s mall -s cale r ainfall v ariability in w estern p uerto r ico and its i mplications on a...

SMALL-SCALE RAINFALL VARIABILITY IN WESTERN PUERTO RICO AND ITS IMPLICATIONS ON AGRICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT

Eric Harmsen, Professor

Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez

Jarek Cintron

Department of Industrial Engineering, UPRM, [email protected]

Edvier Cabassa

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, UPRM, [email protected]

SITUATION

Rain gauges are the most common means for farmers to determine whether their crops have received sufficient water, and whether supplemental irrigation is needed.

Farmers commonly rely on rainfall information from a single rain gauge on their farm or from a rain gauge located off the farm.

Similarly, university researchers commonly rely on rainfall information from the single rain gauge located on the experimental station.

But how reliable is rainfall information from a single gauge located, in some cases, several kilometers from a field?

To help answer this question, a rainfall variability study was conducted near the University of Puerto Rico-Mayagüez Campus in Western Puerto Rico.

APPROACH

Twenty-eight rain gauges were installed within a 4 km x 4 km area. Rainfall amounts were measured every 5 minutes between August 2006 and August 2007.

INSTALLING THE RAIN GAUGES

STUDY AREA

STUDY AREA –RAIN GAUGE LOCATIONS

EQUIPMENT

Watchdog Rain Gauge Watchdog Shuttle

STUDY AREA – FINAL RAIN GAUGE LOCATIONS

RESULTS

For the 62 storms evaluated, the average storm rainfall, standard deviation, and minimum and maximum rainfall were 15.94 mm, 11.87 mm, 30.14 mm and 4.53 mm, respectively.

For any single storm the statistics can be more striking, for example, May 24th, 2007, the average storm rainfall, standard deviation, and minimum and maximum rainfall were 55.4 mm, 30.74 mm, 129.4 mm and 28.2 mm, respectively.

RAINFALL ANIMATION FROM RAIN GAUGES NETWORK

JUNE 27, 2007

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

12:37 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

12:42 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

12:47 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

12:52 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

12:57 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

1:02 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

1:07 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

1:12 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

1:17 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

1:22 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

1:27 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

1:32 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

1:37 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

1:42 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

1:47 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

1:52 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

1:57 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

2:02 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

2:07 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

2:12 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

2:17 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

2:22 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

2:27 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

2:32 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

2:37 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

2:42 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

2:47 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

2:52 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

2:57 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

3:02 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

3:07 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

3:12 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

3:17 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

3:22 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

3:27 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

3:32 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

3:37 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

3:42 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

3:47 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

3:52 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

3:57 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

4:02 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

4:07 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

4:12 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

4:17 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

4:22 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

4:27 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

4:32 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

4:37 pm

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

4:42 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

4:47 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

4:52 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

4:57 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

5:02 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

5:07 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

5:12 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

5:17 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

5:22 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

5:27 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

5:32 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

5:37 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

5:42 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

5:47 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

5:52 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

5:57 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

6:02 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

6:07 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

6:12 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

6:17 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

6:22 PM

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

6:27 PM

mm

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

1 61 82 02 22 42 62 83 03 23 43 63 84 04 24 44 64 85 05 25 45 65 86 06 26 46 66 8

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

0 0 . 0 0 5 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 5 0 . 0 2

Total Storm Rainfall

RESULTS

These results have implications for scheduling irrigation.

IMPLICATIONS OF RAINFALL RESULTS

In the May 24th example previously mentioned, the rainfall gradient was 43.4 mm/km; which means that if a farmer’s field was located 1 km from the rain gauge, the rainfall value would have been in error by 43.4 mm (1.7 inches)!

This result could have lead to a serious over or under estimation of supplemental irrigation.

RECOMMENDATION

Every farm should have at least one rain gauge.

Investigators should not assume that the experiment station rain gauge will provide accurate values of rainfall at their experimental plots.

$10 > $1,000

Is a $1,000+ weather station worth buying?

THE COST OF OVER-APPLYING IRRIGATION WATER

Assume the following: Small 10-acre farm grows pumpkin Estimated consumptive use (CU) for season = 500 mm Actual potential CU for season = 400 mm Overall cost of water = $30/acre-ft (considering only: cost of water and electricity)

Assume the normalized yield vs. CU curve in the next slide is applicable.

Value of a typical Calibaza crop = $3,600/acre.

Normalized Crop Yield as a Function of Normalized CU

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

Normalized CU

No

rma

lize

d C

rop

Yie

ld

EXAMPLE CONTINUED

Results: Excess water applied = 100 mm = 1.07million gallons = 3 acre-ft (lost to groundwater)

Normalized CU = 1.25, therefore normalized yield = 0.9 (or 0.1 loss)

Potential $ LOST = cost of water + lost yield = 3 ac-ft x $30/ac-ft + [0.1*$3600/ac] x 10 ac = $3690

Agr. Chemicals are leached to groundwater (cost was not included in calcluation). Groundwater was potentially contaminated

COST OF UNDER-APPLYING IRRIGATION WATER

Assume the following: Same pumpkin farm (10-acres) Estimated CU for season = 300 mm Actual potential CU for season = 400 mm Assume the normalized yield vs. CU curve is applicable.

Value of a typical Calibaza crop = $3,600/acre.

EXAMPLE CONTINUED

Results Water deficit = 100 mm With a normalized CU of 0.75, the normalized yield

= 0.85 (or 0.15 loss) Potential $ LOST = lost yield

= [0.15*$3600/ac] x 10 ac = $5,400

CONCLUSIONS FROM EXAMPLES

The potential value of the crop may be significantly reduced by over or under-application irrigation water.

When water is over-applied, in addition to the reducing the potential value of the crop, certain costs are also wasted (water, fuel, chemicals, etc.)

Over application of water can lead to degradation of ground and surface waters.

Yes!In order to reduce losses related to yield, water, energy and chemicals.

Is a $1,000+ weather station worth buying?

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Financial support from:

• USDA-TSTAR • NOAA CREST• NASA EPSCoR • NSF-CASA

s mall -s cale r ainfall v ariability in w estern p uerto r ico and its i mplications on a...

Documents

pm slide

s tudy area slide

single rain gauge

rainfall information

maximum rainfall

rainfall animation

rainfall amounts

s ituation rain gauges