S. Hrg. 107-218

THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION:OCTOBER 2001

HEARING

before the

JOINT ECONOMIC COMMITTEECONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES

ONE HUNDRED SEVENTH CONGRESS

FIRST SESSION

November 2, 2001

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JOINT ECONOMIC COMMITTEE

[Created pursuant to Sec. 5(a) of Public Law 304, 79th Congress]

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVESJIM SAXTON, New Jersey, ChairmanPAUL RYAN, WisconsinLAMAR SMITH, TexasJENNIFER DUNN, WashingtonPHIL ENGLISH, PennsylvaniaADAM H. PUTNAM, FloridaPETE STARK, CaliforniaCAROLYN B. MALONEY, New YorkMELVIN L. WATT, North Carolina

SENATEJACK REED, Rhode Island, Vice ChairmanEDWARD M. KENNEDY, MassachusettsPAUL S. SARBANES, MarylandJEFF BINGAMAN, New MexicoJON S. CORZINE, New JerseyROBERT G. TORRICELLI, New JerseyROBERT F. BENNETT, UTAHSAM BROWNBACK, KANSASJEFF SESSIONS, ALABAMAMIKE CRAPO, IdahoLINCOLN CHAFEE, Rhode Island

CHRISTOPHER FRENzE, Executive DirectorROBERT KELEHER, ChiefMacroeconomist

PATRICIA RUGGLES, Minority StaffDirector

CONTENTS

OPENING STATEMENT OF MEMBERS

Representative Jim Saxton, Chairman ....................... 1Senator Jack Reed, Vice Chairman ......................... 3

WITNESS

Statement of Lois Orr, Acting Commissioner, Bureau of Labor Statistics:Accompanied by Kenneth V. Dalton, Associate Commissioner,Office of Prices and Living Conditions; and Philip L. Rones,Assistant Commissioner of Current Employment Analysis ..... 4

SUBMISSIONS FOR THE RECORD

Prepared Statement of Representative Jim Saxton, Chairman ..... .19Prepared Statement of Senator Jack Reed, Vice Chairman ........ 21Prepared Statement of Acting Commissioner Orr together with Press

Release No. 01-397 entitled, "The Employment Situation: October2001," Bureau of Labor Statistics, Department of Labor ...... 22

Chart 1 entitled, "All Employees: Manufacturing" ............... 47Chart 2 entitled, "Gross Domestic Product" .. .................. 48

THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION:OCTOBER 2001

Friday, November 2, 2001

CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES,JOINT ECONOMIC COMMITTEE,

WASHmNGTON, D.C.

The Committee met, pursuant to notice, at 9:35 a.m., in Room 2360,Rayburn House Office Building, Honorable Jim Saxton, Chairman of theCommittee, presiding.

Present: Representative Saxton. Senators Reed, Bennett andCorzine.

Staff Present: Chris Frenze, Bob Keleher, Darryl Evans, Colleen J.Healy, Brian Higginbotham, Pat Ruggles, Daphne Clones-Federing,Matthew Salomon, and Russell Comeau.

OPENING STATEMENT OFREPRESENTATIVE JIM SAXTON, CHAIRMAN

Representative Saxton. Good morning. I would like to welcomeActing Commissioner Orr before the Joint Economic Committee (JEC)to testify on the unemployment situation.

The employment data released today are the first to reflect the effectsof the September 11 terrorist attacks. Payroll employment declined by415,000, with job losses posted throughout the private sector. Thefactory employment declined for the 15 month in a row. According tothe separate household survey, the unemployed rate increased by half apercentage point, to 5.4 percent.

The economic effects of the events of September 11 will aggravatean already weak economic -situation. Although the resilience of theAmerican people and the economy has been very encouraging, the attackshave taken their toll, deepening the slowdown. A variety of economicstatistics confirm that the economic slowdown that began in the middleof 2000 continues.

Earlier this week, the Commerce Department reported that grossdomestic product (GDP) declined slightly in the third quarter of 2001.This shrinkage of the economy is a matter of concern even if the declinewas less than many economists had expected. A review of GDP accountsshow that in recent orders the fall of investment has been a majornegative force on the economy, a fact that policymakers should considerin addressing the need for economic stimulus. The GDP report confirmsthe weakness apparent in most other economic data.

As I pointed out in September, one result of the terrorist attacks willbe the new spending on security. That will not increase the quality orquantity of production. Firms have to increase spending on securitypersonnel, sophisticated security equipment, fortification ofbuildings andfacilities and other related expenditures.

These new expenses will have economic effects similar to theimposition of something that I call a "security tax" on an alreadyvulnerable economy. The logical policy response is for changes in taxpolicy that address this problem with offsetting tax reductions. Forexample, faster write-offs for security and other investments would offsetat least some of the new security expenses and also address the bias in theincome tax system against investment.

Let me just pause from my prepared remarks to say that over the lastdecade or more some have been puzzled by the resilience and the lengthof the period of economic growth that we experienced; and as wesearched for the underlying reasons that produced that positive longperiod of time of economic growth, one of the factors that we identifiedwas the increased productivity of the American workforce because ofincreases in the use of new technologies.

To continue to invest in those new technologies presumably wouldhave a similar effect going forward. However, to divert resources fromthe use of new technologies and the acquisition of new technologies toexpenditures for security reasons does not have the same effect as thosekinds of investments that we have made during the last two decades ormore.

So this is a matter of some concern, and it prompted me to ask ourstaff to prepare a report that addresses these issues, which we will haveon our JEC website by the close of business today. And for those of youwho have not accessed our website, the address is www.house.gov/jec.[The report, Tax Policy for Economic Growth, is available online at<http://www.house.gov/jec/growth.pdf>.]

As Chairman Greenspan recently suggested before this Committee,tax incentives for capital investment are among the most effective formsof fiscal stimulus. Short-term temporary tax relief will not be effectivebecause taxpayers know that it is not permanent. It is not a permanentimprovement to their incomes. Effective tax stimulus would improveincentives to work, incentives to save and invest by reducing tax penaltieson these activities. Some measure of tax relief is needed for individualsand firms burdened by the uncertainty and expenses of the new securitysituation.

It is simply my view that the weakness in business and consumerspending can be best addressed through monetary policy. An aggressivecut in the Federal funds rate by the Federal Reserve this coming Tuesdayis the best policy action that could be taken to bolster the demand side ofthe economy over the short term.

Commissioner, thank you for being here; and we will turn it now tothe Vice Chairman, Senator Jack Reed.[The prepared statement of Representative Saxton appears in theSubmissions for the Record on page 19.]

OPENING STATEMENT OFSENATOR JACK REED, VICE CHAIRMAN

Senator Reed. Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman, and thank you,Acting Commissioner Orr, for coming to testify before us today.

The Bureau of Labor Statistics' (BLS) measures of employment andjob losses for October will help us to understand how the economy iscurrently performing. Economic conditions appear to be deteriorating.Earlier this week, we learned that gross domestic product fell 0.4 percentduring the third quarter. Yesterday, we learned that private wages andsalary fell again in September, the second monthly decline in a row.

Factory operating rates are at their lowest levels in two decades, andtoday you report that unemployment has risen to 5.4 percent. Help isneeded.

We must craft a fiscal stimulus package that can spur the economyinto recovery quickly while not undermining fiscal discipline over thelong run.

History has shown that the key to achieving a rapid recovery is tobolster family incomes, something that the stimulus package passed bythe House is unlikely to achieve. Indeed, I can't see many of thepackage's aspects even increasing investment.

Marginal incentives for businesses that boost their capital spendingwill mean little to the economy when cash-strapped households cut theirspending, causing further curtailments in investment. Instead, we shoulddirect the stimulus towards those Americans who are most vulnerable tothe economic slowdown.

We should help lower-income working Americans who pay payrolltaxes yet received no rebate earlier this year. We should broadenunemployment insurance coverage so that almost all of those who lostjobs can get help and increase benefits so that people receive enough tocover their basic needs. And we should help the newly unemployed keeptheir health insurance by subsidizing premiums.

The foundations of our economy are strong, and our people andbusinesses resilient. Decline in GDP was less than expected. In order toshore up the economy's weaknesses we need policies that are temporary,immediate and targeted to those people and businesses which will bestspark our economy's engine.

I look forward to hearing your detailed report, Acting CommissionerOrr, on the employment statistics.[The prepared statement of Senator Reed appears in the Submissions forthe Record on page 21.]

Representative Saxton. Senator Reed, thank you very much.We usually just limit this to two opening statements. Senator

Corzine is here, and we have the luxury of offering you the opportunityto say whatever, Senator.

Senator Corzine. Well, if I might.Welcome. I welcome the Acting Commissioner and am pleased to

see you, and I appreciate the Chairman holding this hearing.The numbers that you will talk to us about this morning really are

quite stark and I think confirm what many in the economy recognize asa period of rather severe deterioration and economic performance.

Like both the Chairman and my colleague, Senator Reed, I certainlyargue for a very forceful and quick stimulus program that addresses theneeds of our economy. I think there are issues that I would like to hearyou talk about on how we get people back to work. I look forward to thisdiscussion, and I think it is imperative, given that our economic needshave been dramatically exposed by the events of today's announcement.

Thank you.Representative Saxton. Thank you, Senator.Commissioner, the floor is yours. Thank you for being with us.

OPENING STATEMENT OF LoIs ORR, ACTINGCOMMISSIONER, BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS:

ACCOMPANIED BY KENNETH V. DALTON, ASSOCIATECOMMISSIONER, OFFICE OF PRICES AND LIVING CONDITIONS;

AND PHILIP L. RONES, ASSISTANT COMMISSIONER OFCURRENT EMPLOYMENT ANALYSIS

Ms. Orr. Thank you, Mr. Chairman and Members of the Committee.I appreciate the opportunity to comment today on the October labormarket data that we released earlier this morning.

As you know, payroll employment dropped sharply over the monthin a wide range of industries. The unemployment rate climbed to 5.4percent in October, the highest rate in nearly five years. Unlike theSeptember data we released in early October, these changes include atleast some of the immediate impacts of the events of September 11. Iwould like to note, however, that the attacks' impact cannot be separatedfrom some of the other influences on the job market today.

The decline in total nonfarm payroll employment was 415,000 inOctober, an unusually large single-month drop. As you may recall, thisfollowed a very sizable decline of 213,000 in September, which waspreceded by a decline ofroughly 50,000 the prior month. Since its recentpeak in March, nonfarm employment has fallen by nearly 900,000.Private sectorjob losses have been even greater. That is, 1.2 million overthe very same period.

In October, nearly every.industry division had a substantial declinein employment. Job losses in manufacturing continued to be heavy andwidespread, totalling 142,000 in October. Although factory employmenthas been in decline for some time, since March alone it has fallen bymore than 800,000.

Since manifacturing employment's peak in April of 1998, itsemployment is down 1.6 million. In services, which is perhaps what ismost striking in the report today, employment fell by 111,000 in October,

the fourth and I might add largest decline this year in an industry that hadonly one other monthly decline since May of 1991. Particularly large joblosses occurred in the health supply industry and hotels, 107,000 and46,000, respectively.

Health supply employment, which was at its peak about a year ago,is now roughly half a million persons lower in total employment.

About a year ago, we had three and a half million people working inthe temporary help industry, and today it is three million. Employmentin the temporary help industry has declined monthly for the past 13months.

Employment in the hotel industry has declined since the beginningof this year by approximately a hundred thousand. Half of that lossoccurred between September and October.

In the transportation industry, air transportation and transportationservices, and I would say transportation services, mainly travel agencies,employment dropped by 42,000 in air transportation scheduled airlinesand 11,000 in the travel agencies or transportation service. As withhotels, these large declines were undoubtedly related to cutbacks in travelsince September 11.

I will go on with the story. It doesn't get any better.Retail trade posted its second large job loss in a row as weakness

continued in eating and drinking places. For the past three months, wehave had major declines in eating and drinking establishments, so thatjust in the period from August to the present employment in that industryis 115,000 less than it was three months ago.

In addition, in retail trade we would expect at this time for someholiday hiring to begin boosting employment, but that has failed tohappen at the rate that we would expect it to occur and in particular Iwould note in apparel stores and in some of the miscellaneous retailerslike toy shops and the gift shops. That holiday hiring we haven't seen asyet.

Elsewhere, employment in construction and in wholesale trade alsofell over the month. There have been several very modest declines inconstruction so far in this calendar year, and construction employmentcontinues to be higher than it was a year ago, in fact 74,000 workershigher.

Wholesale trade, especially reflecting the decline in output anddurable goods industry, also is declining, and that is approximately ahundred thousand over the past year.

I could note that there are a few industries that have added jobs inOctober. That includes health services, which added roughly 15,000employees, private education, a.modest increase in mortgage banking,guard services, noting what you were commenting about earlier, andsome of the social services.

Then I would like- to note some of our data from our householdsurvey. As I mentioned earlier, the unemployment rate is up half a

percentage point to 5.4 percent. That is the highest jobless rate since late1996.

The number of unnaloyed in October grew by more than 700,000,and most of that in ase in unemployment reflects persons who had lostjobs as opposed to those who had left jobs voluntarily or who have beenout of the labor force and were reentering. Weak labor market conditionswere pervasive, but increases injobless rates were particularly severe forblue collar workers.

I note that unemployment rates for virtually all categories ofworkers,be it by occupation, race, gender, education, increased betweenSeptember and October.

.Civilian employment as we measure it by our household survey fellby about 600,000, and the proportion of the population with a job inOctober declined to 63.3 percent. The number of part-time workers whowould have preferred to work full time increased sharply for the secondconsecutive month, rising from 3.3 million persons in August to 4.5million in October. This two month increase was concentrated amongworkers whose hours were reduced because of slack work orunforeseeable business conditions.

In summary, employment in almost all major nonfarm industrygroups fell in October. Total job loss was 415,000. The unemploymentrate rose by half a percent.

My colleagues and I would now be glad to answer your questions.Thank you.[The prepared statement of Acting Commissioner Orr, together with theaccompanying Press Release No. 0 1-397, appear in the Submissions forthe Record on page 22.]

Representative Saxton. Commissioner, thank you very much for avery concise statement.

In preparing to come here today, and we got a look at these numbersearlier this morning, we looked back to see when was the last time wehad the decrease in employment to this extent, and we believe it was in1980. Does that sound right?

Ms. Orr. That sounds exactly right.Representative Saxton. So it has been the better part of 21 years

since we have seen this kind of a decline in employment, which isobviously cause for concern.

Commissioner, I want to emphasize the effects of the terrorist strike.That would be a good thing to do. But it is also a good thing to do tounderstand that, as you pointed out in your statement, there are otherfactors that are at play here, and we need to understand those as well. Forexample, this trend that has ended up in exhibiting this large employmentloss started more than a year ago, didn't it? Would you explain to uswhen this trend and decline actually started?

Ms. Orr. Well, we reached our peak in nonfarm payroll employmentin March of this year. But, prior to that time, there were a number ofpoints along the way where there were declines.

As I noted earlier, employment reached its peak in manufacturing in1998; and between 1998 and 2000, roughly a year ago, there were somedeclines that were not nearly of the order that we have seen morerecently.

Representative Saxton. Commissioner, let me refer - you justspoke about loss of manufacturing jobs. We have a chart here whichshows that a very significant decline in the growth of manufacturing jobsbegan in the middle of 2000, perhaps around the July time frame. Is thatcorrect?[Chart 1 entitled "All Employees: Manufacturing" appears in theSubmissions for the Record on page 47.]

Ms. Orr. Right, with some decline between 1998 and 2000.Also, as it shows on the chart-Representative Saxton. That trend had nothing to do with the

September strike. The numbers - that trend that we show on this charthas nothing to do with September 11, right?

Ms. Orr. We have also seen a similar decline starting roughly thesame point in 2000 in temporary help. We have now experienced -adecline in temporary help every month for the past 13 months.

Representative Saxton. We can say the same thing about GDPgrowth. The rate of growth declined over that period of time.

We have another chart I believe that demonstrates what happened interms of the rate of GDP growth, again, beginning in the second quarterof 2000, which was fairly robust, and then by the third and fourthquarters of 2000 the rate of GDP growth had declined significantly andhas continued the same trend. So it is important to put the events of 9-11in this perspective so that we don't come to the conclusion that what wesee here in terms of the 415,000 job loss totally is a result of the eventsof September 11.[Chart 2 entitled "Gross Domestic Product" appears in the Submissionsfor the Record on page 48.]

What are the most important aspects of today's employment data thatdo provide the information about the effects of the terrorist strike?

Ms. Orr. Certainly a large number of the industries that all of ushave come to feel were impacted and had reports from various industryspokespersons have pretty much been in the travel-related arena, so thatair transportation, the travel agents, hotels, some question about eatingand drinking places - because there has certainly been a large declinethere. The decline, of what that is related to, it will be very difficult tosay.

Auto services and in particular rental cars, parking fees, those kindsof expenditures, those kinds of activities are ones which we say are a

surprise that we would like to take a look at, can take a look at and say towhat extent do they account for some of the change since September 11.

I put together a table for myself in which I looked at the employmentchange between September and October in these industries and thencompared that change to the average monthly change in those industriesof the prior three months.

So, for example, in air transportation, a 42,000 employment declinebetween September and October. During the July through Septemberperiod, the monthly decline has been 5,000.

Similarly, transportation services - again these are mainly the travelagencies - declined 11,000 for September to October, and in the priorthree months the average monthly change was a 2,000 decline.

Hotels had an employment decline of 46,000 between September andOctober; and during the prior three months, the monthly average was a5,000 decline.

Auto services declined 13,000 between September and October; inthe previous three months the change had been an increase of 1,000 eachmonth.

Then of course, the guard services, I have here, is a contrastingindustry. In the period July through September, it experienced no netchange in employment whatsoever. It was actually up from August toSeptember and then up 22,000 between September and October, just asyou had indicated that we would expect to see in selected industriessome changes.

Representative Saxton. Commissioner, how much of October'sunemployment decline related to results from the terrorist attacks? Canyou give us any idea about that?

Ms. Orr. That is as close as I get in terms of describing the numbersin September to October and then takirig a look at what has beenhappening in the several months, and even then we can't completelydisentangle the influence of market issues in general and the terroristattack. But it is clear that in these industries there were substantialchanges in employment. Substantial declines remain with magnitudesthat weren't consistent with recent patterns.

Representative Saxton. Are there any sectors of the economy thatyou might expect to see expand as a result of the events of September 11?

Ms. Orr. Security, as you and I have both said. I suppose that thereare those who would say we might want to look at some of thedefense-related industries, you know, over the longer haul.

I have several of my staff here with me. Do any of you have any helpfor me here?

Representative Saxton. You have certainly put your fingers on thetwo areas that we would expect to see growth, certainly in security. Aswe walk across our campus here we saw the results of this very clearly,and as well - as I watched Fox News, I guess it was this morning, reporton warnings relative to various facilities across the country - bridges this

week - obviously, there are additional costs and expenditures in growthin areas of security along those lines.

Again, I think this is something that we are going to have to deal within terms of understanding the effects of large expenditures or significantexpenditures on security issues and how transferring our resources fromproductive uses in terms of the economy to security uses - not that weshouldn't do the security. Obviously, that is an important set ofexpenditures where we are going to have to divert some resources. But,at the same time, we also need to under.tand that there is an economiceffect related to the division of those resources.

For those who may be interested and who were not here when Iannounced it earlier, by the end of the day today we will have posted onour Joint Economic Committee website a report entitled Tax Policy forEconomic Growth that takes into account the diversion of resources frommore economically productive expenditures to these securityexpenditures. The report can be downloaded from our website at<www.house.gov/jec/growth.pdf>.

So, with that, let me turn to Senator Reed for whatever comments hemay have.

Senator Reed. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.Thankyou, Commissioner, for your testimony and for your responses

to our questions.You indicated in your testimony that increases in jobless rates were

particularly severe for blue collar workers. Can you expand on that?And you also might indicate what these workers typically earn.

Ms. Orr. I am sorry?Senator Reed. What they typically earn. What are the typical wages

that you mentioned for these blue collar workers?Ms. Orr. Well, I think part of the reason for the sharp decline in

employment or the increased unemployment for blue collar workers isthat many of those workers are in our factories, are in manufacturingwhere we have seen a substantial amount ofjob loss, as I mentioned 1.6million over the past two and a half years.

Phil, did you have - rather than train me in front of you all, you canjust go ahead and do it.

Representative Saxton. We are always pleased to hear from Mr.Rones.

Mr. Rones. Thank you. I am pleased to be here.But this is a month where none of us are bringing you particularly

good news.We have a quarterly news release that we put out on weekly earnings

for different groups, including occupational groups. Just as an example,if you look at the two main categories of blue collar workers, one wouldbe - and I use these terms loosely here, because it is not the classificationsystem - one would be more skilled workers. One would be somewhatless skilled. The more skilled is precision production, craft and repair.

The most recent median weekly earnings for the third quarter is $627 aweek. For the less skilled, what we call operators, fabricators, laborers,$475.

Just as comparison, if you look at professional and managerial, whichis the top category, that is $867. There are a wide range of different typesof jobs in what we call blue collar: Some of them are fairly skilled andfairly well paid. Some of them are the most basic labor jobs at the lowend of the wage spectrum.

Senator Reed. So it appears from the numbers that you are reportingtoday, that the brunt of this job loss is being borne by relatively low-paidworkers; is that fair to say?

Mr. Rones. What we have seen recently is that while there havebeen losses in employment across the whole wage spectrum in recentyears, and it is probably the case even in recent months, probably thehardest hit is the group in the middle, and many of the factory types ofworkers that we have talked about already in the hearing today, many ofthose are in the middle-income group.

Senator Reed. The other group that also appears to be affectedadversely is minority employment. I think the numbers that you arereleasing today suggest that black unemployment rose a full percentagepoint, 8.7 to 9.7 percent. That is higher than the overall unemploymentrate has risen.

Ms. Orr. Yes.Senator Reed. And so in the minority communities this is becoming

particularly difficult to bear. Is that a fair statement, Commissioner?Ms. Orr. Yes.Senator Reed. One other issue that you raised, among many, was

regarding the retail sector. You also seemed to suggest that, at this point,Christmas doesn't look to be a joyful experience from the economicperspective. Are you anticipating, because we have not seen thetraditional hiring of seasonal workers, that we are going to have a verydifficult Christmas period for retail?

Ms. Orr. Well, let me say I hope not. On the other hand, we simplyhave not seen a lot of the holiday employment buildup that we had seenin many other years.

Mr. Rones. Right. Obviously, we don't anticipate - we are verygood with the things we know. But as Commissioner Orr said earlier,there are parts of retail trade where we normally expect to see seasonalhiring begin in September, more so in October, and they would continueto build through the season. And some of them - department stores, forinstance - this month were pretty much on track with seasonal hiring, butsome of the smaller stores, the apparel stores, things like sporting goods,toy stores, gift shops, those type of things, we really haven't seen theseasonal hiring that we typically get. What that means for next month,I think part of that depends on the psychology of the consumer betweennow and next month.

Senator Reed. Well, I think that is exactly right.And the question is, what we can do within the next few weeks to

improve the psychology of the consumer? Again, I think a panoply ofincentives for business is not as good as putting more money into thehands of the people who are losing their jobs, their health care, andlooking forward to the next several weeks of a very, very bleak economicsituation. That is what the consumer confidence of most anyone. Thatis a challenge that we have to face in the next several weeks.

There is another issue that you raised with respect to part-timeworkers. Within your report the last month the Bureau reported that thenumber of workers who can only find part-time work because ofeconomic conditions increased by more than three-quarters of a millionpeople, up by 25 percent. Can you tell me what happened in October tothat category of individuals?

Ms. Orr. That category of individuals increased so that we now,between the two months, have moved from 3.3 million to 4.5 million. Sothose numbers have definitely increased.

Senator Reed. And for my edification are those numbers includedwithin the formal unemployment numbers?

Ms. Orr. They are not in our formal unemployment data that weannounced today. Persons who are working part time involuntarily or foreconomic reasons are not part of the measurement of unemployment. Wedo have a wide range of unemployment estimates that we produceregularly, but the one we regularly cite is this one.

Senator Reed. So let me understand. The number you cited, the 5.4percent, is a huge increase in and of itself, but it-

Ms. Orr. Yes.Senator Reed. But parallel with that is another huge increase in

those people who are looking for part-time work.Ms. Orr. Those persons that are looking for full-time work. That

number includes people that are looking for full-time work, and thosepersons who perhaps were working full time and had their hours cutbecause of slack business conditions or for some other economic reasons.

Do you want to add anything to that?Mr. Rones. One of our alternative measures, labor underutilization,

does include the workers that you are talking about, those who areworking less than full time, but who want to work full time.

Senator Reed. Do you have a measure of how that number haschanged in the last few weeks?

Mr. Rones. Some of the components that are not part of the officialmeasurement we don't seasonally adjust or we don't have available on amonthly basis, but if you look at the September figure, which is the mostrecent figure that we have, that includes everything. If you add totalunemployed, plus the group that you talked about, the part time foreconomic reasons, plus the marginally attached, those are people who say

that they wanted a job and have looked in the past year, but are notlooking now, the rate was 8.3 percent.

This is not seasonally adjusted, again, because all of the componentsare not seasonally adjusted. You compare that to the officialunemployment rate last month, not seasonally adjusted, which was 4.7percent. So it added 3.6 percent points to the official rate.

Senator Reed. You would assume that if the numbers werecomparable today, that we would have a higher number in that largercategory obviously?

Mr. Rones. Yes. In fact, with the increase in part-time economic aswell as unemployment, there may be a little bit of a spread.

Senator Reed. So a higher spread between the two numbers. Thankyou very much.

Representative Saxton. Thank you, Senator Reed.Senator Bennett.Senator Bennett. Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman. And I

appreciate your panel being here.I wanted to focus on a few other aspects of the economy, primarily

looking forward. I always say that the only time you will know that therecession is over is when every single forecaster and expert unanimouslyconcludes that we are in the trough from which we will never recover.

The same is also true - the example that we should have known thatthis was coming was when during the 2000 campaign we were toldAmerica was in the very best possible times, and this was going to go onforever.

There is a Business Week test that somebody applies that says as soonas your picture appears on the cover ofBusiness Week as the businessmanor woman of the year, your company is doomed because the recognitionyou get at that point.

On that basis I am a little concerned to read the forecasters comingout of Wall Street as these numbers came up as news last week, came upon the GDP, where it says the GDP going down by only four tenths ofone percent, they expected much more, indicates that perhaps we aregoing to get through this recession with much less damage than they hadpreviously thought.

That consensus tells me that we are nowhere near the bottom, and itis only when they are all in full agreement that things are never going toget better that they will start to turn around.

With that very unscientific but, unfortunately, historically accurateanalysis, I wanted to talk about how long this is going to last. In historicterms this is a relatively mild recession, 5.4 percent unemployment,horrific as it is, coming in a half point increase in a single month is stillbelow historic norms for major recessions. I am old enough to rememberthe recessions in 1958, 1959, that had unemployment figures in doubledigits. The last recession which economists look back on and say was

relatively mild by historic terms had unemployment figures at 7.5percent. So we are still well below that.

You look at the last recession, which again was considered to berelatively mild, to start off the first quarter of that recession with onlyfour tenths of one percent of negative growth is relatively mild.

My own instinct tells me, however, that this one, however relativelymild it might be in terms of its downturn, is going to be historically long;that it is going to take us longer to get out of this than we have gotten outof some others. I just throw that out, would like your - your sense ofsmell about this.

Get away from the numbers for just a minute. I know you live withthe numbers, and the numbers are the safe things to cling to, but all of usas politicians have had consultants who gave us poll numbers that werevery safe to cling to, and our own sense of smell out on the campaign trialtold us that is not what is really happening. You live in this world all ofthe time. I am not going to hold you to any forecasts. I'm not going toquote your words back to you. I just wanted to take advantage of yourbeing here and say, let's kind of look up from the page for a minute, lookaround, and ask ourselves how long is this going to last.

Any reaction? Anybody willing to take that one on?Ms. Orr. Well, I am willing to speak up and say that the traditional

thing that the BLS Commissioners say is we are in the business ofmeasuring what is going on. We are not in the business of doing policyanalysis or making predictions.

That said, I would just say that in terms of my experience in theBureau and looking at the data that we have, that one of the things thatstrikes me is that there is a lot of convergence of the data. We don't seemto have much in the way of anomalies. Our household survey and ourestablishment survey together suggest that our measurements are quitegood, and they are telling us real serious things.

Senator Bennett. Anybody else want to take a shot at that?Well, let me go on a little further. Again, I have a sense that part of

this recession, part of the cause of this recession is overcapacity. And,yes, it is nice if we can get money in the hands of customers to buythings, and presumably they take goods. But if you look around theworld, and we live in the world economy, we have substantialovercapacity in steel production. I don't think there is a steel millanywhere in the world that is making satisfactory profits. And every oneof them is shaky because worldwide we have got maybe 25 or 30 percentovercapacity, and they are all new steel mills. The traditional economiccircumstances where the old and inefficient get forced out, everybodyinvested in steel mills around the world, and we have significantovercapacity, and until somebody really goes broke, or until the demandfor steel absolutely astounds us, goes through the roof so we can soak upthat capacity, I think that we are in for a very long period of time.

I remember, because I was a lessor at the time, real estate in NewYork City - Manhattan - suddenly had enough buildings come on the

76-886 02 - 2

market simultaneously that they had an overwhelming glut of availableoffice space, and all of a sudden you could buy office space in New YorkCity for less than you could buy it, say, in Salt Lake City. And it tookyears for the demand to finally catch up and fill those offices. Nowfinally it did. But there were a number of very significant real estatedevelopers in New York who went bankrupt and stayed bankrupt for along period of time.

We can apply that to this economy. That is the concern that I have,where in historic terms doing fairly well, even as we get the gloomy newsyou have given us this morning, because other recessions have beensignificantly deeper than this one appears to be. But if this one drags onfor 18 months, or 24 months, or 36 months, then we are where theJapanese are, and of course theirs has gone on for 10 years now. I don'twant to get into that.

Well, thank you for your statistics. I understand your position, andI will still continue to wonder how long this thing is going to go.

Thank you, Mr. Chairman.Representative Saxton. Thank you, Senator.Senator Corzine.Senator Corzine. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.I want to pursue a line a little bit about where is the need, since I

think we as policymakers will be addressing a desire to find a stimuluspackage that has the most power, the most efficiency.

I would love to hear your comments a little more on the minoritybreaks that we saw, very substantial increase in both black and Hispanicunemployment, this blue collar effort, and then the - the nature of incomeof some of these declines in hotel - for the participants in the hotel andhealth service that you were talking about.

I understand the manufacturing blue collar jobs that you are talkingabout may be more moderate income, but certainly not hotel workers andhealth services don't tend to be the highest-incomejobs. Certainly 16- to25-year-olds don't tend to have the highest-income jobs.

Would you comment a little bit about those various categories andwhether they are - I am reading them right, that the 16 to 25, minorities,and a number of the services have seen substantial increases inunemployment as reflected in these statistics? Aren't these the peoplethat if they are hurting most benefited least from the expansion?

Mr. Rones. The first thing I would say is to really repeat what wehad said before is that when we look at the data in recent months,particularly October, the increases in unemployment are really across theboard, even among the best educated. We see increases in theunemployment rates for the top socioeconomic types of occupations.

Senator Corzine. Just on that point I see the college rate went from2.4 to 2.7. That is slightly different going from 8.7 to 9.7.

Mr. Rones. Exactly. If you look at it from the occupational side, wesee almost the exact same thing. The managers and professionals, which

are clearly college-educated, go from 2.4 to 2.7. At the same time, thetechnical, sales, and administrative support, more of the middle-incometypes of white collar occupations, rose from 4.3 to 4.7. At the other end,the less skilled blue collar workers that we talked about before havehigher rates and, at least this month, a larger increase: from 7.5 to 8.7percent.

Senator Corzine. It does look like a substantial difference. I don'tknow whether it is statistically significant in the samples that you aretaking. I asked that question because when we structure a so-calledstimulus package for potential a - a severe recession, since I think we arein the trend as opposed to a - saying that we are - we can reflect thenature of the recession, particularly by the statistics released today, it ishard to understand how we cannot focus on those that seem to besuffering the most in this process.

Do you have data on the discouraged workers, people that havedropped out, stayed out, but - I have trouble finding it in the statistics forthis month.

Ms. Orr. We had in our press release, page three, persons not in thelabor force. About 1.4 million persons were marginally attached to thelabor force in October, up from one million a year earlier. These personswanted and were available for work and had looked for a job sometimein the prior 12 months, but were not counted as unemployed because theyhad not actively searched in the four weeks preceding the survey.

The number of discouraged workers was 330,000 in October, up by100,000 from a year earlier.

Senator Corzine. All right.Ms. Orr. Of course, with discouraged workers, they are not looking

because they think that no job is available.Senator Corzine. In .light of those statistics, do you have any

comments on unemployment duration? One of the debates is aboutwhether we should extend the term of unemployment insurance. It islengthy is indicative of those kinds of needs.

Mr. Rones. The duration rates don't necessarily behave the way theother data do. We believe that is because early in a downturn in the labormarket, you get a lot of the newly jobless people coming intounemployment. All of those people being laid off have short duration, sothe average will tend to go down early on.

So you have two things going on. You have an increase in the flowof people coming into unemployment now, and it is compounded by thefact that it is harder to leave unemployment because the job market is soweak. So we have actually seen increases in the short-termunemployment and the long-term unemployment at the same time.

And if you look at just the average measures, which I tend to not liketo do for this reason, they look like they are not moving very much.

Senator Corzine. Could you talk just a bit, little bit, about thishealth care issue? Since I have been here for six or seven months, eachmonth we have always tended to see increases in health care workers.

Ms. Orr. You would presume that there was no reason that thatwould particularly stop in the current circumstances. In fact, after webegan some of the anxieties with regard to bioterrorism, maybe it wouldbe increasing. I was surprised actually to see either those numbers areflat or they actually decreased a bit in the service sector.

In health services we had a modest employment increase of about 14-or 15,000 between September and October. That was about half the rateof growth that we have seen in health care earlier in the year. We knowthat health care has been experiencing a lot of occupational shortages.

Senator Corzine. I appreciate it.Representative Saxton. Well, thank you very much, Senator. Do

you have anything further?Senator Reed. If I may ask just one or two additional questions.Do your statistics reflectthe concentration of unemployment through

the country? It seems, for example, that we have been talking about verybig increases in minority unemployment, in youthful unemployment, inblue collar unemployment, which would suggest to me, and I wonder ifyou could help me clarify this, that impact is going to be found in urbansettings, and perhaps it is focused in some regions and other regions areescaping this. Do you have any sort of regional feel for the data?

Ms. Orr. We produce, as you probably know, data on employmentand unemployment for all of the major metropolitan areas in the country,for counties as well as data for states. That data that we have for thestates and areas right now is for the month of September, so we are notcapturing the most current kind of information as yet in our state andlocal data.

Senator Reed. Does that data reveal trends already prior toSeptember 11, or is it simply evenly distributed across the country?

Ms. Orr. It really doesn't capture effects of September 11, althoughunemployment is not the same or employment growth is not the sameacross all states. For example, there are a number of the Midwesternstates where there are lots of manufacturing jobs, and unemploymentthere has risen. New York City's unemployment rate went from 5.8 to 6.2from August to September.

So we do have a lot of data that gives us insight about what is goingon on a state and local basis.

Senator Reed. Let me just amplify a point to wrap this up. In termsof this issue, at some point you have data that will suggest differences inunemployment growth around the country. Is that-

Ms. Orr. We have it right now. We simply don't have it so that itincludes the month of October.

Do you want to share some information from our releases, Mr.Rones?

Mr. Rones. If you look at the data through September and look atthe regions around the country where we have had the biggest increasesin unemployment, let's say over the year preceding September, New

England had the largest over-the-year unemployment increase, which wasmore than a percentage point.

Other areas that have increased nearly that much are the EastNorth-central. North Carolina, I would note, has had substantialincreases in unemployment. The South Atlantic and Mountain divisionshave seen their unemployment rate rise by nearly a percentage point.

Senator Reed. Mr. Chairman, thank you.One final point is that if you look at these statistics, the impact seems

to be low-wage or middle-income wage workers, high minority workers.Not only is it incumbent upon us to come up with a strategy to help them,but also the immediate impact would be a significant increase in demandfor social services at the state and local level since these are typically thetypes of workers who qualify based on income levels and who need theseservices. So we are looking at that impact not only at the national level,but each state and locality. Thank you.

Representative Saxton. Thank you.I would just like to thank the Members for participating this morning

and thank the Commissioner for giving us the opportunity to glean fromthe statistics that you bring us. Perhaps it is worthwhile to say at thispoint that the reason that this process takes place is so that we canunderstand where the economy is moving.

And as my three colleagues and I have tried to point out, there is atrend in the process here that we need to be very concerned about andbegin to tailor our policy, programs of one kind or another to try to dowhat the federal government can to offset this very disturbing andnegative trend. As Senator Bennett pointed out, we would like it to beshorter rather than longer. As Senator Reed pointed out, there are folkson the lower end of the economic scale who we need to be concernedabout, and there are a number of ways that we can address thesequestions.

Recently the House passed an economic stimulus package, which waspatterned after an economic stimulus package that passed in 1963, duringthe term of John Kennedy, which he spearheaded to try to stimulateeconomic growth by reducing taxes, and, in effect, today offset some ofthe so-called security taxes that I keep talking about.

We can also rely on our friends over at the Fed, who I hope onTuesday will continue the easing policy that they have demonstrated overthe past seven or eight months. We are hoping that on Tuesday we willsee an additional easing which will result in a 25 or 50 basis pointreduction in short-term rates. And as was articulated by Senator Reed,I suspect that by the time this economic package works its way throughthe House and gets to the President's desk, there will be some additionalshort-term help, if you will, for some folks that need it most.

And we thank you for helping us to understand the situation in whichthe economy finds itself, and having different opinions perhaps to oneextent, or what we will try to put together - that is individuals withdifferent opinions, we will try to put together an economic stimulus

18

package that will be good for the American economy and the Americanpeople.

Thank you for helping us with this. We appreciate and we lookforward to seeing you in the months ahead.[Whereupon, at 10:35 a.m., the Committee was adjourned.]

SUBMISSIONS FOR THE RECORD

PREPARED STATEMENT OFREPRESENTATIVE JIM SAXTON, CHAIRMAN

I would like to welcome Acting Commissioner Orr before the JointEconomic Committee to testify on the October employment situation.

The employment data released today are the first to reflect the effectsof the September 11 terrorist attacks. Payroll employment declined by415,000, with job losses posted throughout the private sector. Factoryemployment declined for the 15th month in a row. According to theseparate household survey, the unemployment rate increased half apercentage point to 5.4 percent.

The economic effects of the events of September 11 will aggravatean already weak economic situation. Although the resilience of theAmerican people and economy has been very encouraging, the attackshave taken their toll, deepening the slowdown. A variety of economicstatistics confirm that the economic slowdown that began in the middleof 2000 continues.

Earlier this week, the Commerce Department reported that GDPdeclined slightly in the third quarter of 2001. This shrinkage of theeconomy is a matter for concern, even if the decline was less than manyeconomists had expected. A review of the GDP accounts shows that inrecent quarters the fall of investment has been a major negative force onthe economy, a fact that policymakers should consider in addressing theneed for economic stimulus. The GDP report confirms the weaknessapparent in most other economic data.

As I pointed out in September, one result of the terrorist attacks willbe new spending on security that will not increase the quantity or qualityof production. Firms will have to increase spending on securitypersonnel, sophisticated security equipment, fortification ofbuildings andfacilities, and other related expenditures.

These new expenses will have economic effects similar to theimposition of a "security tax" on an already vulnerable economy. Thelogical policy response is for changes in tax policy to address thisproblem with an offsetting tax reduction. For example, faster write-offsfor security and other investments would offset at least some of the newsecurity expenses and also address the bias in the income tax systemagainst investment.

As Chairman Greenspan recently suggested before this Committee,tax incentives for capital investment are among the most effective formof fiscal stimulus. Short-term, temporary tax relief will not be effectivebecause taxpayers know that it is not a permanent improvement in theirincomes. Effective tax stimulus would improve incentives to work, saveand invest by reducing the tax penalties for these activities. Somemeasure of relief is needed for individuals and firms burdened by theuncertainty and expenses of the new security situation.

20

It is my view that the weakness in business and consumer spendingcan be best addressed through monetary policy. An aggressive cut in thefederal funds rate by the Federal Reserve this Tuesday is the best policyaction that could be taken to bolster the demand side of the economy.

PREPARED STATEMENT OFSENATOR JACK REED, VICE CHAIRMAN

Thank you, Acting Commissioner Orr, for coming to testify beforeus today. The Bureau of Labor Statistics' measures of unemploymentand job loss for October will help us tQ understand how the economy iscurrently performing.

Economic conditions appear to be deteriorating. Earlier this week,we learned that GDP fell 0.4 percent during the third quarter. Yesterdaywe learned that private wages and salaries fell in September, the secondmonthly decline in a row. Factory operating rates are at their lowestlevels in two decades and, today, you report that unemployment has risento 5.4 percent.

Help is needed. We must craft a fiscal stimulus package that canspur the economy into recovery quickly while not undermining fiscaldiscipline over the long run.

History has shown that the key to achieving a rapid recovery is tobolster family incomes, something that the stimulus package passed bythe house is unlikely to achieve. Marginal incentives for businesses toboost their capital spending will mean little to the economy when cash-strapped households cut their spending, causing further curtailments ininvestment.

Instead, we should direct the stimulus towards those Americans whoare most vulnerable to the economic slowdown. We should help lower-income working Americans who pay payroll taxes, yet received no rebateearlier this year. We should broaden unemployment insurance coverageso that people receive enough to cover their basic needs. And we shouldhelp the newly unemployed keep their health insurance by subsidizingpremiums.

The foundations of our economy are strong, and our people andbusinesses resilient. The decline in GDP was less than expected. Inorder to shore up the economy's weaknesses, we need policies that aretemporary, immediate, and targeted to those people and businesses whichwill best spark our economy's engine.

FOR DELIVERY: 9:30 A.M., E.S.T.FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 2, 2001

Advance copies of this statement are made available to thepress under lock-up conditions with the explicitunderstanding that the data are embargoed until 8:30 a.m.Eastern Standard Time.

Statement of

Lois OrrActing Commissioner

Bureau of Labor Statistics

before the

Joint Economic Committee

UNITED STATES CONGRESS

Friday, November 2, 2001

Mr. Chairman and Members of the Committee:

Thank you for the opportunity to comment on the

October labor market data we released this morning.

Payroll employment dropped sharply over the month in

most industries. The unemployment rate climbed to 5.4

percent in October, the highest rate in nearly 5 years.

These changes include the impact of the events of September

11. The attacks' impact, however, cannot be separated from

other influences on the job market.

The decline in total nonfarm payroll employment was

415,000 in October, an unusually large single-month drop.

23

2

This followed a sizable decline of 213,000 in September.

Since its recent peak in March, nonfarm employment has

fallen by nearly 900,000. Private sector job losses have

been even greater-1.2 million over the same period.

In October, nearly every industry division had a

substantial decline in employment. Job losses in

manufacturing continued to be heavy and widespread,

totalling 142,000 in October. Although factory employment

has been in decline for some time, since March alone it has

fallen by more than 800,000.

In services, employment fell by 111,000 in October,

the fourth (and largest) decline this year in an industry

that had had only one other monthly decline since May 1991.

Particularly large job losses occurred in the help supply

industry and in hotels.

In the transportation industry, air transportation and

transportation services (largely travel agencies)

employment dropped by 42,000 and 11,000, respectively. As

with hotels, these large declines were undoubtedly related

to cutbacks in travel since September 11.

Retail trade posted its second large job loss in a

row, as weakness continued in eating and drinking places.

In addition, some other areas of retail that normally would

begin holiday hiring in October failed to add jobs at usual

3

levels. These include apparel stores and miscellaneous

retailers, such as toy stores and gift shops.

Elsewhere, employment in construction and in wholesale

trade also fell over the month. In contrast, a few

industries added jobs in October, including health

services, private education, mortgage banking, and guard

services.

Turning now to data from our household survey, the

unemployment rate rose by half a percentage point in

October to 5.4 percent, the highest jobless rate since late

1996. The number of unemployed grew by more than 700,000

in October. Most of the over-the-month increase in

unemployment reflected persons who had lost jobs, as

opposed to those who had left jobs voluntarily or had been

out of the labor force. Weak labor market conditions were

pervasive, but increases in jobless rates were particularly

severe for blue-collar workers. The unemployment rates for

adult men, adult women, whites, blacks, and Hispanics all

increased in October.

Civilian employment fell by about 600,000 and the

proportion of the population with a job in October declined

to 63.3 percent. The number of part-time workers who would

have preferred to work full time increased sharply for the

second consecutive month, rising from 3.3 million in August

25

4

to 4.5 million in October. The 2-month increase was

concentrated among workers whose hours were reduced because

of slack work or unfavorable business conditions.

In summary, employment in almost all major nonfarm

industry groups fell in October; the total job loss was

415,000. The unemployment rate rose by one-half percentage

point to 5.4 percent, the highest rate in nearly 5 years.

My colleagues and I now would be glad to answer your

questions.

26

United States

Newsof LaborBureau of Labor Statistics Washington, D.C. 20212

Technical information:Household data: (202) 691-6378 USDL 01-397

http://www.bls.gov/cps/

Establishment data: 691-6555 Transmission of material in this release ishttp://www.bls.gov/ces/ embargoed until 8:30 A.M. (EST),

Media contact: 691-5902 Friday, November 2, 2001.

THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION: OCTOBER 2001

Employment fell sharply in October, and the unemployment rate jumped to 5.4 percent, the Bureau ofLabor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor reported today. Nonfarm payroll employment droppedby 415,000 over the month, by far the largest of three consecutive monthly declines. The job losses inOctober were spread across most industry groups, with especially large declines in manufacturing andservices.

The labor market data from the household and payroll surveys for the month of October are the firstdata from these surveys to reflect broadly the impact of the terrorist attacks of September 11. The labormarket had been weakening before the attacks, and those events clearly exacerbated this weakness. It isnot possible, however, to quantify the job-market effects of the terrorist attacks.

chart1. Unemploymen rt seasnaily adjsted. Chart 2. Nonfarm payoll employment sesonaly adjsted.er November 1998 - Octbe 2001 ase November 1998 - Octobe 2001

Sn - zoO4.0OOWO

Unemployment (Household Survey Data)

The number of unemployed persons increased by 732,000 to 7.7 million in October. The unem-ployment rate rose by 0.5 percentage point to 5.4 percent, seasonally adjusted, the highest level sinceDecember 1996. Since October 2000, when both measures had reached their most recent lows, theunemployment level has risen by 2.2 million and the rate by 1.5 percentage points. (See table A-I.)

The unemployment rates for most of the major worker groups-adult men (4.8 percent), adultwomen (4.8 percent), whites (4.8 percent), blacks (9.7 percent), and Hispanics (7.2 percent)-rosein October. (See tables A-I and A-2.)

2

TaWj &. Major indlic~torso labor morkel activity sesonaly edjustecd(Number in thoosarmds)

Q =-t avmpes MOM*b~ dms SP-Cazesa 20 2001Oct

___________ H_ I II Aeg.I Sept. Oct. ebnge

HOUSEHOLD DATA I .e force suass

Civilan labor for-e....... .......141.461 141.771 1412350 142.190 142.303 113Employme ----- ---.----- 135.130 134,984 1 34.393 135.191 134.562 -619

Usasploy .. ............... 6.331 6.787 6.957 7.009! 7,741 732Notinlabor foxee ............... 70.072 70.367' 70.785 70.167i 70.279 .112

Unesoployeee rates

All workm ................... 4.5 4.8 4.9 4.9 5.4 0.5Aduslt on................... 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.3 4.8 .5Adult woon ........ ...... 3.8 4.2 4.2 4.4 4.8 .4

Teeogu . ................. 14.0 15.2 16.1 14.7 15.5 .8WbIte ....................... 3.9 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.8 .5

Blatk. ....................- . 8.2 8.6 9.1 8.7 9.7 1.0Haspame origin .............. 635 6.2 6.3 6A4 7.2 .8

ESTABLISE31ENT DATA Esoploynoos

Nonfann crnloyosot..... ... ..... 132.483 p13 2

.24 2

132.395 p132.1821 p131.767 p.415

Giods~peoducngl ............ 25.310~ p24.

986

24.963 Ip24.8731 p24,699

p. 174Constracti ..................... 6,866j p

6.8

63 6,861j p6.862~ p6.832 P-

30

Mxsmfwsesos .................. 17,8821 p17.555 17,533~ p17.443~ p17.30

1 p, 142

Semcepoduciog'.-........107.1731 pIC7.35

6 107,4321 p107.309~ p107.068 p-2

41Retilra .................... 2346j p23.SlO 23.5831 p23221 p23.441 p481

Seces ......................... 41.052 p41.094 41,129 p4l.106 p40.993 P.111Gioverruseneol. ................. 20.782, p20.980 21.005 p2l.003 p21.027 p2

Hotns of sweak'

Tota privat . ...............34.21 p34.1 34.0 p3

4. p40

p.0.1Hoacso... .......... 40. pO

7 4.7 p40.6 p

40 4 p-.2

O-tm ........................... 3. P.0 4.1 39 38 .

Ind-se of aggegate weekly hours (19M02=0)

Total peeam ..... ...................... 151.41 150.31 150.1 p149.91 p148.8 -1.1

Average hourly e-pes101a1 Private ...... ................. 5$14.25 p$14.40 $14.40 pS14.45 P514.4

7 p50.02

Aveng otlyep ip.es = .77!le ................. 487.46 p4,0.93 489.60 p92.75 491 p-.77Inclusdes ethe industries. not shown separately.Dama relate to private prodection or nossaspervssosy weekect

28

3

The number of newly unemployed persons, those unemployed for less than 5 weeks, rose by401,000 to 3.2 million in October. (See table A-6.) The number of unemployed job losers not ontemporary layoff grew by 518,000 over the month and has increased by 1.4 million since last December.(See table A-7.)

Total Employment and the Labor Force (Household Survey Data)

Total employment dropped by 619,000 in October to 134.6 million, seasonally adjusted, and theemployment-population ratio fell by 0.4 percentage point to 63.3 percent. Since January, employ-ment has fallen by about 1.4 million, and the employment ratio has declined by 1.2 percentage points.(See table A-1.)

The number of persons who worked part time for economic reasons rose by 274,000 in October to4.5 million, seasonally adjusted. These are persons who would have preferred to work full time butworked part time because their hours had been cut back or because they were unable to find a full-timejob. Since August, the number of persons who worked part time for economic reasons has increased byabout 1.1 million. Most of this rise has been among persons whose hours were cut due to slack work orbusiness conditions. (See table A-4.)

Both the total number of persons in the civilian labor force (142.3 million) and the labor force parti-cipation rate (66.9 percent) were little changed in October. (See table A-1.)

Persons Not in the Labor Force (Household Survey Data)

About 1.4 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) were marginally attached to the labor force inOctober, up from 1.0 million a year earlier. These persons wanted and were available for work and hadlooked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months but were not counted as unemployed because they hadnot actively searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. The number of discouraged workerswas 330,000 in October, up from 230,000 a year earlier. Discouraged workers, a subset of the mar-ginally attached, were not currently looking for work specifically because they believed no jobs wereavailable for them. (See table A-10.)

Industry Payroll Employment (Establishment Survey Data)

Nonfarm payroll employment fell by 415,000 in October to 131.8 million, seasonally adjusted. Thiswas the largest employment decrease since May 1980 and followed a decline of 213,000 in September.Since the recent employment peak in March, overall job losses have totaled 887,000; losses in the pri-vate sector have totaled 1.2 million. In October, employment was down in nearly every major industry.(See table B-1.)

Widespread job losses continued in manufacturing, as factory employment fell by 142,000. Octoberwas the 15th consecutive month of factory job losses, bringing the decline in employment since July 2000to 1.3 million. In October, large employment cutbacks continued in both electrical equipment (22,000)and industrial machinery (21,000). These two industries have accounted for a third of the factory jobslost since July 2000. Auto manufacturing declined by 21,000 over the month.

Elsewhere in the goods-producing sector, employment in construction fell by 30,000, following3 months of little change. In October, declines in general building contracting and heavy constructionwere coupled with continued decreases in special trades. Since May, employment in special trades hasfallen by 56,000. In mining, oil and gas extraction lost 4,000 jobs in October. Employment in the

4

industry had grown during the first half of this year but has weakened in recent months due to sharpdeclines in the price of oil.

The services industry lost I11,000 jobs in October, the largest decline in the history of this series. Asizable decrease in help supply employment (107,000), which provides workers to other businesses, re-flected economic uncertainty in other industries. Subsequent to the September II terrorist artacks, em-ployment declines accelerated markedly in travel-related industries, including hotels (46,000) and autoservices (13,000), notably in auto rental agencies and in parking services. In October, job growth slowedin health services, but the industry has added nearly a quarter of a million jobs thus far this year.Educational and social services both added jobs over the month.

Retail trade employment declined for the third straight month in October, with an over-the-monthdecrease of 81,000. About half the October losses were in eating and drinking places, where employ-ment was down by 115,000 since July. Over the month, employment decreased in apparel stores andmiscellaneous retail establishments, after seasonal adjustment; these industries added fewer workersthan usual at the beginning of the holiday employment buildup.

Employment declines continued in transportation and public utilities with a loss of 55,000 jobs inOctober. Over-the-month job losses occurred in air transportation (42,000) and transportation services(11,000), which includes travel agencies. Declines in these industries accelerated sharply following theSeptember II attacks.

Wholesale trade employment fell by 23,000jobs in October, following a similar loss in September.Since its last peak in November 2000, the industry has lost 105,000 jobs. Over-the-month declineswere concentrated in durable goods distribution.

Slow growth continued for the third consecutive month in finance, insurance, and real estate,following losses in June and July. Over the month, employment in mortgage banking remained onan upward trend, as that industry continued to benefit from low interest rates. In contrast, securitybrokerages lost jobs again in October; since March, employment in the industry has fallen by 31,000.

Employment in local government, excluding education, increased by 26,000 in October, afterseasonal adjustment. The industry had shown no growth in the prior 2 months. Other parts ofgovernment were little changed in October.

Weekly Hours (Establishment Survey Data)

The average workweek for production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls edgeddown by 0.1 hour in October to 34.0 hours, seasonally adjusted. The manufacturing workweek de-creased by 0.2 hour to 40.4 hours. Manufacturing overtime was down by 0.1 hour to 3.8 hours. SinceJuly 200D, the factory workweek has fallen by 1.4 hours and factory overtime by 0.9 hour. (See table B-2.)

The index of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarmpayrolls fell by 0.7 percent in October to 148.8 (1982=100), seasonally adjusted. The index is down by2.2 percent from its recent peak in January. The manufacturing index fell by 1.3 percent to 94.7 inOctober and has fallen by 11.5 percent since July 2000. (See table B-5.)

Hourly and Weekly Earnings (Establishment Survey Data)

Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls in-creased by 2 cents in October to $14.47, seasonally adjusted. This followed a gain of 5 cents (as revised)

30

5

in September. Average weekly earnings fell by 0.2 percent in October to $491.98. Over the year,average hourly earnings increased by 4.1 percent and average weekly earnings grew by 2.9 percent.(See table B-3.)

The Employment Situation for November 2001 is scheduled to be released on Friday, December 7,at 8:30 A.M. (EST).

New Seasonal Factors for Establishment Survey Data

Following usual practice, the 6-month updates to seasonal adjustment factors for theestablishment survey data will be introduced with next month's release of November data.These factors will be used for the September 2001 through April 2002 estimates and willbe published in the December 2001 issue of Employment and Earnings. These factorswill be available on Friday, November 30, on the Internet (http://www.bls.gov/ces/) or bycalling (202) 691-6555.

Explanatory Note

Thi news eema IPresents stats=ics from two major surveys. theCurrent Populanon Survey (household suvey) and the CurrentEmployment Sanstic survey (establishmen survey). The householdsuney provides the information on th labor force, ernployment. andonomployment that appears in the A tables. masked HOUSEHOLDDATA. It is a sample survey of abot 60, houseolds comauctedby be US. C s Brmean for the Buran of Labor Statistics (BLS).

The establishment survey provides the information on theemployment, hours. and earnings of workers on nonfarm payrolls thatappears in the B tables, marked ESTABLISHMENT DATA- Tisinformanion is collected from payroll tecord by BLS in coopeMonwithStascagecies. InJan 2001, the sample included abourt350,000establsshmems employing about 39 million people.

For both surveys. the data for a given month relare to a particularweek or pay period. In the bouschold survey, the refcernce week isgenerally the calendar week that contains the 12th day of the month.In the estalishment survey, the reference period is the pay periodinchsdig the 12th. which may or may not correspond directly to thecaledar we

Coverage, definitions, and differencesbtween surveys

Houlseold survey. The sample is selected to refn the enarecivilian nonnstitmional population. Based on responses toa series ofquesions on work and job search acivities, each person 16 years andover in a sampl bousehold is classified as employed. unemployed, ornot m the labor force.

People areclassifiedasemployed iftheydid any workatall as paidemployees doring the reference week, woked in their own businssprofesson, or on their own farm: or worked without pay at last 15hours in a family business or farm. People ae also counted asemployed if they were temporarily absent from their jobs because ofiles,badweather.vacation.labor-mangnmeardisputeswarpesonalreasons.

People are classified as anaemployed if they meet all of the fol-lowing criteria They had an employment dring the reference week;theywereavailableforworksabttime;andtheymadespecificeffortsto fEd employment sometime during the 4-week period coding withthe raference week. Persons laid off fium ajob and expectiog recallneed not be looking for work to be counted as unemployed. Theanemploymms data derived from the household survey in no waydepend upon the eligibility for or reemipt of unemployment insurancebenefits.

The civiianlaborforce is the sum of employed and unemployedpersons. Those nor classified as employed or unemployed ae nor inthelaborfre. Thesoenployeentrareis the numbertemployed asapercentofthe labor foror. Thelabor-irceparticrpararteisthelabor force as a percent of the population, and the employmen-papelorin rtio is the employed ass percam of the population.

Establishatt survey. The sample establishment ame drawnfrom private nonfarm businesses such as factories, offices, and storme.as well as Fwir, State, and local government eitie Eaploye aon

nonfa-r payrofls are those who received pay for any part of tbereference pay pedod. including persons on paid leave. Person aecoomed ineachi job they hold. Hoursanderningsdata a for privatebusinesses and relate only to production workers in the goods-prodocingsectorandnonsupervisoryworketsintheservie-poducngsector.

Differencesfnenploymentestimte. ThemmerosconcepQualand methodological differences between the household andesmbhlishmenturveysresutinimortandistsincinntheemploymentesimas denved from the surveys. Among these arc

*1choosholsurveyicludapicd alwars.tescnployedunpaidfainlyw orkersanprivatho ldwarkersaonghbeemployedThese groups are cltuded from the establishment survey

* Te hosehold survey includes people on unpaid have amg theemployed. The establishment survey does nt.

* Thehsneholdsurveyislimitedto workers l6yearsofagnandolder.The establishment survey is not limited by age.

* The household survey has no duplication of individuals. becauseindividuals arecounted only onceevenif they hold more thanonejob. Inthe establishment survey. employees working at more than one job andthus appearing on more than one payroll would be counted separately foreach appearance.

Other differences between the two surveys are described in"Comparing Employment Estimates from Household and PayrollSurveys." which may be obtained from BLS upon request

Seasonal adjustmentOver the course of a year, the size of the nassion's labor force and

the levels of employment and unemployment undergo sharpflucmuations due to such seasonal evets as changes in weather,reduced or expanded prodruction, harvests, major holidays. and theopening and closing ofschools. The effectof such seasonal variationcan be very large; seasonal fluctations may account for as much as95 percent of the month-to-month changes in unemployment.

Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regularpaterneachyear.theirinfluenceonstaisticaltreedscanbeciminaedby adjusting the statistics from month to month. These adjustmoentsmake nonseasonal deelopmest, such as declines in economicactivity or increases in the participation of women in the labor forcemcasier to spot. For example. the large number of youth entering thelabor force each June is likely to obscure any other changes that havetaken place relative to MAy, making it difficult to deretmie if thelevel of economic activity has risen or declined. However becausethe effect of students finishing school in previous years is known. thestatisticsforthecurrcotyearcn beadjusted to allow fora comparablechange. Insofar as the seasonal adjustment is made correctly. theadjusted figurte provides a more useful tool with which to analyzechanges in economic activity.

In both the household and establishmert surveys, most seasonallyadjusted series are independently adjusted. However. the adjustedseries for many major estimates. each as total payroll employment.employmeor in moat major industry divisions, total employment. and

unemployment me computed by aggregating independently adjustedcomponent series. For example, total unemployment is derived bysumming the adjusted series for four major age-sex components: this

differs from the unemployment estimate that would be obtained bydirectly adjusting the total or by combining the duration, reasons, ormore detailed age categories.

The numerical factors used to make the seasonal adjustments arerecalculated twice a year. Por the household survey, the factors arecalculated for the January-June period andagain forthe July-Decemberperiod. For the establishment survey, updated factors for seasonaladjustment are calculated for the May-October period and introducedalong with new benchmarks, and again for the November-April period.

In both surveys, revisions to historical data arm made once a year.

Reliability of the estimatesStatistics based on the household and establishment surveys am

subject to both sampling andnonsamplingerror. When a sample ratherthan the entire population is surveyed, there is a chance that the sampleestimates may differ from the true population values they represent.The exactidifferene, or sampling error, varies depending on theparticular sample selected, and this variability is measured by thestandard ermr of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, orlevel of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ byno more than 1.6 standard crims from the "true population valuebecause of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at

the 90-percent level of confidence.For example, the confidence interval for the monthly change in total

employment from the household survey is on the order of plus or mnus

292.000 Suppose the estimate of total employment increases by100.000 from one month to the next. The 90-percent confidenceinterval on the monthly change would range from -192.000 to 392.000(100000 +/- 292.000). These figures do not mean that the sampleresults are off by thes magnitudes, but rather that there is about a 90-percent chance that the "oue" over-the-month change lies within thisinterval. Since this range includes values of less than zero, we couldnot say with confidence that employment had, in fart increased. If,however, the reported employment rise was half a million, then all ofthe values within the 90-percent confidence interval would be greaterthan zero. la this case, it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) thatan employment rise had. in fact, occurred. The 90-percent confidenceinterval for the monthly change in unemployment is +/- 273,000, andfor the monthly change in the unemployment cre it is +/- .19percentage point.

In general, estimates involving many individuals or establishmentshave lower standard erors (relative to the size of the estimate) thanestimates which are based on a small number of observations. The

precision of estimates is also improved when the dam ar cumulatedover time such as for quarterly and annual averages. The seasonaladjustment process can also improve the stability of the monthlyestimates.

The household and establishment surveys are also affected bynonsampling error. Nonsampling errors can occur for many reasons.including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inabilityto obtain information for all respondents in the sample. inability orunwillingness of respondents to provide correct information on atimely basis. mistakes made by respondents. and erors made in thecollection or processing of the daa.

For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for the most

recent 2 months are based on substantially incomplete returns; for thisreason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the tables. It is onlyafter two successive revisions to a monthly estimate, when nearlyall sample reports have been received. that the estimate is considered

final.Another major source of nonsampling error in the establishment

survey is the inability to capture. on a timely basis. employmentgenerated by new firms. To correct for this systematic underestimationof employment growth (and other sources of error), a process knownas bias adjustment is included in the survey's estimating procedures.whereby a specified number of jobs is added to the monthly sample-based change. The sire of the monthly bins adjustment is based largelyon past relationships between the sample-based estimatesof employment and the total counts of employment described below.

The sample-based estimates from the establishment survey areadjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to universe counts of payrollemploymentobtainedfrom administrtiveecordsoftheunemploymentinstrance program. The difference between the March sample-basedemployment estimates and the March universe counts is known as abenchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy for total survey error.The now benchmarks also incorporate changes in the classification ofindustries. Over the past decade, the benchmark revision for totalnonfarm employment has averaged 0.3 percent, ranging from zero to

0.7 percent.

Additional statistics and other informationMore comprehensive statistics are comained in Emrployment and

Earnings. published each month by BLS. It is available for $26.00 perissue or $50.00 per year from the U.S. Government Printing Office,Washington. DC 20402. All orders must be prepaid by sending acheck or money order payable to the Superintendent of Documents, orby charging to Mastercard or Visa

Employment and Earnings also provides measures ofsampling error for the household survey data published in thisrelease. For unemployment and other labor force categories. thesemeasuresappearin tables I-B through l-Dofits"Explanatory Notes."Measures of the reliability of the data drawn from theestablishment survey and the actual amounts of revision due to bench-mark adjusonents are provided in tables 2-B through 2-H of that

publication.Information in this release will be made available to sensory

impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200.TDD message referral phone: 1-800-87-8339.

HO0USEHOLD DATA HOUSEOLD DATA

TMWl A-1. EwoiWy000 3535tO5M210 Of &AC i00001P bymm34

_= 0m. 20M 2D . 1 2647 20. 20

TOTAL

3230 0~0s4021.0 212-33 2M=35 210.21 211.7Z1 Mm.0 2135 2MA.Y 212.12UIU. 453 141.37 340.00 34.00 MI43 141.774 141.=0 1.2.19D ta=

"A.~ - 70 27 a 070 G1) G". 000 70 6EOO1143L577 134000 134AN 335*4. 1303= 135.37 133.= 13.31 134.M3

6 4.3 0a5 M5 8& 07 G.0 0.A 0.7 33051353277 3.371 3.03 3.241 2.0 32"3 3117 3.00 3.00

34oa*0 ~135.0 33143 130 13230 131337 130.3 131=7 MASI0 331.5334 .32= 0)35 7.106 1A35 0422 0.3V5 0.05 7= 7.741

343330 M. .7 .3. 4.5 z5 4. 4.) 3M

340 b2 2481 MM73 73.7 627 73.50 70.17 73.785 700807 730Q~030304031 4.3Q1 4.= 4,377 4.00 4.329 As0 An 4)2=

Mori. 16 years and oe

Ck*00040010- 321203 323.10 321.0 12m=7 121.73 3102 31.M2 10.110 30.30Cioh 02 75=21 73.M3 7301 71.37 M3462 73.71 73W3 73.0 70201

P 1 074. 7Ml 74.3 70. 74. 74.3 74.0 74.5 74A

S73.5W 7i2. 72A217 72.35 n=.0 72.21 "Aso 72M33 71171&W.730P35.0P w 73) 73) 70.4 ".7 73.7 73. 703 73) M3

104042X07 &.405 3.M0 2.0"4 3M53 3.430 3.43 I.73 4.179

333-130 U. 4A3 3.0 5) 7 s. &13 42 35

Msen, 20 years and ove

c4i 032103 220= 9.07 04215 35.0 21=53 OX75 0.01 9=.07 0."1323003000k12 71.31 .75 M 71161A 71.155 71.30 71=55 71.514 7116 7103

P.w- 7M4 0 70. MS. M2. 734 702 70) 73.69A"30 21.21 0003 2740 68.774 00400 21.74 042 21.0 21421

Ee30O3307425 734 MI. 74.0 73.3 73. M) 7M. 7Z80

45402160 2,351 2.3W 2.210 2.00 33 2.34 2375 2.33702032003G"040.77 smi. SUN 60.1 05= 00430 2L1.77 as=5 am,0 21360

10,4o42170 2.700 3.32 216 2LM 2.21 &132 &.0 3472&9 4A031 3.1 3.A4 32 . 3. 4 43 4.0

Won.^ 16 year and over

CI32121I001 11030 37.47 110= 109.= 100 333O3 110.3M 13107 110.30

3.0002302 251M5 03.00 000 21.00 21.21 00 W=3 OL32 00.5ml30030W 5) MDA MA 5) 22 00)9 A ma MA

Eoey4 3.3 GM2354 3500 0.237 53=0 0.135 0.73 .040 0.211________ 7A 00. 57A 57.7 57.3 07.3 SMR 37A 00

..3. .0.0. 24-3 303 3.31 .552 MY00 2.03 &33 3.354 3.50Uw§ 3.7 .o 3.0 1 44 45 4A 3C .4S

Woamn 20 yeas and over

CW3035322103004 p001 121440 10277 12X7 3240 3C233 1O007 30.321 301177 10.37

0200002 01.747 W=.0 003 21im 3103 OL145 0.372 0.335 03

PIco 0 MA2 ma me) a" OW MA as) MA ona"=00 0.3 35440 5.007 5302 30.50 Mm72 50.50 0.03 21.3

E3e0301001 MA 62 212 MA 00.5 35) MA3 MA2 570321753 so 213 7la 7m 773 70 00 00

0003 M016 3533 3577 L759 00)7 0L700 0003 0016

_______________ .m3 2.704 2.7m 2.13 2.30 2.34 2.03 2.70 3200

3021010210 23 .3 4. M3 3) &9 .2 4 4.0

Both0 00103,1600o19 Y000S

cof is=040 33300 30)0 30.33 3306 120 16.%50 10.31 1010 16.1m7im ?AS 7.743 0.317 LIM3 0274 7164 004 0&0

P 0040) 47.0 a's SL3 35 31. 074 40. MALG=00 0.07 S 040 m. 7.20 0.M3 G.0" 6.0 G.0P 0.A

E0W. 040.Y 403O 40. 40) MA2 40) 35 0)5 0Z3

29000000 220 z 274 00 204 211 330 331

21000.10 00 1.135 j3 I= 10 .302 1.121 1=0 3.307 330

300343300 32.4 34) 3%3 32) 34.3 34. 10.3 M47 I 10.0

,1ll. Opm an Gan IN =m mi . ft W00=m0o0 f 1*d -8*

34

HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-S. Eso"M pl.710 saof 8the EtoMMt 8659tlt.0 by less so, ^6 atnd Hispanic6 066561

Not seasonallyadjted Scaelo~tmtty adjusted'

EffWfol11ol swus6.10 ;s . age. and1H04nic sgm __ - - - -

O .* s 1 0. OM f 4 A.D SOL11 OM08=__ _ __ _ _ m0 ml = l 201 ml m m

c p01460 .... 17 9=6 176.= t7.7 74.65 175,7119 t75.64 17SA. t7L..D 176.372

Po.p G"8.-.---- 62 E 67L0 672 67.0 67. '" 60 97.1 672

6,o61690P116o6461 1. 65.1 64.1 6.1l '(W. 1 3 64.A 6 6.2 640

50015400 --- .... ----- ... 3260 4.060 6.147 4.019 4.616 4.74" 5.6M 626 5.6M567

1t111I -~3.1 4.1 44 3.4 4.0 4.0 423 4.3 4.0

KMt 207yea. 80d 0581CA*. W . ....-. 60258 60.67n 60.675 60286 60"8 60232 60.575 60.784 WAS2

plo l61bc . 76. 76.6 76.9 762 76.6 768 76.7 762 77.1

60618190 W.M 53.. .... . ...... 5.3 1810 .495 58.17 00244 5832 5L227 5L463 338320

El~lo506087410101 ~ ______ 74.9 742 7390 74.7 73.9 74.0 73. 74L0 73.7Un166t860 1=3 2.06 2.30 M.3 1.14 Z.06 2=27 22 2.711

Ulosesy-e Z5 ... . ~ 25 3.4 3.5 2. 3.0 3.4 38 3.85 4..

W6919. 20 years and 66-*-a,66 5 0.481 50.713 50.26 16221 50.431 SOAP.D865 50.6 51008 50.759

ftucv6114 I 602 Gil 00 602 V 59.9 60.2 60.1 EU. 604

60816190 - 49.10 48&773 4L211 48.77 48.749 40.605 48.839 45.724 40.86E1161051616660060 We~ 5. 571 572 58.2 57.9 50.1 57.9 07. 5726

2085506 3 .8 &$ 3.0 3.0 3 3.5 3.6 8 3 A

Botht 608. 610 1976861C41No1us_06 I- . ... ......... . ..... 6.757 6.463 6M57 7226 6,013 6.88 6.415 6.855 6.86

alpe- .......-.----. 532 0A 50 55.4 54. 6Sa6 50.7 u 50

E8610.0 ___- W. 6.07 5.26 5.AN 6.20 6.044 5.950 5.167 S.M.4 W82

6064,l.3p11460 65- - -. 47.2 4 A 4. 9 472 4 .. 4, 4&.7 46.1rid5476 an 8391 37 766 861 916 on m7 ass

100510 0 - - 028 1" 12.8 112 124 13.3 142 12.7 1&.1

15061 ~ -. ________ 10.7 l2.5 l12 1.5 1. 13.0 12.7 lis 3

BLACKCC.0 1e0665 P851

411 -..- _ 25.339 25.66 Mea86 125 25S= 125 2054 2LO44 2100

C~,Ww06660 16,634 &ng71 16.733 1622 16.756 I693 16.71 am26 lam7p0006014 6 652 6ml 65.4 65.6 6603 6&3 65U EU

610664......... - . 15.6% 1.f IS.f15 15.461 1530 15274 15.195 153V 'S.10461610%6780 40 .61.0 58.5 592 60.8 W.1 601 51.3 59A EU

01669 ... 1.165 1,410 10531 1226 12.13 12 33 1,.517 1.46 'AM

6e1t581 -- 70 8.7 8.1 7,, R2 7.9 6.1 8.7 0.7

Meet, 20 y6806811and068Clojo W86166.. 0-e ... 7.443 7,436 7,323 7.383 7.M7 7.395 7.424 7.48 7,318

pawp l 73-2 72.3 71.7 72" 71.5 72.1 72. 72L6 7120E,609 - _ _ _ _ . 6,245 GAP6 6.817 6.86 6.744 68.M 6.75 624 6.71D

E8065*1.%11448600 61.2 67.1 65. 67.5 EUJ 66.4 EU. 67.1 6Ga3011106~....____ ... 416 538 576 515 573 586 672 064 150

V.Mw116 low - . 6.7 72 7.8 7A 7.8 72 9. 72 6o

w 20lt 3y-6 604666________bb._ 9222 L.433 8.44 6= 8.491 11.409 &.42N 6424 6.453

65., EU EU. EU. 65.3 EU. w 65.4 61.8614107.= 7.M6 7.752 7.786 7.817 7=6 7.W4 7.M7 7.708

E.~-o115618600 -- 6.0 602 60.1 61.2 6128 61.5 612D EUA 58.

___________ 45D 6on m4 476 573 506 560 652 736

w011n8,1w0a60a 5.4 72 0.2 528 62 6o 6.9 7.7 6

Both 99886 1666o19 76865,.6818 .- 1.- 6 851 M6 498 866 964 601 a

Paticipad 0.... e- . . -.. ~ 37.4 3.2 30.1 31.2 38.2 352 34A 382 3M.

Ea.10,0 --... .. 7023 0 65 7Q7 all 83 Bu1 651 6an

6.Walw as.5 24.ml 25. MA4 272 25.7 242 25.2 12568106660 217 243 ON 235 267 227 263 250 267

60-onmass 26 32 253 20.7 2&V2 252 205 164 27.7 30.1

____________ 12 32 3520 272 317 204 3L5 30.6 32. .....22, 27.1 26A 202 262 2432 m 21 34.9 32.

--- a-nt..

S i i

35

i4O5JEHOW. DATA

TOWl AZS EAg56y8558 Stab=35 of s~ do psi83los by ram. .85. .gew8 ml456.I wWg.-C83Sasd

V5to8u0 in

HOIUSBC DATA

I76 mw60 5Am 6887 *.55 I. 85665.5 - 852 60543338 4576 8 8 087 5675807845 qw- . - .70a50 4985475880 co-008308960584

tOM 372 ft. 0654o.,8 K.87011 gOS Rd - -~ 83830

Tabl A4S 6=5989,5588Stan4of5On375248 popsisdm 25 3ys o~ 538 by .d-Wj-Wo .=485

N68 8850523 -0855 58840n4y a*4554

08. S"- 04. .6m A*/ Aug. S-sM o

2733 M7l5 7 731 24.50 27I 7 27.4 27.47 27.3

04.487857460 42 "1A 4A. 43.8 -Z.5 A8. 33 2 81 40

767463 24 553 e54 784 831 55 m w5 93 31LWr8 8 0 7.1 7.1 84 6.3 5.6 7.3 7A 7.7

a4055-.8458f 57 -7. 577 576 57 27S= ?9 6.07 673813 57.0 57=76060 3617 3.712 36.782 35.M5 3683 34.6 37.=5 36.M7 3.6=P348d05 5.5 64.0 64. 64.5 64" 63I 6"A 642 64A

E.436s5 357.3 35.= Mm34 35.707 3533 X5468 35.6 353M 30.83IOU76 6p~ 83.4 684 1.5 83.3 83. 62.3 41.7 58.5 61.4

8350 .IN5 I.475 18.375 '.2m I.43 8.3=5 I8"s 1.5"1 1 .717538581,Tp f 3. 4.3 4.3 3.5 3 4.1 34A 4.3 43

Ckf- 50td-lp05. 44.757 43.44 4.47 4.37 44112 43.64 45.= 43,424 43.4718k- 3.178 32M 33.0 834 34 33.33 33487 33.35 33=31

74.1XPW.T 73.9 73.9 71.1 74J 73.3 73.8 749 730555032A2 3.45 3225 35.13 3= 32.36 35.48 32485 M1OM

M408e~0 n6 7.4 71 7120 78.7 ls 71.1 n .3 72.0 7321480755 1.117 82= 78 8.451 ON4 1.075 1.154 '"

568554057885r- 2 32U . 3.2 3.0 3.2 3.3 m.

C887k00U855.d8 45.78 44.37 47.371 ".785 .48.48 4.784 46.714 455M 4727ch.A.36.568 36.95 372M4 3X5 MM56 3653 36.94 3615 37.33

713 78.5l 7 6 78. 75. 762 784 78. W5- 3.5" 85272 34.A04 333 35.796 35= 335= 36D A5mca.771 77.0 751 77A 772 76. 76 751 76

605605 855 50 55m8 775 778 m5 I=838401045 8 2 2.5 1 7.2 Z.8 3. 34

* p m5 o m s q.s br -~ swam 63.- ftk. NO. hd 63655543 584 .5W.855455688t2*d wI awdom 2 040q 8 M cwvg853 I-I cl55. w86 54.87 IM m6.0 W.L

HOUJSEH4OLD DATAHOUSEHOL4D DATA

T.aw A.4. S.485888885888h5856.88

Not susonaft 84s.48 S..8sUy ad184.8

5.55 A.D SO I85 .6o8m8 S

2Om 2881 2M 38 2885 2001 001 M05 20M

C84ARACTERSST1C

7854 81.8.58.8le 5.48885135.771 134j= u8 138.88 13.8 34=83 537 538.8 535.58 134.=4Q858. p88.710 43.436 83.18 43.385 43.828 83. 43.172 43.=8 42=0

UAM~888 8 33-58 33.M4 33=0 33.3M8 3314 33.88 8816 3&18D

timI8.000f0515* 0.84n 11351 8.2M4 8.448 LS53 8.56 L=. 8248 821S

OCCUJPATION

Mowg85.5500588 40.085 400n7 81.88 42.148 14),7"5 41M7 .10,7 41.M5 41.775 4178

7808685. 888 n.8." 0- -p 3M.4,, 311,885 38.89 39.521 38.88 39.w8 38.88 3.5184 3818

p5.050, rs8485 088 a .h 5.0 14.8 1.1848 LM88 14.3" 14.88 ;5=88 I8.8LM3 .88

05.481 Wb8. -805 58.63 7.738 17.881 I8s=8 7.588 571 157.88 17A"5 I1.8

I~, 88885. " w" -8-. 3.37 3.517 3.3M 3.318 3IM 3588 3.154 3.3M 3.251

CLASS OF WORKER

8188.888.5055808882M8 2=88 ;.845 Z0881 5.775 558 58 18 58S8sos8.625- 1.178 5.582 5.2 1,182 1.58 531 239 =. IItwmw l-ft35 28 V7 w 38 22 29 3 35

W.g-6=0885y.088 . 123.00 135.74 122.883 123.88 123.0m 3.43 122.88 138.78 135881o8855 9.00g 5.22 5935 58573 5812 18.18 19Z95 58.38 18.57

Pssfhs*8 ' 8. 15003.= 8 10&708 588'0.197 18U.513 553.8 183.88 10334

0'0 mo - 58 540.7 5018 103SM7 1530 103.73 540.88 503=7 01405dw61w058.8 878 8.85 8.588 8185 8.741 8.574 8.88 8.M8 L.487

Ulow ftbA68 5IN 98 85 538 4 88 553 540 15

PERSONS5 AT WORK PArr T IME

7888888088s868. ~ 38 3.765 3.884 3a= 1107 3.488 3=8 8.588 8.40

5888 sos8 I- 15*58680 ~ . .708 2.885 Z788 118 235 2.12D 2.88 218 3.=

C.8075855..8 r-- 8&W 5.5a88 1.002 88 1.025 88 M0 I= 1.534

P0 68III=8 s . - 5.8 58"88 18.85, 18.758 51.473 58.88 1.153 15.00 58Lo8

780,. 856888 3.02.704 3.M4 3.40 3.088 3=0 3M33 &IN8 4.M8 4.5458 68850.88m- M 2.888 2.023 188 23 2388 2.88 375 2.M 8893

C.,808888850 or- --- 85 5 a 9 .017 m0 .4 885 811 I=7 1.P.8185580656685 .. I. 5.00 5.888 18.878 58.38 8.3 I 80 m8w8 5.278 18.031

580T2 P65- 00884*85.5646"1-08.66888886* 1-05807 -115 M5 -80550068.0I85.06M.4887M588485t5 ww8 W0 -s.858 84 5 6485 Or- w~ ff.0.8888 l5.88 -s8 888 -ow*Mm4. 7886.*,85688-6 -s86888**85p-,0.85.38*8*%A.808

HOUSEHO~L DATA

TObl. A- .. 1. W631pW01111 6630eM 8884345

HOU6SEHOLD DATA

I- I 8~6 P1.1086

5046 SP 0. 0. h* Aug SWL 0

CKMAACTE31S=S

TOW Sama. 555 726a 7.741 33 4z 4-5 4-1 4a 5.46.3130-smW61 2.m 3.069 3.472 3.3 401 5 4.4 .3 4.4

m.191 2a 754 3.W56 3.4 3.48 42 4.4 A.is6 see. 611w I=2 1.187 1.2M '26 13 1.& 16.1 X4. '5 3

,n.. p-s. 913 1.5 124 Z6 2 256 Z7 2-7 311W914..- .5P-- 062 1:95 1275 25 30 2.4 30 3.3 573.41631188.50482 23 917 5.A 6. &62 6.7 7m 639

Fubl-..6 4 4551 SAN3 G=2 33 4A 4.4 43 5.x 5.4P61- 16 -7 1.1m7 li 4.5 5. &1 53 4.5 53

OCCIJPATIow4

I&40316)p)61aiERy -725 1=4 1.183 1.7 25o 2-2 Z554 22T.47ots.4a,..fr.31wt.. 1,471 1.762 12' 3 Z 40 4 42 4. 4.7

M&53 758 m 3.4 .5 42 438 4 6.9'25D. 13a.66w 15 .430 , .65 6.4 73 72 7.7 7.5 L.7

F..xV . .. 'm5" 238 232 210 6.7 62 7.5 53 7.1 ILI

INDUSTRY

10615*)061,436 41y.6146- 43 5.707 6.46 40 4.8 4.7 &1 52 5j

59..46946.... -1=5 1.31 I= 4.7 S5 5 6.2 6J! 6v461 37 27 7.1 63 &7 42 43 75

C-610 517 64 m1 65 6.7 SA 7-5 73 6.____799 'AG1 , .106 4.0 5.0 5&1 S.7 5,6 62

O5go9- -461 694 613 3.3 5.0 4.7 53 5411001. 363 37 313 43 439 5.7 S3 L. 2

S.oxOA4)ooA3148 3,046 324 4.3 3 43 4A 4A 4.9 53T.61ii )Pp 1 m 31l m6 2s 4.. 3.3 33 33 63916 6)6181631 ... 13% 1343 1'73 4A 53 &2 S3 539 &1Fo. mw. a)r)8) 185 mR m 2n 2.6 3.2 Z.7 2.8 57SM.. 1 17 12' Zia,1 33 44 4.3 41 4.8 5.7

508e*0. .- 399 423 465 Lo2 2.0 51 5.1 2.1 2.4443.)4586 41~ .56 17 143 i91 9 6 10.3 W3 7.1 63

Not =64866687 Sm..a.y so306

NUMBER OP UNEMPLOYED

145.84- .2.25 5792 326 2.510 2Law 2312 MOW 5.764 3,10553 4 . 129 is" .127 2297 1.755 2A$84 5.191 Z13 2361 2.37

1236)13 1244 1.731 1.343 1.1 Z' 4 '-w 47 1.117 1AN 2=0615128 w. 'm - 47 1. 1 702 ai 935 92 124m 1.174

2765866)3. 547 7817 062 OW 737 491 a35 755 Mal

0s..g P- 44*6.3 w831 13.1 153 12A 130 123 1323 1&.1 1330&.am^31168..6 in 72 7.3 &1 62t 6.7 62 7A 7A

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

T1.W urlml 130 1914 (W 13 Ia D 133 19. o11 131.0 190L.115. - - 433 41:7 46 5. 37 41.8 3 34 46.45.14-ik 3D2 317 312 31.5 3A 33 3M2 17 310

ls.6366 24.3 23.7 27.3 23.5 2330 230 13 23 25.415.2158 123S 14" 152 133O 12.5 14.7 .42 1.3 15.

27 ft 1*)6 ._______________ 8 11.7 15 16 114 16.3 15.1 I13 114

HOUSEHOLD DATA,3206230402. DATA

Table A.?7 Raton 306 unce8p873338

Hot8 -. 0.8y adjusted Seasonaly adjustedReaon

0. 0.L 0. 0. AB8 Aug- 035 08 0.2moo 60 2001 =I 201 MG,3 2003 2001 36

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

aka-an .I- -8P.3083528000076 Z076 U.23 3.701 2.446 3"'5 3.252 3.40 3W I=068035083734526 - - 531 76 86, 535 940 1.0(13 1.079 133 336

32869338 8306 - 3342 2.157 2838 1.621 2.35, 2.249 2Z3) 2.25 3,003.066e m 3.79 2.=B () () (3 3 3

le8 46 93 mB 835 830 72 894 lad m9338800. ~. IAm 2.33 2.053 3,48 .906 , 912 2.366 2.30 2.098

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

T.W .. w3w234...... 100 00.0 I= 0 1 00.0 3 00. 1=00 0.0 Iwo4 100.0 36

Q.S5Ohy5w3. 40 337 322 3.8 34.7 5.7 35.0 360 !7B

la0085... Yd ........ -e . 363 33 3.0 327 32.3 32. 32.4 35 134

8.030.m.......3. 311 28. 3no 2954 30.0 3331 3D2 me.8.8 0 .. _ _ .~~ 7.1 65 63 7.2 7A 6.0 73 8.8 0.9

UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THECIVALLAN LABOR FORCE

.838088484466330 .3o500303736 .. 33 23 2.6 3.7 2.3 2.3 Z.4 2.5 5.3kb 3 4l 8..~.-..~ -.. , A .6 5 .6 .8 -5 .6 6 .6FtW. . . . . 33 S. 1'A 4. 3. 3. . .5 3.5

0683403.. ~ -- .......... .2 .3 .3 3 .3 1 .3 4 .3 1 .3

Table A-Rang of89 89entfv 43384323333 8 of668 03 )b0 033083332)2283

0. Sal 0. 0. 4* AM3 0083 083 d

2= 206 0032= 203 EI 20M 20M 200

)8( 3338213d 83330 ... pWya 3.8 4.7 5.0 3. .3 4.5 4S 4.2 5.4

2=33486tW 004o0.8- 0...a__ 3A 429 02 ill (3) (3) (). (3) (3

42 5. 518 () () () 3 3 3

33T"8 383.3352038. 0,m 4 -Ignall258372 003633 3P.343see052078so s80,00330.8.0.38seeded8384806008.36

463396w 33400........ - . . 7 () 3 3 3 3 3

NOE 32330641MB ft43833 U13318 an333523e 23033 3 3m 2038.8338303. 338 .304*0333. 3506.4 332 0806064906384608 830.07008 284366806P8045838020.2 83 30 805820 in3 382=38 eM

6404038484338340.743858 28838 rang20 399 am-s*482300833383 8008580002. ft82383*9333428=38338 F,888336306834334343386933 2004 23 35 32538883033 -63m t 58338.2aada,840 3383032 80a323w *84

HOU8.SEHOL6D DATAHOUSEHOLD DATA

0. 9 _aa 0 _ 0 3 AM A* AQ 9SOL21C~ 20M MW1 mm mA 233 2I 2091

ToNI. 16 809 alo.8 5.97 TAN 7.741 &.9 4.5 4.5 '1 4.9 &4997 Za .04 24 279 11.9 0.. 0.1 11-5 10.7 "A31699 .- " 9.997 9.0 129 43 1..$ &81 94.7 13.15.1898 979 99 795 9 10. 191 94.7 133 94

m7eta2.".a, 3W 940 .V5 9&8 u. 7.5 90 93s 9.579M .4 59o .91 49 .m 2.19 3.5 u. &.7 3.0 4379480 2.97 3= 4.=3 310 3.4 3.9 33 4.A510aoo. fix m0 977 . 2-3 2- 3.0 13 3.5

Is.998099 2.1 .7 .179 33 4.7 4.5 &19 4.9 L.s16 4I8to 1.17 1.40 1.8W 8 I A9 9m '2_4 I193 92.4

6.917 2809 9 111 m9 7 & 4 &1. 199 7.1 9SA 7.3'S1997 Y- 277 973 1" 9.0 9 97 93m 2DA

99a27 370 383 1.7 4.5 3.0 .4 94.3 95355

748 9 m9 796 7.3 83 7.9 935 9 9.

7 99820o 14 2.M7 2714 2 &34 3. &. 37 42

w9943 me0 2047 2.8 2.9 3.5 3.6 3.8 3.9 43Y- -a 29) 343 ml9 2.0 3.0 3.0 3.3 &337079399.6984009099o 2.992 3.28 3.9= &9 4.4 43 4.8 9.0 SA416ac,4,Itmas on 'An9 1.981 59 9.7 0.4 10.1 .

17904 2:1 m16 23 9 9 9.8 14.0 9Is9l9 - - 2.... 93 =4 5 1 93 .5 3.9 14.0792,,477

569 439 &3 9.7 7.9 L4 0, 8.9'AV4097 -IS 937 29 2.7 3.0 3.5 34 3.7 93 4

99990715 89 27 31 2 3 27 3 1 3

TabI A-10. P949 0968999399t JI nte b1ad 8800761 jobholdas by am not98889899407 841 491d

Total 9931 Wo89o99

0. 09.c 00. 0. Ot2XCK 2DI 200D 2 2889 20

NOT Of THE LABOR FORCE

Sam~m,oawran99380509o.o_ _ 4A5 2.18 I' 433 2.471IAX I=90 42399 SI $1 4

R - coat 91723 172 198 997am m.3 399 473 9 961

MULTIPLE JOBHOL.DERS

70 9~ 937=9 7.992 3.065 &W4 3.5)8 3,415P8 99B0 8398 atl w3 L3 53 9.9 5.7 9.4

p 9myp99.4"'9ta." ipo19 oa 41993 3.710 7.6 Z.135 9.780 9373

p tmlal- m ot aek 09893798 9 .9 40 2 5 20 949S 8 go

DW.-""= 98A9984893888993. 899r9or p91208 980098898.0 -3~ .93 dA898989988808topM -a,4 o o. far98798t9984999890"9"39U"a- -" II -1-389.1kommlloo80a,9*'lo~ funka 008 bft 928W88 ph..,80 Jo. mr, 6A909 -kn - 1.1,o0949909938940(9099-8a 31 0309099 938989o 803(08. 808 8~

ESTABISHMENT DATA ESTABUSHMENT DATA

Table 8-1. Employees o nonfarm parollts by industry

(In th1ousands)

Not seasonaly adjus1d Seasonally adJusied

Industry O I Aug. Sept. Oct. Oct. Ju, Jury Aug. Sept. I2000 2001 20010 2001P 2000 2001 2001 2001 2001P 20D1P

TOWa........... .. . 132.978 132.207 132.522 132.606 132,145 132,431 132.449 132M395 132,182 131.767

Totalorte .. . ...... 112.104 112.422 111.734 111.2B3 111.504 111.603 111,517 111,390 111,179 110.740

Gloods-producing .. ... ... 25.989 25,422 25,197 24,973 25.713 25,186 25.122 24.963 24,873 24,099

Mnl~................................ 559 578 575 574 551 565 507 509 500 500Metal ninit ........................... 40.1 35.3 35.2 34.6 40 35 34 35 3S 35Coal rmng. ................ ........

. . . . . . 760 79.3 79.8 91.2 76 78 79 so so 01

O0lan gnexracio . ............. 324-1 340.7 344.4 341.9 320 340 341 342 342 338Nanmetallic minerals, except fuels . 118.8 116.9 115.7 116.1 115 112 113 112 111 112

Costruction . . . ....... 6.978 7.199 7.104 7,052 6.758 6.864 6,867 6.861 6.862 6.832Generalbldngcontractors. ............ 1,576.3 1.623.7 1.598.9 1,5B72 1.549 1.551 1.554 1.557 1,55 1,59Heavy construction, exceptbuili . 9722 1,008.5 1.004.7 9964 904 925 935 932 933 927Special trade contractors... . . 4.429.4 4,566.8 4,500.8 4,400.0 4.35 4,388 4,378 4,372 4,364 4.346

Manufacturing . 18,452 17,645 17.518 17,347 18,404 17,757 17.68 17,533 17.443 17,301Production ...orke ............... 12.589 11.870 11.791 11,657 12,545 11.956 11.900 11,782 11.705 11.616

Durablegoods .... 11.138 10,550 10.474 10.360 11.126 10,692 10,624 10.525 10.457 10,349Productionok .,... 7.571 7,047 6.993 6,904 7.560 7.157 7,102 7.022 6,972 6,095

Lumber and wood pro ...... 8287 8090 805.0 797.5 821 798 797 793 794 790Fumiureandixtures... ... 560.9 520.6 5142 504.7 559 532 531 519 513 503Slane. clay. and glass proc. 5833 577.7 574.2 571.0 577 572 569 568 566 505Primary metal industries . 695.2 644.5 6388 632.0 695 654 648 643 639 632

Blast fumaces and basic 221.7 2084 2071 2068 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)Fabricated metal products .. ........... . 1,540 .5 1,472.6 1,464.9 1,452.2 1,536 1.478 1.478 1,468 1.461 1,448Industrialnachinery andequipment......... 2.114,9 1.9783 1,955-8 1,932.9 2.123 2,031 2,007 1.980 1.961 1,940

Computer aid alice equipmen ............ 364.8 350.1 342.8 341 4 365 357 353 348 342 342Electronicandotherelectricalequipment. 1,739.3 1,566.9 1.5484 1.5273 1,738 1,624 1,589 1.565 1,548 1.525

Electronicomponentsandaccessories 7039 620.1 6090 00.3 704 650 634 618 610 600Transportation eqluipment.... .................. 1.8167 1,747.3 1,737.4 1,711.1 1.822 1,749 1,752 1,750 1,743 1.717

Motor Vehicles and equipmen ........... 993.3 930.7 922.9 901.1 995 931 936 931 924 903AircraftandParts..... . 4633 499 405.9 462.6 463 465 466 46 466 463

nrmnts and rele products ........... 860.6 861.4 8522 846.7 861 865 865 654 952 847Miscellaneous m1anu4facturing ........... ..... 3982 382.1 383.3 384.9 394 389 388 379 380 391

Nondurablegoods.... ......... ......... 7,314 7.085 7,044 6.907 7,279 7,065 7,054 7,010 6.996 6,952Poodcn 1 o.drers .. ..... .......... 5.018 4.823 4.798 4,753 4.985 4,799 4.798 4.760 4.733 4,721

Foodandidndredros........ ............. 1.702.4 1,731.4 1,7272 1.709.0 1,678 1,6S 1,690 1,674 1,678 1,605Tobaccoproducts ..................... . 33.3 33.6 33.7 33.2 33 33 33 35 33 32Textile mi products............. .............. 519.9 4682 463.0 456.7 518 472 471 405 460 455Apparel and other textile products ............. 620.7 555.8 552 545.0 616 567 571 554 551 541Paporandalidproducts........................... 654.6 631.5 6302 626.7 655 635 632 628 628 627Printing and publishing ...................... 1.545.5 1.483.5 1.49.3 1.465,4 1.544 1.495 1,489 1,483 1,472 1.463Chemicalsad alliedproducts.............. 1.037.7 1.0382 1.029.6 1,025.5 1.038 1.532 1.0539 1.035 1,032 1.026PetroleumandCOalproducts ..... ,.... 127.5 130.4 1311 1295 129 128 128 127 139 129Rubberandmiscplaslicsproducts .......... 1,002.6 9497 9434 9358 1,002 953 957 947 942 935Leather and leather products ............. 69.8 63.1 60.9 00.4 69 64 64 62 61 60

Service-producing...................... ................... 106.909 106,785 107,325 107633 106,432 107,245 107.27 107,432 107,309 107,08

Transportationanidpublicui is..1 - 7.121 7,077 7,112 7.053 7,076 7,118 7,10B 7.082 7,062 7,007Transportalin . .... .... ............... 4,605 4.525 4,573 4.515 4.559 4,571 4.561 4.539 4,524 4,468

Railroad transportation.3. .............-. 2356 227.8 2264 225.6 234 227 226 326 226 224Local and interurban passenger transit... 4938 423.3 499.5 501.1 477 483 485 486 486 484Trucking anrd warehousing . ........ 1.889.2 1875.6 1.9658 1.0.7 1,861 1,867 1.863 1,844 1,036 1.834Watertransportation...................... 202.1 2143 210.8 2104 200 201 203 203 295 208Transpartationbyair........... ............. 1,295.3 1.303.5 1,2930 129.7 1,99 1,310 1,304 1,303 1.299 1,293Pipelinesa..cepnaturalgas........ . 126 143 140 141 14 14 14 14 14 14Transportationservices... ................. 475.6 466.5 463.7 451.9 475 469 466 463 462 451

Comunicationsandpubi utlitis ............. 2,516 2 5 2.39 2.538 2,517 2,547 2.547 2.543 2-S3B 2.539Comunicaions..... ............ 1,66.8 1,699.4 1,693.0 1,692.0 1,66B 1,700 1,700 1.695 1,692 1,691Eleric gas, and saiaysre ...... - 846.9 852.9 846.4 846.0 849 847 847 848 846 848

Wholesaletra ...... .............. ........ ................ 7,076 7,033 6.993 6.9B3 7,059 7,022 7.017 7,010 6,900 6.965Durablegoods ... .. . .. 4.205 4154 4121 4,10 4,0 4.16 4.144 4,134 4,13 4.102Nondurable goods ............ .. ... .............. 2.90 2.860 2.076 2.9 2.83

See fonaes at and of table.

41

M3A8124068tEW ATA E6TABMNA T DATA

T. 8-I. E.p58. 41 -~ 4 acese by idlstir-C-Aloul8

Nor seasonally S 44 5445588y 4955a*

Oct AL848 Sept. Oc _m Ass,6 Asir &1. Sam6 O

Retal Dad 23-32 23.732 "358 23.415 23.310 23.561 23.606 M350 23=~ 23.441B. maerias an arder 6 l8614.,.,,. 1.0670 I1.631.1 1.=11 1,006.3 1.012 1.014 1.008 1.014 1.014 1.014

Gener al61. 8 ____ . 58, Z-747.3 Z.74762.817.8 Z2.9 2.01 M01 2.001 Z9 Z.70089.11.le1i8 eased ____ _- 2.507.7 2.407.5 2.4016 Z.472-4 2481 2.471 2.458 Z.449 2.445 Z447

Food series -,, 35061 3.5%1,5 32,5 3=87, 3,527 3.54 3.53 3.531 3=~ &M0A~0Ldernti derears and reareps, sti .. ,, 2.43U2 2.481.83Z444.8 Z.438,6 2.2 Z.431 2.435 2.441 Z.434 Z.432

Wi411111655n 44 used W dealers _ 1.124.7 1.138.6 1.136,6 1.136,8 1.122 1.1211 1.131 1.133 1.134 1.134Apparel and8 4ay414196 share - ., I = IZ I 1.2277 15814.1 1 20 1=27 1.219 1.224 1,22 12M

Fmwazo and hone harrishinp asset; - 1.143.5 1.136U 1.124.7 1.137.7 1.142 1.136 1.137 1.137 1.136 1.137EadrV and9 9o o M 8.06, 61,467.9 8.5. 8.117.6 8.137 8.241 8 .310 828 8.237 6,199

miss15844l61 3.153 3.11&,1 3.128.4 3.152,8 3. 105 3.150 3.151 3.158 3.153 3. 132

Finance. andd55 MW114COW1 7.5461 7.41 7AS 7.612 7.569 7.631 7,618 7,62 7.= 7243F-1. 3.713 3.70 3,750 3.749 &.725 3,767 3.755 3.75B 3,755 3.76D

56801.067 Miss5ions ,.,. 2.014,7 2.06023 2=13 2.033, 2.2 2.041 2.068 Z057 Z.036 Z842Coraine. l banks_- _- - .1.414.7 1.4=, 1.423,9 1.419.0 1.421 1.458 1.426 1,2 1.424 1.2

24.615841.618419__ 251.0 256.7 54.9 255.5 253 258 255 255 256 56N41.61861 _ __6 674,6 71 16. 706A 707.8 676 699 763 708 706 711

M418495841911 a .n 9 brokers ,, 361.0 324.0 321.7 24.5 33 317 321 324 32 2Steadil and! C ,rne .ft broke __ 767.6 7W-,3 755.7 758.4 767 706 755 755 754 75Dk"l and8 061.4 4lo6 fi4cl .-- ,,. 256.4 256&S 55.3 256.7 2S7 81 58 257 257 257

541 . 2=~ Z363 2,355 2L354 2.337 2.356 2.W5 2.357 2.351 2.368it - arer .5753 .M0 1.508,4l 56 1. 5064. 1.586-, 1.5819 1246 .S 1.6 00 1

536141404414. WA. arid M19444 __ 756.5 70.3 758, 756.9 757 758 758 758 751 759Real est.h, 1.501 1.566 1=55 1509 1.50 1.508 1.50 1.5011 1.512 1.A14

Serl11. . .-- 41.014 41,459 41.56 41247 40.767 41.06 41.046 41.129 41.106 42.88611641914645555. seroe W,,,,. 65.5 806, 87L.2 80.9 06 823 834 837 68 8396a

Hobile an ter bdOPlace .,,, 2 1 1 2.27, IA=6, 1M68.9 1,27 1= 1.2 1.912 1,606 1.85Personal services 1,=A8 12.8, 1.241.9 1.246. 1.2S9 %M27 I.581 1.58 1.2181 1.27

S,,,,10124.7 9.0692 9,6064 8L.0, 9.06 9.606 8.50 9.58 9.50 9.470Saftiess 415..., to 006.5 1,10.5 867.4 987.4 894 1IA6 888 587 884 806

suppy1 119I 0.1-113,,,. , 4Z72.0 3,011,,11 619,0 3A48 3.82 3.55A 3,517 3.551 3.50 3,=Help 5I44. -s~i sones -- _ -_ 3.646,6 3=27 32327.S 3.163.7 3,465 3.161 3.177 &.113 3,111 3.066

Carnotite, and .pO1.9.181.191 .. 2.13.,2 2.19.4 Z1.1 2.104 2.135 2.585 2= 2.194 Z.199 2=~Auto repair. seat. arid44 157,3 1,313.0 1.SA 1946 12446 l G 1,0 X122 1247 130 1=

L~446,ni aira41ic , ------,, _. 366.8 3847 3Z 36& 86 361 3W 32 363 354Mion posses. , , , 576,6 6D7.0 063. 573.1 506 602 595 589 506 206

Anstruenes64 4and mmak5141b01 .. , -e 1.694.5 2.067,3 1,147,6 1.713A 1.747 1.768 1.773 1.777 1.786 1.70610,144.4 18.404.1 10.401.210.425.5 10.146 102 2 10.3S4 10.364 10.414 10.436

0610...41s5nic .;.861169. 1;366 1q.90 1,606, 1.80,7 1.931 1.88 1.963 1 W 111 1,68N41l94and e55 .. k-~o 1.794 1,62= 18 4 1.834,3 1.799 21 I.W 1245 1,63 1.834~

Hdpdd 4.6 4.1162 4.121,3 4.131.,6 A 4.006 S 4. 09 4. 4114 4,127 4.132Horne4 health cars serorm .. ........ 646.8 61A 656L4 657.3 646 5461 647 653 686 66

Lftalissivce1, 104 12042 1 =2 I125.95 1,6014 1 27 I . WS I 1 .031 1 =6414145546na retreat ..-. ....*-- 2.476,8 Z118,6 Z400.9 2A2ZS 2.Z329 26 2.432 2.452 2.446 2.465

Social *4 - ,.,,,,__, 2.886,7 3.0312 3JM 3,911.4 2.800 3X06 3.048 3.27 3.081 3=60Child day cars semi ,.c...,., - 736,3 7OU, 753,5 766 724 728 706 755 754 153

Reskle,"8 1.care,.,, 815.4 653. 847.2 855= 617 645 867 64" 858 8a4

941141 - - 106,2 119. 112.2 111.9 167 111 II 111 111 111ilM5544.18i o.s.55 -- Z,,- 2467-7 2-540-3 2489,6 Z.48L1 Z482 2.01 2.483 2.503 2.513 2.5136.51..6911 and l41a 1444.1as 6 .454.S53.563.2 U.1453,51.7 3.467 3,59 3.540 3.544 3.529 3=53

699144119.184181411.14 rernt. - 1404.1 1.0M, 1,554 1.0065 1.034 IA08 1.01M 1.067 1.067 I=k0.g.6o4 elations,.,,,.. 1.106,2 1.129.7 1,118.3 1.11&,7 1.108 1.124 1.119 1,123 1,121 1.114

G""n""a8 ~ 20.874 19.785 25,706 21=~ 20.581 58.068 20.932 21,019 21.800 21.07Feea . 2.610 Z=~ 2.816 2649 2= 2.621 Z62 2 2,65 2=5

Federal.4 6 .........5 . .. 1.752,3 1.78&,7 1.774.5 1,765.5 1.763 1.772 1.772 1.774 1.779 1.776state . _.... .... ..... 4M 4248 41117 5.,= 4.798 4,1181 4.91 4.613 4.640 4,63611

641406,41, Z ,-..-- 2167.4 1,.07,22446.27&,3 2.035 2.06 2.117 2.132 2.140 2.137061465.1 ......15 . ...... . 755-2 2.831.3 2.811.7 .7931 2.763 Z.702 2.706 2.751 2.800 2801

Local,. - - -. ,, 13-341 12495 132M 13,64 13,161 13= 13.397 13.470 13.438 13,46764065d-mbc ,.. .. 7.60 6 447.1 7,446.4 7,66. 7,445 7,515 7.57 7,65 7,618 7.06

0Oer ol.1. -.... .03 6066,0 5.06W V79.1 1 .718 61 5AI .55 5.06 5.55 5,116

I Therm, 441. -15 hor, 4 44.5148 lulsonl 6 * .114.4 8- ft 58. 461.6 4652414. ls06 18551449411.411season146 c is5419 World means8 to894 the var41 d .4.0 4 P , p,.wrvna,.inspriar - 148.4weld . ct 5548611 besprte ih adiw! .

42

ESTABLBI4UENT DATA 6SAU146486 DATA

Table 13-2 Average, weekdy house of productroo or non pervsory workawal an p.'Iom no.*oo, poyool. by In1010017

Om416 Aug. Sept O, Oa Jun Sky Au.4 Sept2000 2001 2001P 2001P 20 2001, 20D1 2001 2001P 2001P

Totr mae......................... 34.7 344 34.3 34.0 34.4 34.2 342 34.0 34.1 34.0

C-oL.-prluo n ............................. 41.3 40.7 40.7 40.4 40.8 40.4 40.5 40.3 402 39.9

Miig....................................... 43.6 43.6 44.0 43.3 431 43.3 43.3 43.4 43.7 42-6

C0441,416011. .............-........ 40.2 40.1 39.8 39.4 39.2 39.4 39.4 392 39.1 38-4

Manufa1ol8. . . 41.6 40.6 41.0 40.7 41.4 40.7 40.6 40.7 40.6 40.4........................ ...... 4.6 4.2 4.3 4.0 4.5 3.9 4.0 4.1 3.6 3.A

Dualegod ... .............00............ 42. 412 41.3 40.9 41.6 40.9 41.2 41.1 40.9 40.7Ovethaertur . ...... -.. ........ .... 4.7 42 4.1 3.8 4.6 3.9 4.0 4.1 368 3.7

Lurnbr arid wood4 prodofs ...........41.3 412 41.6 41.0 40.9 40.4 41.1 40.6 41A 40.7Furrtuanifturs. 400, ............6 .... 40.0 40.0 39.7 39.7 39.7 3114 39.7 39.7 39.0 38A

SWM Ca.64 ari Gldr PC60 er. .... 01 ...... 43.9 ".6 452 44.3 43.2 44.0 44.0 43.9 44.3 43.6Plenary04111446 ffWidsra ....... .. .. 44.4 43.6 44.4 43.5 "A4 43.6 44.1 43.7 43.6 43.5

Slag h- and best,14. " procluxt ... 44.9 44.6 45.6 44.6 401 45.1 44.7 44.6 45.5 44,8Fab166100ll1metal rdc ..... 42.6 41.5 41.5 41.2 42.2 412 41-6 41.9 41.1 40.6Industrial radrine617 and e91ipff14 . 41.9 40.1 404 40.1 42-0 40.4 40.8 40.2 402 40.1

Ela664 and 000 1,1J ima6441cu1p71140 41.1 392 39.3 392 40.7 39.3 39.9 39.1 39.0 38.9Traortation66 equrud ... 1...4.......... 43.4 42.7 41.9 42.0 43.0 41.6 422 42.8 41.3 41.6

Moto Veicl aid. 400410411111... ... 445 443 42.9 43.0 43.6 43.6 43.0 44. 42-1 42-41461461404100o46 . ... 41.2 40A 41.2 4068 412 40.A 40.8 40.4 41.3 40.6

Marirliansous rro41lc0400.0.01 .. ....... 389 3 37.9 37.8 36.6 38.4 38,4 3112 37.6 37.9

N,1,114,146. good$ ..................... 40. 4023 40.7 40.4 40.6 40.4 40,3 40.1 40.2 40.106,611,irn ours .................... 4.5 4.4 4.6 4.3 4.3 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.1 4.1

Foo d ldnaId o,64466.PM* 42.0 41.6 42.0 4168 41.9 41.2 40.9 41.1 40.9 41.3Tobacco p0,6 40.8 40.1 4068 40.0 4023 40.4 40.5 3969 3969 40.0Textil 111040461 . -. ... , 40.7 40.1 46L3 39.6 40.6 40.4 39.7 396 39.9 39.5

Apperall andOther radioP1,164,6.......37.6 37.1 36.7 36.5 37.9 37,0 37.7 36. 367 3614Paperand lid440l11141...... .......42.6 412 43.2 41.6 42,2 41.7 41.6 412 41.7 41.3Pkb0 "000.10861616.. . ...... . .... 36.S 362 364 3&2 36.2 3&.0 36.2 36.0 36.0 36

Chuic4,ll ali4,46 d~t ....... ... l~l .... 42.3 42.0 42.2 42.1 423 42.2 42-7 42.1 42.0 42.1............ ..... ...16 43.6 43.0 42.6 41.6 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)

Rubber.0 an rsc, pla461.6 pmodeff... 41.4 40.5 412 40.7 41.2 40.7 40.6 40.5 40.9 40.51.400141and6Marble101440,1.. ...... 37.7 35.7 36.5 36.1 37.4 362 35.7 36.4 361 3&6

Samice-prodxing . ........ 33.0 329 39.6 32.5 37. 39. 32.6 32.6 32.6 32.8

Tlon844641 and Pu11841004...... . .. 39.0 36.1 36.6 37.7 36.6 36.1 37.6 37.6 37.9 37.7

0,949646li 44s.. - .. Wade. 36.7 38.2 38.7 36.1 36.-4 36.3 36.2 38.3 36.5 38.1

Retail trade - .. ........ ... . 26.6 29,2 2366 39.5 20.9 00.7 28.6 26.6 26.7 2L7

011,4100e. s1totl,1and401MW)0es.tate .. 36.6 36.1 36.7 39.6 362 36.5 362 36.2 362 36.6

S.14. . ....... - - - - 39.U 3. 39.7 39.52 3 32. 19. 32.7 139.51 32.61 32.8

transpartabo and p11.416 ,6 64006*461 400d 16ass 9Wa6e thur. -. W1 001141611416 ch. 411141 44114 41616II06 the U.66*0496Modinsurnerm. andrel411044 aid461400 Tes Vorabs account8444694 641104 WMO l41l4146: (r041 be0separated411with 60416014441

43

ESTABLISNMETATA STABUSHMTO DATA

Ta B3 Aerage ho.ly and elad producilan0c8 1 or v yworkelr or ph8 rilvaptyeby

Aver a rlyearnigs Averagw -Myearnin

Oct Au Sept Oct Oct Aug Sept Oct20D 2001 2001P 2001P 2000 201 2001 2001

TOal p 1197 $1428 $14.51 $14.50 0484.76 S49123 8407.9 $49300Sesnya asld 130 14.40 14.45 1447 47t.16 48960 40275 491.08

Goodsiredcirg 15.65 1605 1M15 1617 648.35 653.64 65731 65327

A4rig 17-8 1753 17.71 17.77 75686 764,31 77924 769.44

Construction 18B2 18.43 1852 18.59 732.44 739.04 737.10 73245

Mauasn-V 14.53 14.89 15.01 1501 60445 607.51 61541 6101

Durablepo00s 1409 15.37 15.48 1548 63108 633.24 63932 63113Lursd Wera dproc 12.09 123 1245 1235 4932 509.64 51702 508.3

Furiureaa es....11.0 1229 1235 12.34 47440 491.60 4D.930 477.56SeneCday.and ga spro -ks - 14.75 1517 1523 1521 647.53 67658 658.40 67100

Prknaryma srs ... . 1648 1706 1726 17.11 731.71 74782 76634 744.0B last asad b-sCM Po.ct 19A4 20963 20.0 2047 89D82 0 M10 958.39 912.00

Fabrioed rnea po ...... _ 1401 1434 14.43 1434 596.83 5911 500.05 5951Indstria mn ry andeqiprnt --. 15.66 1596 1605 1.09 656.15 640.00 648.42 64521

Elec.roiMara hrlect ,.ricep 1400 14.72 14.84 14.00 57540 577.02 56321 580.16Traspotationi r . ..... 16800 1900 1930 19.43 81939 814.72 808.67 816.06

MaOWrehilsandequipme - 1926 19.39 1966 1991 07.07 858.0 84427 85&13trbstru I sad eprodcts 1472 1500 150 15.15 60234 608.60 621.70 61&12

11.75 127 1237 1234 457.00 46B.41 46802 466.45

Nonbl os.... 13811 14.17 14.32 1432 564.83 571.05 5822 578.3Fo.ndredprocket 12.59 12.67 12.97 13.00 52.78 535.39 544.74 54340Taba proc .. 21.47 21.90 21.70 21.56 878.12 878.19 853 87770Te ierrillpo 1123 1139 I129 1135 457.05 456.74 459.02 449Appar Wl Oa 0 pndtetetlpoducts 9.37 8.44 956 070 35231 35022 35065 34748Paper and a produ -... 16A3 1687 17.12 17.1 69992 695.04 722.46 714A6Pdnardpubishr-- 1450 1487 15.01 14.95 5825 568.03 57638 57100Chwricall sapducts - -- 16.27 1854 1886 18.75 77270 778.68 79580 78938PeolournadM Calprods. 22.14 222 2227 22 0 6202 54.60 955.8 93500

Phtb ern nispt P.M= 1290 13.44 13.51 13.52 537.37 54432 55.61 5!02L.Wrdle hrproduf . 1033 1035 103 10.19 36.44 37985 3755 367.0

Servicproing ... .. 13.44 17 14.02 14.00 443.52 45238 4S6 455.00

Tranpotiar, adpubkli le 163 16.97 17.09 17.12 4670 646.56 649.42 645A2

Whaiald Wtd.. 1545 15.75 1603 1083 0797.92 60323 62036 60.12

R nft . 9.59 9.79 92 993 277.15 26.85 205.70 2301

Fnance, . inua r l .... .. 10.24 15.84 1670 1i80 557.78 57178 58830 560.22

S.rvc 14.11 14.46 1478 14.79 46470 474.29 48331 48060

p . prlfimbasy.1 See oonol t. tabl B-2-

ESTABUSHUENT DATA MSAGUSNU90JT DATA

Table SA4 Av...ge hourly7 asenings 4. pro.4.154or nomgm r workml on. 4.4.i.4a94 fl4 nn payrolls.4 try

ha.sry seasonally s0us

200 2001 2801 2001 20010 29010 M2010.012001.

Total privals:Cuar 111084. ..5 ... ...... ... $13.90 S14.31 $14.34 $14.40 $14.45 114.47 0.1

C-n8151 (1902) 0 . .. ...... 7.90 7.95 8.90 803 8.02 N.A. (3l

64.4 .................... 15-27 15.90 15.93 18.01 18.54 16.08 2Miin . ......... ... .. ... ... 17.M 17.72 17.74 17809 17.95 17.79 .8

C01nsucn -....... ... 8....... W2 1828 18.29 18.35 18.38 18.39 28404.011 . . 1454 14.81 14.80 14.93 14.90 15.02 .4

El4.0Qo.ho.4

........ 139 14.13 14.18 1424 14.3D 14.34 .3

............... 1329 13.84 13.87 13.93 13.98 14.00 .1Trhl.beO arid g..8J0 Mile04. 18.39 18.81 1C8 16.05 17.04 17.14 86

..........~ ........... 15.37 15906 15.84 15.01 15.90 15.84 -.9Reza.400 tre...... ............ 9.57 93 8.84 8897 9.86 9891 S

F-ceo. 4.540e5 4.40018.34da....... ...... . 152D0 a 15.9 1.1 15.58 18801 15.87 -2

0...ce.. . . ........ ..... 14.07 14.54 14.61 14.71 14.77 14.80 2

S- WM0.6.* 16. l -. S4.9001. -f W " v9181.4.1.5...

4.4 a4.".. Wor1k-14 JCPI-81) 01.8il 01 6404.4 U. the1rae.of4.4.901.d14-4.11.- ~~~~NA.-540.454

3CiMW8 .44 Iat 4. .5 8011 August 0001 U, Pt-p=6,a Z154.'4

45

ESTABISNMET DATA ESTABUSHMENT DATA

Table B4.In agggt weel hours Of pr c o an priat nodarm payris by kicisr

(1982.100)

No salya Sea seyontasqu

Oct A Sept Oct Oc June .1ui Aug. Sep Oct2000 2001 2001P 2001P 20 21 2001 2001 20019 201D

TOWal 154.0 1514 151.8 149.8 151.8 151.2 1508 150.1 149.9 148.8

GOods8ducing 118.8 113.9 112.8 1107 1157 1115 111,5 110.3 1094 107.7

MiOg. .......... . . 54.1 567 565 59 52.3 550 55.1 55. 552 54.0

Consuction . 1984 2548 1995 195.9 185 8 190.1 1903 188.5 187.7 182

Maaug. . . . 1057 97.7 976 957 1046 98.1 98.0 96.8 959 947

Durable goods 111.3 1012 100.7 985 110.4 102.2 1021 100.8 99.5 97.8Lumber and wood proucts 1472 142.2 142.6 138.9 1442 1376 1395 138.0 139.7 1384Fu and fixt - 140.7 129.0 126 1 12081 1392 127.1 130.1 127.6 123.8 1189

Son. clay. andglasIM.107.1 121.4 1230 1201 1188 1189 118.8 117.0 1186 118.8Primary metal idusries .......... 91.5 82.0 832 8.3 91.6 84.4 83.4 822 3 82 803

Blat ta arid basic steel"poduc .. 69.7 643 66.0 63 70.4 65.6 642 64.1 64.9 643Fabicte mtl Prodcts .....................-- 122.8 112.7 112.1 110.3 121.1 112-5 113.7 112-6 110.7 10B.8

Indtrin er llhn 8y and equipmet . 101.4 84 88B 0 8-4 102.1 92.0 91.5 88.9 88.1 887E..lec ncad hWelc.ra lqupme - 109.5 912 98.1 884 108.4 95.9 92.4 90. 892 87.7

Trnpotain qupmn .- 1202 111.7 1092 107.5 118.5 110.0 1112 112.6 1080 107.0MOto vhi and ement 160.9 147. 142,3 139 1593 143.2 145.1 149.6 1402 1373

Ins1nanents and related products 752 72.5 73.1 71.8 75.6 73.6 738 72.4 735 722Micllaneousnanulctring. . 1005 922 522 921 981 950 943 80.6 902 90.0

NOndurablegoods.... . 980 8.0 933 91.7 96.7 925 92.4 913 90.9 885Food .n ki.nrd produc ...... 119.9 120.4 1213 1191 1152 115.3 114.0 1145 1132 115Tbaccoprodc. . .............. 49.4 49.3 50.5 50.0 45.9 48.0 48.1 51.4 47.4 47.5Textl. m lprodus . 73,6 85.7 649 631 73.0 663 653 64.7 88 62.7Apparel and other texlite proucts 53 4 465 45.9 44.7 12.8 48.0 48.6 459 48.7 442Paporndaiedproducts.-....... 103.3 965 985 958 102.5 978 97.8 958 98.8 98Prtigand lIshng ............ 1213 1142 1142 1129 1253 1146 114.7 113.7 112.9 1122

Chercaaalidpoducts-- 99.1 69 86.9 96.3 992 974 99.1 970 96A 983PeOrateurnanoasprodu . .... ---- 711 743 75,4 72.7 70.3 716 71.8 733 73.7 715

hberandrniscplasicaproducts 146.7 1349 1362 133 1459 13&4 13.4 1342 1349 122.4Leae rade athorp rous30.... 23 2&5 255 242 2D.8 287 25.8 262 250 24.

Seice-producing.... .. ................ . 1898 171.1 169.3 167.4 1680 169.0 168.4 168.0 168.1 1873

Transportation and pulic utti ...... ... 1422 1388 1393 136-5 139.6 1392 138.3 137.8 1363 128.8

Wholesale trade .......... .. 128.8 131.7 132.1 1300 132-4 1312 130.6 131.0 131.4 129.6

Retail 09de-- ..... ........ -- 146.3 1502 146.0 144.1 146. 146.0 145.7 145.6 145. 144.9

Fance. ins and real estate ... .......ad. 139.6 140.9 141.6 1380 138.7 140. 139.6 139.6 139. 1393

Sve........9..... 2119 215.8 213.8 212.4 210.8 212.4 212.8 212.0 2125 211.8

Se fono 1. ab &2. P = oreiw y.

46

ESTABUSHMENT DATA ESTABUSHMENT DATA

Table &4. Diflo. nes o chang, .. on.ay adj.ed

(Peren)

Tirr.pa Jan. Feb. Mr Apr May June Juy Aug. Sop. Oct. Nov D.

Ove 1-raa spa:1997 572 58.6 62. 63.2 598 572 598 592 627 652 61.6 622199 63.2 562 593 602 5.9 57.1 554 58.4 548 550 58.2 55.41999. 551 59.6 528 572 582 542 57.1 544 SS2 57.9 59.9 56.82000 557 59.3 61.0 54.2 47.7 605 57.8 55.1 52.0 54.8 55.1 54.22001 .... 53.7 504 55.8 45.0 466 44.3 455 43.9 P422 P411

Over orith spa1997. 63.5 640 66.0 67 63.2 63.3 598 656 673 711 700 69.5199. 65.3 661 646 657 62.2 57. 575 5.4 5.1 592 593 5921999: 608 578 585 55.8 56.1 579 572 592 598 591 610 60.62000.61 6 63 3 61. 5642 551 579 61.5 56.4 54.1 53.3 55.7 5322001 517 54.1 4B.6 492 42.5 42.4 40.5 P381 P36.4

Oe 6o span1997. 657 66 66.1 66.0 65.3 659 66.0 691 694 703 711 707199 . 70.4 67.4 65.0 622 63.6 6025 592 58.6 57.9 59.6 606 59.91 .99... 598 59.8 582 603 56.7 592 618 608 622 612 623 64.92000 635 65.6 626 63.7 61. 555 561 586 542 54.8 518 5422001 52:0 50.6 48.6 45.3 441 38.0 361

Ove 12-month span1997 693 674 684 70.0 69.7 703 701 70.8 71.0 705 69.7 70.71998 697 67.6 674 66.0 64.0 627 619 620 60.9 593 60.8 59.1999 612 602 52 60.8 60.8 616 622 613 63.9 630 613 60.92000 625 63.0 618 59.5 58.4 568 65.7 56.5 542 534 530 51.72001 49.6 47.7 44.9 P42.6

Manufauing payrolls, 136 idusti1

Ove 1-romsa1997 482 52.6 555 54.8 52.9 53.7 493 51.1 57.7 618 61.4 54.81998 574 515 537 53.3 43.8 482 382 51.5 41.9 415 412 4341999. 460 445 43.0 42.3 50.4 393 515 393 452 463 53.3 46.7200. 449 56.6 552 46.7 412 54 53.7 38.6 34.6 415 43.8 4412001 . 37.9 32.4 41.5 312 29.4 33.1 39.0 27.6 P342 P31.6

1997 .. 50 51.5 55.9 555 52-9 52.9 50.4 54.8 596 70.6 66.5 6431998 .... 596 59.6 55.9 50.4 467 37.9 41.5 41.5 41.9 382 36.8 40.81999.... 412 390 382 41.5 408 452 390 452 40.8 449 463 46.02000 .... 500 540 529 42.3 430 482 462 33.8 28.7 392 390 35.72001 ... 23 29.4 24.6 2.5 22.4 246 21.0 P19.1 P195

Ove Smnnt W1997 ...... 537 5n7 51.1 529 50.7 507 54.8 62.1 61.8 643 673 65.81998 ........ 632 544 50.4 404 45 40.1 375 364 349 401 37.1 3421999 ........ 360 392 372 412 3.68 39.7 43.0 415 460 404 463 51.52000 ......... 51.5 44.5 485 55.1 43.8 349 33.5 34.6 30.1 29.4 25.0 2722001 .......... 28 25.4 19.9 20.6 202 P151 P136

O0e 12mont spa1997 ....... 55.1 52.6 540 54.4 55.5 57.0 57.0 58.9 592 57.7 57.4 57.71998 ........... 548 522 51.8 46.7 40.4 401 382 375 364 34.6 35.7 3421999 ............ 386 34.6 32.4 36.0 37.9 390 401 404 442 460 44.9 44.52000 ........... 46.3 452 41.2 37.9 33.8 313 31 313 27.6 25.4 242 21.02001 .... ........ 19.1 16.5 P14.7 596

1 Basd a seasonaly adjusd da fr 1*, 3.. and 6 -0norh span NOTE: Figbres ar te pen of i with employrnernand unadjWsed data forte 12-rnorth span. Data ar cer8e8d withi increasing plus oniall of the industries with uncd demplyetth a whe 50 percer ircates an equal bNce betwe 4 i e wilh

P 5pr 1nary1 ine4easing and decreas9ng emplo1rnern.

SIBob.

I II I

- - ~-~~-I

rNK