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Skills For SuccessMary E. Clinton

School of EnglishSeptember 2010

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P lagiarismPlagiarism occurs when a student misrepresents, as his/her

own work, the work, written or otherwise, of any otherperson (including another student) or of any institution.Examples of forms of plagiarism include:

the verbatim (word for word) copying of another s workwithout appropriate and correctly presentedacknowledgement;the close paraphrasing of another s work by simply changing afew words or altering the order of presentation, withoutappropriate and correctly presented acknowledgement;unacknowledged quotation of phrases from another s work;the deliberate and detailed presentation of another s conceptas one s own.

Section 8.1 of the University s Code of Practic e on A ssessm en t

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Collusion

Collusion occurs when, unl ess w it h off icial appr ov al (e.g . i n t he cas e of gr oup pr oje cts) , t wo o r mor estu den ts con sci ously collab orat e i n t he pr e parati on a nd

pr od ucti on of wo rk wh ich is ultimat e ly submitt ed by eac h i n a n i den tical , o r substa ntially similar , form a nd/o r is r e pr esen t ed by eac h t o be t he pr od uct of h is or he r i nd i v i d ual effo rts . Collusi on als o o ccurs whe r et he r e is unaut ho rised co-o perati on bet ween a stu den t

a nd a no t he r person i n t he pr e parati on a nd pr od ucti onof wo rk wh ich is pr esen t ed as t he stu den t sown.

Ibid

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Fabrication of Data

Fabricat ed d ata is def i ned as a ny d ata pr esen t ed as part of a formal ass essm en t a nd wh ich h as no t been o btai ned by l egitimat emea ns of ex perim en tati on o r enq uiry a nd/o r t he r e is i nsu ff ici en t ev i den ce t o supp ort its v ali d ity . Fabricat ed d ata als o i nclude s a ny

i nsta nce whe r e ex isti ng d ata has been f alsi f i ed.

Ibid

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Q. How can you prevent Plagiarism,Collusion or Fabrication?

A. By critically analysing your readingand writing in a suitable acceptableacademic format with full and proper citation.

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G eneral Advice

1. Make Academic Writing a Habit.2. Work on several manuscripts at a time.

3. Beginning middle end.4. Avoid casual or chatty style5. Miscellaneous and random observations6. Formulate Thesis7. Design your arguments8. Edit and P roofread

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Bloom six levels of intellectualbehaviour(1956 revised 1984)

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Analysing the Topic

SummariseAnalyseSynthesiseEvaluate

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Authorial Stance Markers

Conclusion or CausalityContinuation

ContrastEmphasisEvidence

Illustration or ExemplificationSequence

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Analysing the Question/Rubric

Task Words tell you what you have to do; theaction(s) you need to perform.

Limiting Words limit and define the essay,making it workable.

Content Words tell you what the focus is andwhat you should write about.

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Essay and Assignment P atterns

Say what you are going to say

Say ItSay what you have said.

Create and Use an essay outline as atemplate

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Commonly used Formats

Analysis

Compare and ContrastP roblem/SolutionCause and Effect

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P aragraphs

Introduction Body ConclusionCohesion

Repetition of Key words/phrasesLexical P arallel structuresG rammatical consistency

Transitional Words/ P hrases

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When to introduce Quotations

when you want to use an author as anauthoritative voiceto introduce an author's position you maywish to discussto provide evidence for your own writingto make a clear distinction between the views

of different authorsto make a clear distinction between anauthor's views and your own

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D iscourse Markers

Transitional Words

Reporting Verbs

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Transitional Words

To improve your writing you need to makesure that your ideas, both in sentences andparagraphs, stick together or have coherenceand that the gap between ideas is bridgedsmoothly.

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Reporting Verbs

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Citation and Quotation

OSCOLAAP A

HarvardMLAVancouver

MRHAChicago

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Reports

Reports have their own structure and this isdistinct from the form of an essay.

Essays are mainly used to allow you todemonstrate your ideas and arguments totutors.Written reports provide specific research-based information which results in a course of action being decided and acted on.

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Why use Reports

Reports are designed to give informationconcisely and accurately.A formal report has an impersonal andobjective "tone of voice". The main argumentis clear and uses a minimum of words.Accurately presented facts are in the main

body of the report - your evaluation of these isin the "conclusions" and "recommendations"sections.

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Structure

Reports tend to follow a standard structurebut much depends on the circumstances inwhich they are being written. It helps to askyour lecturers, employers or mentors whatthey expect - there may be an accepted way of writing a report appropriate for your course,

or employment/ professional body.

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N otice theformat of

numbering

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