DIAGRAMS AND GRAPHS ELECTROST ATIC

(i) Graph for electric force (F)or electric field (E) verses distance r

E or F

(ii) Graph for E or E verses 1/r2

E or F

r

(i) Electric field lines due to a + Q charge. (ii) Electric field due to a -q charge

+Q -Q

(iii) Electric field lines due to two positive charge. (iv) Electric field lines due to a electricdipole.

(v) Electric field lines due to a point charges and metal plate

3. Equipotential surfaces(i) due to a isolated positive charge. (ii) due to two positive point charge

q

(iii) due to uniform electric field (iv) due to two positive point charge

E

4 (i) Postential verses charge graph for capacitor

CURRENT ELECTRICITY

1. Variation of current with potential difference(i) For conductor (ii) For Ga As

Non-Itnearregion

Negative resistance region

V

I Voltage v (V)

2. Variation of resistivity with temperature(i) For conductor (ii) For Ga As (iii) for nichrome (alloy)

0.4

0.2

P 1.20

1.10

0 50 100 150 T1.00

200 400 500 800Temperature T (K)

Temperature T (K)

Curr

ent /

Resi

stiv

ity /

(0 c

m)

Resi

stiv

ity P

(10

cm)

2. (i) Cricuit diagram to find balanced conditionfor Wheatstone bridge

I1

AR1

R2

B

G

D

I4

R4

C

R3

arm

(ii) Cricuit diagram to find the unknownresistance using Metre Bridge.

+ -

4 (i)Circuitdiagramtomeasuretheinternalresistanceofacellusingpotentiometer

(ii) V verses L graph for the potentiometer

+ - R.B K

A B

+ -

S

G

Unkn own

Standard

MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM

1. Magnetic field on the axis of a circular current loop.

I

22

X

22

dB cos θ y

YdB cos θ

C

D

dB

dB

dB sin θ

dB sin θx

2. Magnetic field line

(I) Due to circular current carrying conductor (ii) Due to a current carrying solenoid

P

L=a+

x

L=a+

x

3. (i) Schematic diagram of a Cyclotron (ii) Schematic diagram of a Moving CoilGalvanometer

H.F.O.

D2 2

W

4. Conversion of Galvanometer(i) Into ammeter

(ii) into voltmeter

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENT

1. Graph Showing Variation of Impedance of LCR Circut, inductive and capacitivereactance Versus Frequency of A.C respectively

z x Xc

r f f X

X X

X X

X X

X

X X

X X

X X

X

X X

X X

X X

X

X X

X X

X X

X

X X

X X

X X

X

X X

X X

X X

X

X X

X X

X X

X

D

2. (i) Phasor diagram for L-C-R series ciruit (ii) A.C. Generator

Qv and I

NP

S

tA B

X

X

3. (i) Transformer (ii) L-C Oscillation

Soft iron core

inputvoltageprimarycoil

A step-dwon transformersecondarycoil

Soft iron core

inputvoltageprimarycoil

A step-dwon transformersecondarycoil

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE

Type Wavelength

Radio > 0.1 m

Microwave 0.1m to mm

Infra-red 1mm to 700nm

Light 700 nm to 400 nm

Utravolet 400 nm to 1 nm

X-rays 1 nm to 103 nm

Gamma rays < 10-3 nm

THE ELECTRO MAGNETIC SPECTRUM

RAY OPTICS

(i) Prisms designed to bend rays by 900 or to invert image without changing it size make use of total internal reflection

(iii) Simple microscope (iv) Compound microscope

(v) Ray diagram for refracting telescope. (iv) A reflecting telescope.

WAVE OPTICS

(i) Shapes of wave front

Point Source Line Source Source at infinity

(ii) Youngs double slit experiment (iii) Single slit diffraction

(v) Intensity distribution in single slit diffraction

7. DUAL NATURE OF MATTER & RADIATION

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF PHOTOELECTRIC

EFFECT

V3 > V2 > V1

V1

V1

V1

Photoelectriccurrent

32

1

Saturation current

Stoppingpotential

(VO)Metal A

V > VOMetal B

V > VO

-Vo3 -Vo2 -Vo1 Collector plate potential VO O

Variation of photoelectric currentwith collector plate potential for different

frequencics of incident radiaton.

O Frequency of incident radiation (V)

ATOM & NUCLEI

Radioactive sample decay

O V

V V V

Binding Energy per Nucleon Curve

Hydrogen Atom Spectral Lines

SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES

1. Energy band diagram : (a) fro metal (b) for Semiconductor (c) for Insulator (d) N type Semiconductor (e) P Type Semiconductor

Conduction band

Valence band

Conduction band

Valence band

Conduction band

Valence band

(d) (e)

2. (i) Circuit for half wave rectifier

3. (i) Diode characteristic curve

(ii) Circuit diagram full wave rectifier

Current Flows When D1

Conducts

Current Flows When D2

Conducts

Resultant Output Waveform

(ii) Input and Output characteristics curve for NPN Transistor (CE)

4. (i) NPN transistor characteristics (ii) NPN transistor amplifier in CE mode

Ic

VBBR2

VSE

IB

BE

E

mA

RCE RI

RCC

VN

Rn B

IE

C

E RLVout

VEE VCE

Special type of diodes

Solar cell It is a diode with either p or n side made thin to allow light energy falling on it to convert in to electrical energy. Material used for preparing are si and GaAs

To produce solar power in satellites, space vehicles , Small Electronic Devices (External biasing Not Required)

Open Circut Voltage

Short Circut Current

Photodiode

It is made from photosensitive material with provision to allow light of suitable frequency to fall at the junction (Reverse biased)

Used ad fire alarm, detector circuit

Zenerdiode

It is specially designed to work on reverse bias breakdown region

Used as voltage regulator

Light emitting diode (LED)

It has two leads longer lead is p side and shorter is n side; due to recombination of holes and electrons at the junct ion energy is released at the junction in the form of light. (Forward biased)

Used as voltage regulatorI0

LED curve

I0

Rd

VF V0

Logic Gates

Name NOT AND NAND OR NORAlg. Expr. A A.B A.B A + B A + BSymbol

AB X

TruthTable

A X0 11 0

B A X0 0 00 1 01 0 01 1 1

B A X0 0 10 1 11 0 11 1 0

B A X0 0 00 1 11 0 11 1 1

B A X0 0 10 1 01 0 01 1 0

Communication System

Block Diagrams

Communication System

InformationSource

MessageSignal Transmitter Transmitt ed

Signal Channel

Noise

ReceivedSignal Receiver Message

Signal

User of Information

Production of amplitude modulated wave

m (t)

Amsinm t(Modulating

Signal)

+

c (t) Bx(t)+Cx(t)2

Ac sinc t (carrier)

Transmission of Electromagnetic wave

TRANSMITTINGANTENNA

)

Message Signal

AMPLITUDEMODULATOR

CARRIER

POWERAMPLIFIER

x(t) SQUARELAW DEVICE

y(t)BANDPASS

FILTERCENTRED

ATWC

AM Wave

Receiver for an A.M. wave

RECEIVINGANTENNA

Received signal AMPLIFIER IF STAGE DETECTOR AMPLIFIER OUTPUT

Detector for A.M wave

AM Wave

(a)RECTIFIER

Time

(b)

Time

ENVELOPEDETECTOR (c)

OUTPUT

Time

AM input wave Rectified wave Output (without RF component)