrine.A.  Start an IV and give epinephrine.

• B.  Immediately begin bag/mask ventilation.

• C.  Clear secretions by suctioning the nose and mouth.

• D.  Call for transport.D.  Call for transport.

• E.  Clean the meconium stained vernix from the baby’s 

skin.

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YOUR RESUSCITATION IS SUCCESSFUL BUT:BUT:

Th  b b  i     ti  fl i   d  t ti• The baby is now grunting, flaring and retracting.

• A pulse oximeter reads 82% despite hood oxygen at 

100% and she appears dusky.

• You try mask CPAP at 5 mm Hg with no improvement• You try mask CPAP at 5 mm Hg with no improvement.

• At two hours of age she appears to be deteriorating.

• Your facility does not have a ventilator.

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CONSIDERING THIS BABY’S PREDICTABLE COURSE WHAT WOULD PREDICTABLE COURSE WHAT WOULD 

YOU THINK ABOUT NOW?

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YOUR  FACILITY’S  RESOURCES• Bedspace• Bedspace

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YOUR  FACILITY’S  RESOURCES• Do you have trained specialty staff if needed?, e.g,Do you have trained specialty staff if needed?, e.g,

– pediatrician– pediatric surgeon– pediatric surgeon– pediatric neurologist

• Is there adequate nursing staff?• Is there adequate nursing staff?

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YOUR  FACILITY’S  RESOURCES• Is the necessary equipment available?  e g :• Is the necessary equipment available?, e.g.:

– ventilatorphototherapy– phototherapy

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DECIDING TO TRANSPORT

• Frequent reasons for transport:q p

– Higher level of care needed

– Inadequate bed space

– Inadequate staffing– Inadequate staffing

– Lack of necessary equipment/medications

– Lack of needed specialty services

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SHOULD YOU TRANPORT THIS BABY?

• Determine the need for transport earlyDetermine the need for transport early.

–What is the baby’s problem?y p

–What is the baby’s condition?

• Stable, unstable, guarded, critical

– Is appropriate care possible at your facility?

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WHOM TO CALL

• Whoever you know who can be of assistance.

• 108 ambulance service• 108 ambulance service.

• Pediatrician at the next higher level of care.g

• Neonatologist at a tertiary care facility.

• Specialist at a tertiary care facility.

• The only completely wrong answer is “no one ”• The only completely wrong answer is  no one.

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REGIONAL RESOURCES

• Determine the availability of:– a higher center of care able to accept patient

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REGIONAL RESOURCES

• Determine availability of:

– A transport team including• ambulance with driver • necessary equipment/supplies

• trained transport personnel– Physician– Nurse– Emergency Medical Techniciang y

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APPROPRIATE TEAM COMPOSITION

• For the baby in our example above the most For the baby in our example above the most appropriate transport team would consist of:

A medical professional competent to provide – A medical professional competent to provide effective bag/mask ventilation.

– A second team member capable of administering – A second team member capable of administering IV solutions and medications as needed.

A d i  f  th   b l– A driver for the ambulance.

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COMMUNICATIONf• When making the request for transport include:

• referring physician’s name• referring facility name and address• patient’s location at referring facilityp g y• contact phone number at patient’s location

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COMMUNICATION• For a newborn also provide if available: p

– Brief obstetric history

– Description of the labor and deliveryDescription of the labor and delivery

– Baby’s condition at birth with apgar scores

– Resuscitation measuresResuscitation measures

– Baby’s course since birth

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COMMUNICATION

• The call to request transport should also include a quick history of the patient.  For our example q y p pthis might be:

“This is a 2‐hour old term, appropiate for 

gestational age female weighing 3 kilograms.  g g g g 3 g

She was born through thick meconium, had poor 

apgars  and now has severe respiratory distress apgars, and now has severe respiratory distress 

on 100% oxygen with mask CPAP of 5.” 

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COMMUNICATION

• name • lines and tubes

• Also provide patient information including:

• name• age and sex• physical assessment

• lines and tubes• IV fluid infusions• medications• physical assessment

– respiratory status– perfusion status

• medications• laboratory resultsi i   lt– neurologic status

• vital signs• imaging results

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ONCE TRANSPORT HAS BEEN ARRANGED  IMPLEMENT THE ABCS OF ARRANGED, IMPLEMENT THE ABCS OF 

SAFE TRANSPORT

• Critical patient elements of  safe transport:

• Airway• Airway

• Breathing

• Circulation 

• Dextrose

• Euthermia• Euthermia

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AIRWAY• Factors affecting airway patency:acto s a ect g a ay pate cy

– Upper respiratory tract infections

Craniofacial abnormalities– Craniofacial abnormalities– Congenital masses

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AIRWAY• Factors affecting airway patency:

- Artificial airway kink or obstruction- Artificial airway kink or obstruction

- Laryngotracheal abnormalities

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AIRWAY

• Signs of a high risk or compromised airway:

‐ tachypneatachypnea‐ grunting‐ flaring

t ti‐ retracting‐ choking‐ coughing‐ stridor‐ wheezing‐ gaspinggasping‐ cyanosis

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AIRWAY MANAGEMENT TOOLS

• Chin lift / jaw thrust maneuver

• Bag and mask ventilation

• Oral or nasal airway

• Laryngeal mask airway (LMA)Laryngeal mask airway (LMA)

• Oral or nasal Intubation 

• cricothyr0idotomy

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AIRWAY MANAGEMENT  ALGORITHM

Clinical Guideline for: 

cal 

Clinical Guideline for: Management of a neonate with difficult airway. Dr. P. Muthukumar and Dr. A. Mauro

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RETURNING TO THE BABY IN OUR CASE STUDY  WHICH AIRWAY MANAGEMENT STUDY, WHICH AIRWAY MANAGEMENT 

TOOL SHOULD WE UTILIZE?• To follow the algorithm one must determine whether • To follow the algorithm one must determine whether 

effective ventilation is occurring.• Without the ability to run blood gases the baby’s vital y g y

signs and physical exam (PE) must guide that assessment.

• PE reveals grunting  flaring and severe retractions  and • PE reveals grunting, flaring and severe retractions, and oximeter reveals deteriorating saturations.

• It is likely that effective ventilation has, or will soon, y , ,cease.

• The algorithm leads to the conclusion that this baby should be intubatedshould be intubated.

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BREATHING

• Signs of distress include those seen with Signs of distress include those seen with airway problems, but may instead be due to 

l  dipulmonary disease:– Grunting– Flaring– Retractions– Tachypnea

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BREATHINGf l d f l• Signs of real or impending respiratory failure 

may include:

– DuskinessC i– Cyanosis

– GaspingA– Apnea

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BREATHING

• Other findings associated with respiratory failure:

- Scaphoid abdomen

-Unequal breath soundsUnequal breath sounds

-Unequal transillumination of 

h   hthe chest

- Significant hypercarbia

- Significant respiratory acidosis 

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BREATHINGMechanisms of supportMechanisms of support

S l t  • Supplementary oxygen

– Blowbyy

– Ventimask

– Nasal cannula

H d– Hood

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BREATHINGMechanisms of supportMechanisms of support

• Positive pressure ventilation

– Bag/mask with manometer

S lf i fl ti  b• Self‐inflating bag

– With O2 source and reservoir  delivers up to 90% oxygen

– With O2 source but no reservoir delivers only about 40% oxygen

– Without  O2 source delivers only room air , i.e., 21% oxygen

• Anesthesia bag, also known as flow‐inflating bag

– Requires a pressurized gas source (optimally, O2 blended with air)

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BREATHING Mechanisms of support

• Positive pressure ventilation

– Ventilators

• Simplest  least costly & easiest to teach is the Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation (IMV) type• Simplest, least costly & easiest to teach is the Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation (IMV) type.

The Hamilton‐C1 in use here at SRH is up‐to‐date, multifunctional, relatively intuitive to use, and portable.

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BREATHING Mechanisms of support

l• Positive pressure ventilation

– Ventilators

» The TXP is a high‐frequency transport ventilator that we use to 

transport some respiratory failure babies to Stanford.

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CIRCULATION

f l ff• Signs of circulatory insufficiency:

– Pallor

– Excessive capillary filling time (≥ 4 seconds)g

– Weak or thready peripheral pulses

Decreased level of consciousness– Decreased level of consciousness

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CIRCULATION Mechanisms of supportMechanisms of support

• Vascular Access:

– Peripheral IV

• Over the needle 

• Butterfly (easily dislodged)

– Umbilical Venous Catheter

• Single or double lumen

– Umbilical Artery CatheterUmbilical Artery Catheter

– Peripherally Inserted Central

Catheter (PICC)

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CIRCULATION Mechanisms of supportMechanisms of support

• Trendelenberg positioning is ineffective Johnson S, Henderson SO: 

"Myth: The Trendelenburg position improves circulation in cases of shock." Canadian Journal Emergency 

Medicine. 6(1):48‐49, 2004.

• Intravenous volume bolus (colloid or crystalloid)• Intravenous volume bolus (colloid or crystalloid)

• Blood product transfusion (FFP, PRBCs, whole blood)

• Inotropic support (dopamine, dobutamine, 

epinephrine)epinephrine)

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DEXTROSEM i   f    bl  bl d  l  l l  f • Maintenance of a stable blood glucose level of at least 40 mg/dl is important.

• Physical signs of a low serum glucose level include:

- jitteriness- poor feeding

- poor tone- irritability

- apnea- cyanosis

- lethargy- seizures

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Dextrose

– Always know serum glucose level before transportingtransporting.

• If level is low, first attempt to feed

f f d f l h d l l• If feeding fails to achieve an adequate level:

– Start a PIV

– bolus with 2 ml/kg of D10W & repeat until recheck is > 40 mg/dl

– start an infusion of D10W to give a glucose infusion rate (GIR) of 

5‐ 6 mg/kg/min.

– Recheck level 15 mins after each intervention until stable

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EUTHERMIA• As you know, temperature regulation of the neonate is 

of critical importance. • This is particularly true during transport when outside • This is particularly true during transport when outside 

temperatures can greatly influence temperature regulation.

• In 2007 Laptook et al showed that mortality in very low birthweight babies was inversely related to admission temp  with a 28% increase per 1°C decrease    k l P di i  temp, with a 28% increase per 1 C decrease.  Laptook, et al.  Pediatrics, 2007; 119(3):e643‐e649.

• Best outcomes are related to the maintenance of  a core temperature range of 36 5 – 37 2 degrees celsiuscore temperature range of 36.5 – 37.2 degrees celsius.

• Hypothermia during transport is a common practice oversight.g

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EUTHERMIA• Hypothermia:

• In my experience encompassing approximately 2000 neonatal transports, hypothermia is a much more common 

Hypothermia:

problem than hyperthermia.

• In India “Use of thermocol box, plastic wrap, and insulating blankets could be helpful for preventing hypothermia.”  Neonatal Transport In India: From Public Health Perspective.  Roy, Gupta & Sehgal.  Medical Journal 

of  Dr. D.Y. Patil University  566‐569, 2016.

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EUTHERMIA• Hypothermia:

• The Embrace  Infant Warmer was developed by four graduate students in a biodesign course at Stanford 

Hypothermia:

University in 2008.

• As of June, 2018 it was estimated to have helped over 50 000 babies  largely in India   50,000 babies, largely in India.  Wikipedia, Embrace Innovations.  June, 2018.

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EUTHERMIA

• Hyperthermia

Si   d –Signs and symptoms:

• Tachycardia, tachypnea, apnea 

• Warm extremities, flushing, perspiration (term newborns) 

• Dehydration Dehydration 

• Lethargy, hypotonia, poor feeding 

• Irritability 

• Weak cry 

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EUTHERMIA

C   f h th i• Consequences of hyperthermia:

– Dehydration and associated hypernatremiay yp

– Hypotension

– Apnea

S i– Seizures

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EUTHERMIA

• Avoidance of hyperthermia on transport:

D ’t  d     ddl  t  h il– Don’t overdress or swaddle too heavily.

– Monitor ambulance interior temperature.p

– Open thermocol box and/or Embrace.

– Utilize ambulance A/C if appropriate.

Check axillary temperature frequently– Check axillary temperature frequently.

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In Conclusion

This short video clip shows an 800 gm baby on the ventilator arriving at Shrimadon the ventilator arriving at ShrimadRajchandra Hospital (SRH) in the SRH Neonatal Ambulance after a successful transport 2 days agotransport 2 days ago.

10 months ago SRH had just begun the development of their Neonatal Transport Program.

The example of SRH demonstrates that with a dedicated staff  teamwork and the with a dedicated staff, teamwork and the appropriate resource allocation, swift and powerful strides are possible in the care of sick newborns.

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SAFE TRANSPORT OF THE NEWBORN

I would like to thank Dr. Jayanti Ravi and the entire y

staff of Shrimad Rajchandra Hospital for making 

this conference possible and for allowing me to 

participate.  It has been a great honor.  We all look participate.  It has been a great honor.  We all look 

forward to the continued improvement of neonatal 

care in Dharampur and all of Gujarat.