IAM_ETO. Software program and user\'s guide

Steduto P., Snyder R.L.

in

Steduto P. (ed.), Snyder R.L. (ed.). IAM_ETO. Software program and user\'s guide

Bari : CIHEAMOptions Méditerranéennes : Série B. Etudes et Recherches; n. 20

1998pages 1-64

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Steduto P., Snyder R.L. IAM_ETO. Software program and user\'s guide. In : Steduto P. (ed.),

Snyder R.L. (ed.). IAM_ETO. Software program and user\'s guide. Bari : CIHEAM, 1998. p. 1-64

(Options Méditerranéennes : Série B. Etudes et Recherches; n. 20)

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mediterraneennes SERIES B : RESEARCH and ANALYSIS

Number 20

lAM ETo Software program

&

User's Guide 1998

CIHEAM /EC·I> G I

CIHEAM Centre Cle Etudes

Agronomiques / 'eaiterraneennes International Ce tre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies

President IChairman: Jose Jeronimo GODINHO AVO

Secretaire General ISecretary General: Enzo CHIOCCIOLl

11 , rue Newton 75116 PARIS (FRANCE)

Tel: (33-1) 532391 00 - Fax: (33-1) 53 23 91 01 e-mail: secre taria l@ci heam.o rg

lAM Instituts Agronomiques Mediterraneens

Mediterranean Agronomic Institutes

Bari - Chania - Montpellier - Zaragoz a

lAM - Bari Dir Cosimo LACIRIGNOLA

Via Ceglie9 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Ita ly

Tel. : +390804606 III - Fax: +39080 46 06 206 e-mail: iamdi r@iamb .it

lAM - Montpellier Dir.: Gerard GHERSI

3191 , route de Mende BP 5056

34033 Montpellie r Cedex 1, France Tel.: (33-4) 67 04 60 00 - Fax: (33-4) 67 54 25 27

e-moil: gaforg@iamm.fr

lAM -Chanla Dir.: Alkinoos NIKOLAIDIS

P.O.80x 85 73100 Chania, Crete. Greece

Tel.: (30) 821 81 151 - Fax: (30) 821 81 154 e-mail : alk inoos@maich.g r

lAM - Zaragoz o Dir: Miguel VALLS ORTlZ

Apda.202 5CXJ8O Zoragozo, Spain

Tel.: (34) 76 57 60 13 - Fax: (34) 76 57 63 77 e-ma il: iamz@iomz ,ci heam .org

IAM_ETo

CIHEAM _________ _

Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Mediterraneennes

Oirecteur de la publication .- Enzo Chioccioli

Series B n° 20

lAM ETo Software program & User's Guide

Scientific authors P. Steduto, R.L. Snyder

Edited by The Water Use Efficiency Network

(WUE_Net)

-------------------- 1998 --------------------

This volume of "Options Mediterraneennes" series S was produced by the Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Sari (CIHEAM)

Book form

Cover picture by Antonello Madaro, 1998

Prints: 500 copies Printed by Tecnomack

Bari- Italy e-mail: vichieco@tin.it

February, 1999

lAM ETo Software program & User's Guide

contributing partners:

Scientific authors P. Steduto, R.L. Snyder

Edited by The Water Use Efficiency Network

(WUE_Net)

P. Steduto, A. Caliandro, P. Rubino, N. Ben Mechlia, Z. Nasr, A. Martinez-Cob, M. Jose Faci, E. Fereres, J. Berengena, G. Rana, M. Mastrorilli, M. El Mourid, M. Karrou, K. Belabbes, R. Kamber, C. Kirda, D. EI-Quosy, K. EI-Askari, M. Ait AIi, D. Zareb, R.L. Snyder*

* Autors in the order are: Crop-ecophysiologist at CIHEAM/IAM-Bari, Italy; Agronomist and Irrigation Scientist at Bari University, Italy; Climatologist at INAT and micrometeorologist at INRAT, Tunis, Tunisia; two Agronomic Engineers at SIA, Zaragoza, Spain; two Agronomic Engineers at Cordoba University, Cordoba, Spain; Physicist and Agronomist at SIA, Bari, Italy; two Crop physiologist at INRA, Settat, Morocco; Agrometeorologist at IAV Assan 11, Rabat, Morocco; Irrigation and Soil Scientist at C;ukurova University, Adana, Turkey; Irrigation Scientist and Hydrologist at NWRC, Cairo, Egypt; two Irrigation Scientist at INSID, Alger, Algeria; Biometeorologist at University of California, Davis, USA.

Bari : CIHEAM (Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Mediterraneennes) EC-DG.I (European Commitee, General Direction I) 199864 pp.

ISSN: 1016-1229 ISBN: 2-85352-188-5

The authors would like to acknowledge the assistance of W.O. Pruitt (Irrigation Engineer Emeritus, Dept. of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, California) for providing test data and for help in reviewing the ETo equations used in IAM_ETo

© CIHEAM, 1998

Reproductions in whole or in part is not permitted without the consent of «Options Mediterraneennes»

Contents

lAM ETo Software Program & User's Guide

FOREWORD

1. Introduction 3 2. The lAM ETo PROGRAM 5

Software/Hardware Specifications 5 Getting Ready to Run lAM_ETa 5

3. Running IAM_ETo 8 4. Calculating ETo 16

5. Calculating the Climatic Water Deficit (CWD) 22

6. Suggestions for Alternative Use of IAM_ETo 26

7. The Output Files 27

APPENDIX

A. Basic Variables Calculations 29

B. ETo Calculation Equations 32

Penman-Monteith Method (FAO) 32 Penman Method (Original) 34 Penman Method (FAO) 35 Priestley-Taylor Method 36 Radiation Method (FAO) 37 Blaney-Criddle Method (FAO) 37 Blaney-Criddle Method (SCS) 38 Hargreaves Method 39 Pan Evaporation Method (FAO) 39

C. Minimum Weather Variables Requirement 40

D. Additional Equations 41

E. Symbols Description and Units 42

REFERENCES

FOREWORD

Undoubtedly, water represents the most critical resource for economic growth in the Mediterranean, Arid and Semi-arid Regions.

Since agriculture in these Regions is the most water demanding socio-economic sector, accurate determination of water consumption of agricultural crops, under the different climates, is a fundamental step for any water budget analysis. However, the knowledge of the so-called evaporative demand of the atmosphere, referred to as reference evapotranspiration (ETo) , still remains the starting point for such a water budget.

The present publication, with its associated software, is a simple though effective tool addressed to professional agriculturists to facilitate processing of data taken from the agro-meteorological stations to calculate ET 0 by different standard equations.

It is our hope that through this issue of Options Mediterraneennes, the CIHEAM is further contributing to the development and application of scientific know ledge in the Mediterranean Agriculture.

Enzo Chioccioli (Secretary General CIHEAM)

Cosimo Lacirignola (Director CIHEAM -lAM -Bari)

IAM_ETo Software Program & User's Guide

1 . INTRODUCTION

lAM_ETo is a user-fri endly software program for processing weather data files. usually obtained from agro-meteo stations. lAM _ETo calculates reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and . for long time series. the climatic. or potential. water deficit (CWD). in addition to some related statistics. It is addressed to researchers. government agenCies . engineers and extension offi cers.

The reference evapotranspiration (ETo) is calculated from daily to monthly time intervals. according to the follOwing equations well recognized and reported as standards in the lit erature:

• Penman-Monteith (FAO')

• Penman (original) • Penman (FAO)

• Priestley -Taylor • Radiation (FAO)

• Blaney-Criddle (FAO) • Blaney-Criddle (SCS" ) • Hargreaves • Class "A " Pan (FAO)

Moreover. lAM _ETo also calculates

• ETo with the Penman-Monteith equation using the day-time wind speed in place of th e 24 hr mean wind speed;

• the evapotranspiration equivalent to the net radiation.

The procedure employed to calculate the basic variables. the equations and the units for obtaining ETo are provided in APPENDIX lA, B, C, D, El .

... FAO - Food and Ag ri cultu ra l Organization of Unit ed Nation s (Rom e, Italy)

... SCS - Soil Conserva ti on Service of Uni ted Stales Department o f Agric ulture (USA)

3

4

The climatic water deficit (CWD) is calculated as simple difference between monthly ETo and monthly usable rainfall (Po). See section 5 for further explanation.

The following statistics related to ETo and CWD are calculated as well:

(i) if the input weather data are on daily basis. lAM_ETo calculates. in addition to daily ETo. the mean ETo on weekly. IQ-day and monthly basis. Furthermore. it calculates the daily ETo standard deviation (STD) for each of these time intervals;

(ii) where lysimeter data are available. lAM_ETo uses them to calculate the root mean square error (RMS) of the ETo estimates by each equation and for each of the time intervals;

(Hi) when evaluating the climatic water deficit (CWD), lAM_ETo also calculates monthly mean and standard deviation of ETo. precipitation (Pr), usable rainfall (Po) and the CWD itself.

2. The IAM_ETo PROGRAM

Software/Hardware Specifications

The IAM_ETo software is written in QuickBasic{l) and consists of six programs:

IAM _ETO.EXE, lAM DATA. EXE , IAMMEAN .EXE and

IAMMAlN.EXE , IAMDAlLY .EXE. IAMSTAT.EXE .

These files are not compressed and do not require any particular installation procedure. IAM_ETo is simple in its structure and design, has very low memory requirement, and runs under any Personal Computer (PC) MS-DOS{I) or WlNDOWS{I) operated.

Although IAM_ETo can run also from the 3.5" diskette, it is recommended to run it from the Hard Disk (HD).

The weather input data for IAM_ETo are read directly from a computer file and not entered through the computer keyboard.

Getting Ready to Run IAM_ETo

I Trad e Mark of Mi crosoft

Few preliminary arrangements need to be accomplished before running IAM_ETo

• Generate a Directory

Generate on your PC a Directory dedicated to process the weather data. In such a Directory, COPY both the content of the IAM_ETo diskette (Le., the six *.EXE files) and your data file

• Prepare the Input Data Files

A typical weather data file of daily variables, coming from an agro-meteorological station, may look like the one shown in Table 1.

5

Table 1. Typical weather data file coming from an agro-meteorological station

Day Month Year U_day # # # Kmd-!

16 11 81 320 17 11 81 250 18 11 81 150 19 11 81 100 20 11 81 80

6

U_night Tmax Tmin RHmax RHmin Sunshine Epan Rain Kmd-! °c °c % % hrs mm mm

220 10.6 6.2 71 54 0.00 2.96 5.0 130 13.5 4.2 83 47 5.40 3.13 0.0 180 14.5 3.2 84 46 6.45 2.77 0.0 130 17.4 3.4 93 34 6.50 0.80 0.0 160 18.6 4.0 96 35 6.45 2.55 0.0

Of course, not all types of variables are always available. Sometimes you may have no informa-tion on m8.ximum and minimum temperature and humidity, or no information on the dew-point temperature. Instead of solar radiation measurements there may be the bright sunshine hours, or the ratio of actual bright sunshine hours to potential sunshine hours in clear-sky condition for that same day, and so on.

Depending on the weather variables available, some equations may be used while others cannot. The input variables required by each equation are given in APPENDIX.

Whatever the weather data file looks like, there is no need to modify it. Similarly, absolutely no matter how variables are ranked in a row and their units. lAM_ETo, in fact, can handle the different cases. Most important is that the file must have the date in numerical format and not in text format. As an example, the date 15th of July 1990 (or 7/15/90) needs to be reported as

day # of the month (d), month # of the year (m), and the year (y); that is: 15 7 1990 or also 15 7 90

As for the weather Variables, the order (m,d,y or d,m,y or y,m,d or d,y,m) is not important. Remember that the month and the day number are crucial for calculating the extra terrestrial solar radiation.

lAM_ETo works with ASCII files. Then, make sure your input data files are true ASCII files.

Make also sure to name your input data file with the extension "DAT" (e.g., IAM_BARI.DAT).

All variables in the data me should have no more than three decimals and must be separated by a delimiter. Although any type of delimiter is accepted by IAM_ETo, the most common and most recommended are: tab, space, comma (,) or semicolon (;).

Of course, there must be the same number of variables in each row. Consequently, a missing value must be reported as a space separated by a delimiter and IAM_ETo will recognize it as a missing value.

It is clear, then, that the numerical variables must be expressed in English notation (Le., the decimal numbers are separated by the integer numbet:'s with a dot; e.g., 28.5). Consequently, where needed, French or Italian notations (e.g., 25,8) must be converted into English notation. This is not a problem since any Electronic Spreadsheet (Lotus (2) , QuattroPro(3), Excel(4), etc.) can operate the conversion of the numerical notation, as well as the conversion of the file into an ASCII file with the variables comma or semicolon delimited. As an example, if you have your weather data stored as Excel(4) file (e.g., IAM_BARLXLS), you can save such a file as *.CSV (e.g., IAM_BARLCSV), which is an ASCII file comma delimited, and then rename it as *.DAT (e.g., IAM_BARI.DAT) to be ready for IAM_ETo.

Once your input data me is ready, you need to know the Latitude and Elevation of the site where the weather data are derived from, along with the height of the wind anemometer. With this infonnation, you are ready to run IAM_ETo.

(2) Lotus is a trademark of Lotus Corporation (3) QuattroPro is a trademark of Borland (4) Excel is a trademark of Microsoft

7

3.

8

Running IAM_ETo

Once IAM _ETo and the input data files are in the same directOlY, you can start your data processing by IAM _ETo.

Note that the "0" in the IAM_ETO .EXE file is a letter and not a "zero" number.

To run the IAM _ETo, you have the following options:

(a) under MS-DOS operating system, move to the working directory and at the DOS

prompt, just enter I C:\<working directory>\ IAM_ETo .J I

(b) under WINDOWS 2l2erating system, click on

Start I, iEI Erograms - . on and then on !lift MS ·D 0 S Prompt a!l __ .... At this point, you just enter

I C: :\<working directory>\ IAM ETo.J I

(c ) under WINDOWS system, click on

. At this point,

you just enter I C: :\<working directory>\IAM_ETo .J I

Choose the one more convenient to you.

Depending on the settings of your operating system, though, one option or the other may not work properly. In this case, you may use the remaining working options or revise the settings of the operating system. Working under Windows(4j operating system , one might also Shut Down the system and restart the computer in MS-DOS mode. In this case you end up like the option la) and (b ).

If lAM_ETo starts properly, the home page of lAM_ETo will appear on the screen, as shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1 - The home page of lAM_ETo

At the bottom of the home page, two function keys are highlighted: the <F10> key to continue and the <Esc> key to exit. These two keys are the most relevant keys to run lAM_ETo. In more advanced steps of the lAM_ETo running, the <Esc> key is also used to go back to previous pages.

<F5>, space bar and the arrow keys are the only additional keys needed to operate lAM_ETo. These keys will be descI;bed as encountered during the program operation.

Press <F10> to continue. The station description page will appear, as shown in Fig. 2.

On this page, it is required to insert the Filename of the input data file, the Latitude and Elevation of the station, and the height of the wind sensor (L e., the anemometer height from

9

•

the ground). The Filename will be entered without extension ('.OAT) since it is already a default for IAM_ETo. If the input data file has no OAT extension and you enter anyway its Filename, IAM_ETo would automatically quit, displaying an error message.

• DESCRIPTION

Fig. 2 - The station description page

10

The Latitude must be entered in lOOs of a degree and not in 60s, with the value rounded to the nearest lOth of a degree. For instance, if the Latitude is 380 45', it must be converted into

X' degrees considering that XO = - x J 00 so that

60 ' 38° 45' = 38.75°. This value should then be entered as 38.8 (the nearest lOth of a degree).

At any entry, the highlight cursor moves automatically to the next entry. If you make mistakes, just delete completely the entered number (by the Del key) and enter the correct value. You can use Enter (.J) or the up (1') and down (J.) arrow keys to move between entries.

Once the station description page has been completed. press <FIO> to continue.

The data sample page will appear as the example shown in Fig. 3 (input data fil e of Table 1).

On this page. lAM_ETa displays the first seven rows from the input data fil e and requires two basic pieces of information: (i) the number of variables per row and (ii) the type of delimi ter used to separate the variables. The number of variables per row corresponds to the number of columns of the input data fil e.

Fig. 3 - The data sample page

As mentioned earli er. make sure that the number of variables per row is the same for all the rows. If this is not the case. lAM_ETo will read the values out of the li ght sequence and sooner or later will warn you that something is wrong with the data or even quit automatically. sending an error message.

11

After enteling the number of variables per row and the delimiter, press <FIO> to continue.

The variables description page will appear, as shown in Fig. 4.

On this page, IAM_ETo displays a li st of the most common vatiables that will most likely be present in your input data file.

On the upper and left-side of this page, there is a heading labeled <NUMBER> and on the upper and right-side there is a heading labeled <UNITS>. Under th e <NUMBER> heading, the order (from left to right on the row) corresponding to each variable in the input data file has to be entered. Under the <UNIT> heading, the proper unit of the corresponding variable has to be entered.

INPUT COLUMN NUMBERS AND UNITS FOR YOUR VARIABLES

Fig. 4 - The variables description page

12

For the sake of clarity, in Fig. 5, as an example, the order and the units for each vat-iable of the input data fil e of Table I at-e reported.

The highlighted cursor of lAM_ETo can be moved back and forth from the left side (the NUMBER column) to the I;ght side (the UNIT column) of the VARIABLE list using the left and right arrow keys (<c- and -». Using the up and down arrow keys Cl' and -1.), the highlighted cursor can be located next to each variable present in the input data file, so that the corresponding order number can be entered. In the example reported in Fig. 5, the Year is 3rd in the order of variables, always from left to I;ght of each arrow of the input data file (see Table 1) . Similarly, the Month is 2nd , the Day is 1st and so on.

Fig. 5 - Example of a compiled variables description page

When the order number of a weather variable is entered, on the right side of the variable (under the UNITS column) a default unit appears. If the default unit is not the correct one for the variable of the input data file, move the highlighted cursor to the right side using the arrow key and press the space-bar to switch to

13

a different unit. IAM_ETo has a set of most common units for each weather variable. Pressing several times the space-bar, all the units included in the set will appear in sequence. The full set of units available in IAM_ETo is listed in Table 2 for each of the variables included.

Once the correct unit appears, you can go back to the left side of the variable list (always with the arrow key) and continue to insert the order number, and change the units if needed, for each of the remaining variable of your input data file. Note that when the highlighted cursor is on the left side of the variable description page, a highlighted row on the bottom left-side indicates to Input COLUMN number (see Fig. 4). When the highlighted cursor is on the right side, a highlighted row on the bottom right-side indicates to Press SPACE BAR to change UNITS (see Fig. 5).

Table 2. Variable name, symbol and list of possible units included in lAM ETo Variable symbol unit 1 unit 2 unit 3 unit 4

Year Month Day Wind speed (24 hours) u km dol m sol mph km hr-l Wind speed (07:00-19:00 hr) ud km dol ms-l mph km hr-l Wind speed (19:00-07:00 hr) un km dol m sol mph kmhrl Mean daily temperature TIn °C OF Maximum daily temperature Tx °C OF Minimum daily temperature Tn °C OF Mean daily relative hUmidity Hm % Maximum daily relative humidity Hx % Minimum daily relative humidity Hn % Mean daily dew-point temperature Td °C OF Actual sunshine hours n hr Actual to potential sunshine ratio n/N Solar radiation Rs MJ m-2 dol Wm-2 ly dol Precipitation Pr mmd-l mm mo-l in dol in mo-l Weather station fetch F m feet Class 'A' pan evaporation Ep mmd-l mm mo-l in dol in mo-l Lysimeter evaE0transEiration Ly mmd-l in dol note: mo=month

14

At the bottom of the variables description page, notice that a new fUIiction key <F5> is displayed along with the <FIO> and <Esc> keys. The <F5> key is used to go back to the data sample page (Fig. 3) to view or check the order and the units of the variables of the input data file. To be more effective, however, it is suggested to print a sample page (or take a hand note) of the input data fIle, including the heading with the units, to keep in front of you when compiling the variables description page.

Once also the variables description page has been completed, IAM_ETo is fInally ready to run all the calculations it was programmed for.

15

4. Calculating ETo Pressing <FIO> to continue, lAM_ETo will start reading sequentially each row of the input data file and will display on the screen the row number being read. The screen will appear as shown in Fig. 6, where the numbers of the rows scroll rapidly.

Fig. 6 - The running page of lAM_ETo while reading the input data file. row by row

16

During the reading procedure, lAM _ETo operates a sort of consistency control on the data to check whether the input data are properly entered. A typical case is represented by the switch between maximum and minimum temperature, or between maximum and minimum relative humidity, that may occur while constructing the input data file. In such cases. lAM_ETo will warn you displaying the row number and the variable where the inconsistency occurred. In Fig. 7, an example of warning for a relative humidity inconsistency is

reported where maximum relative humidity (Hxl happens to be less than the minimum relative humidity (Hnl. The abbreviations used to describe the variables correspond to the symbols reported in Table 2.

Pressing <Esc> to go back and exit, one can enter the original input data file to correct the inconsistency and then run lAM_ETo again. Pressing <FI0> to continue, lAM_ETo will skip the inconsistent row and will continue the reading of the other rows.

Fig. 7 - Example of warning by lAM_ETo for the case of an inconsistent variable declaration (Hx<Hnl

Another example of inconsistency are the relative humidity values higher than 100%. In Fig. 8 , for instance, a warning is reported for an inconsistency in raw n° 704 of the input data file, where the maximum relative humidity is 102%. It is important, however, to realize that sometimes relative humidity sensors may in fact record values slightly higher than· 100%, as simple consequence of the sensor offset at very high values. If this is the case (as the one

17

reported in Fig. 8), it is better to prepare the input data fil e in such a way that all relative humidity values fall within the 0 -100% range. This will avoid unwanted and tedious warnings from lAM_ETo.

When all the rows in the input data-file are read, lAM_ETo continues to run calculating first the daily and then the monthly ETo values. While calculating the daily ETo, lAM_ETa displays on the screen the row number being processed, which scroll s very quickly. An example of this running-page is shown in Fig. 9 . The file name where the results of the processing will be output is displayed as well .

Fig. 8 - Example ofwaming by lAM_ETo for the case of an inconsistent,

18

though acceptable, maximum relative humidity value (Hx)

The output fil e containing the daily ETo values for each equation, along with the precipitation, is the one having the extension *.IA2. Once the daily ETo values are calculated , lAM_ETo calculates the monthly ETo, displaying the corresponding running-page on the screen, as shown in Fig. 10.

Fig. 9 - The running page of lAM_ETa while processing daily ETa

Fig. 10 - The running page of lAM_ETa while processing the mean monthly ETa

19

Also in this case, the screen shows the row number being processed scrolling very rapidly and the name of the me where the results of the processing will be stored. After this operation, lAM_ETo has accomplished its major task: the calculation of ETo according to the default equations. At this point, lAM_ETo stops by showing the monthly ETo averages (in nm1 per day) for each equation. An exan1ple of the monthly ETo screen-page is shown in Fig. 11 for the san1ple data of Table 1.

Below the monthly data, the screen-page shows also three rows reporting values of averages (AVG), standard deviations (STD) and root mean square errors (RMS). The root mean square error (RMS) refers to the comparison between the estimated ETo by the equations and the lysimeter, or any other reference ETo which will be indicated as "lysimeter" in the variable description page (see section 6 for further explanation) .

Fig. 11 - Monthly mean ETo screen page

20

RMS is calculated according to the following equation

where ETo_Eq is the ETo value calculated according to each equation, ET O_Ly is the corresponding ETo value obtained from the lysimeter and n is the number of data included in the comparison.

The AVG, STD and RMS values are reported in the output file *.IAS on both monthly and annual basis, if more than one year of data is available.

At the very bottom of the monthly ETo screen-page (Fig. 11), the usual <F 1 0> and <Esc> keys are displayed. At this step of the program execution, one can continue (pressing <FIO» to make IAM_ETo to accomplish its 2nd major task, i.e., the calculation of the climatic water deficit (CWD) or go back (pressing <Esc» to process another input data file for the calculation of ETo. Continuing with the calculation of CWD, IAM_ETo also generates the IO-day and the 7-day ETo. The results of these calculations are reported in the output file with the extension *.IA3 and *.IA4, respectively.

21

5.

22

Calculating the Climatic Water Deficit (CWD)

From the monthly ETo screen-page, press <FlO> to continue. IAM_ETo will display the equation selection page, as shown in Fig. 12.

The climatic water deficit (CWD) is calculated as difference between the water demand and the water supply represented by the reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and the usable rainfall (Po)' respectively.

The calculation of the (CWD) is performed on a monthly basis using a specific ETo equation selected from th e screen.

The selection of the equation is made by inserting the corresponding ETa equation number. Of course, only those equations that can be calculated with the avallable data can be selected. After entering the equation number, the highlighted cursor moves automatically to the 2nd information required, Le. the minimum number of days per month to be considered in order to include a month in the analysis. This second piece of information is required because not all the days of a month are always available in the input data file. Some times, in fact, the agro-meteo stations are not functioning properly, or the quality control on the data induced to eliminate some days, or for any other reason that makes the month incomplete. The CWD calculated on a significantly reduced number of days in a month can make the results unreliable or even meaningless. The default minimum number of days per month is 25. The user is free to change this number to adjust the calculation to its data availabili ty. To insert a different number, delete the 25 by the <Del> key and enter the new one. The user of IAM_ETo is responsible, anyway, for the interpretation of the results. Furthermore, we advice not to use the calculation of the CWD, as a climatic index, for data sets of less than 30 years.

Fig. 12 - Equation selection page for the calculation of the CWD

After entering the required information (the equation for estimating ETa and the minimum number of days) and pressing <FlO>. lAM_ETo displays the CWD results on the last screen-page. as shown in Fig. 13.

On the upper part of this page. the filename of the input data file used. the equation selected for calculating ETo and the minimum number of days per month entered are reported. For each month. mean and standard deviation (STD) of ETa. precipitation (Pr), usable rainfall (Po) and climatic water deficit (CWD) are given in mm per month. along with the number of years included in the analysis for each month.

In this page. the precipitation (Pr) comes from the input data file while the usable rainfall (Po) is the monthly amount of precipitation not exceeding the reference evapotranspiration (ETa).

23

Equation: Penman-Hontelth

Fig. 13 - The CWD screen page results

24

In other words,

then,

Po=Pr Po=ETo

if if

Pr<ETo

CWD=ETo - Po

As example, in Fig. 13, for the month of February ETo=47 mm and Pr=88 mm, then Po=47 mm and CWD=O mm. For the month of June, instead, ETo=155 mm and Pr=51 mm, then Po=51 mm and CWD= 1 04 mm. The results of this calculation are stored in an output file with the extension ' .lA7. Recall that the calculation of CWD is executed month by month and the overall mean and STD are

derived afterward, with the results given in Fig. 13, and not the other way around. By that, IAM_ETo has completed all its jobs. Pressing <FI0>, one can run again the CWD choosing a different equation or a different n° of days per month. Pressing <Esc>, one can go back and exit.

25

6.

26

Suggestions for Alternative use of IAM_ETo lAM_ETo is typically tailored to daily data processing. Nevertheless, it can process also weather data on longer time peliods (e.g., 7-day, 10-day, monthly, etc.). When processing monthly data, lAM _ETo automatically recognizes a data set as monthly if no day is inserted in the variable declaration page (see Fig. 4 and 5). When processing other time intervals, a simple trick needs to be adopted, Le., to insert the middle day date of the time period considered. As an example, if you have 10-day input data, your data file will have three rows per month. Then, the 1 st, the 2nd and the 3rd row will have the day 5, 15 and 25 (assuming 30 days per month). Similarly, for 7-day input data, your data file will have only four rows per month, each with the day number corresponding to the middle date of every week. This is the way to use lAM _ETo also for time peliods longer than one day and shorter than a month. However, lAM_ETo cannot be used for time periods shorter than one day (e.g., hourly scale).

As mentioned earlier, lAM _ETo calculates the root mean square error (RMS) between the estimated ETo by each equation and the lysimeter measurements (where available). If you have no lysin1eter data, but need to compare the equation estimates against a different reference, such as Class A pan evaporation or one particular equation you consider more valid (e.g., PM), you just need to attribute (in the variable description page -see Fig. 4-) the order n° of your reference to the variable "lysimeter". For lAM_ETo, in fact, whatever is under the "lysimeter" vaJiable is tal<en as the column to compaJ'e for the calculation of RMS.

I[one wants to use any of the ETo obtained by lAM_ETo as a reference, first run the program to get the deSired ETa, then insert the selected reference ETa in the input data file , and then re-run lAM _ETo indicating the order number of such ETo as a "lysimeter" variable in the variable declaration page (Fig. 4) .

7. The Output Files

While running, lAM _ETo generates nine output file s with different information stored, Three of these fil es support lAM_ETo itself, while the other 6 contain the results of the calculation useful for the user. Hereafter, all the output files are described in details,

CFILE containing the input fil e name for possible subsequent running with lAM_ETo on the same input data file .

<Filename>.IAO containing the descriptive entries of the weather station, order of the variables, units, etc.

<Filenam e>.IAl containing the data values in standard format and proper units, needed to run the calculation routine.

<Filena me>.IA2 containing the ETo values, calculated with the variou s equations, at the same t ime scale as the input data fil e (e.g., if you input daily data you'll get dail y ETo; if you input monthly data you'll get monthly ETo; etc.).

<Filename>.IA3 containing three tables with the upper one listing the average 7-day ETo values, the middle one reporting the standard deviations, and the bottom one giving the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of the ETa values vs . the lysimeter values (if available), in addition to three rows of data (at the very bottom) reporting annual ETa AVG, STD and RMS. If -999 values are displayed, it means that there is no available infonnation to derive the statistics.

27

28

<Fil ename>.!A4 containing the same data vaiues and statistics as in <Fil enan1e>.!A3, but for a lO-day period.

<Fil ena me> .!A5 containing the same data values and statistics as in <Fil ename>.IA3, but for a monthly period.

<Fil ena me>.!A6 containing the values of the intermediate variables needed to calculate ETo; Le., Atmospheric pressure (Bp), psychrometric constant (y), slope of the relationship vapor pressure vs. temperature (s), vapor pressure deficit (VPD), extra ten-estrial radiation (R.)' astronomic day length (N), etc.

<Fil ename>.!A7 containing the monthly ETo, Precipitation and Climatic Water Deficit (or CWD).

note 1: the output files of major interest a re <Filename.IA2>. <Filename>.LA3. <Filename>.LA4 and <Filename>.LA5. The latter three fil es are meaningful only if tile input data fil e is on a daily basis.

note 2 : if one wants to retain the site description information (e.g.. same latitude. elevation. variables number. order and units) to be used with a different data set. the easiest way is to copy til e '.LAO to the new fil e name. For example. lel's say you have two data files from the same site (e.g .. lAMBARll.OAT and lAM BARI2. OAT) and you have already run lAMBARll.OAT. then. simply copy lAMBARll.LAO (generated during til e processing of lAMBARll.OAT) to lAMBARl2 .LAO and run lAMBARl2.OAT. In tilis way. the variable description page (Fig. 5) will be retained also for this last data set.

APPENDIX

A. Basic Variables Calculations

• Exlralerresllial radiation (Id], in MJ m-2 dol. is calculated using the methods described by Iqbal (1983). Inputs include the solar constant (Io = 4.9212 MJ m-2 hr-I], the day angle (r) for day of the year (D) in radians. the Earth-Sun distance (Eo) in radians. sunrise hour angle (cos) in radians. solar declination (8) in radians. and latitude (L) expressed in radians (<jJ).

Id = 24 I" Eo! co, sin (8) sin (cfi) +cos (8) cos (cfi) sin (co,)J IT

I , = 4.9212 MJ m" hr'

i=2;rD-l 365

E, = 1.00011 + 0.034221 cos( [' )+ 0.00128 sin( [' )

+0 .000719cos(2[, )+ 0.000077 sin(2[' )

(5 =0.00691S-0.399912cos( T )+O.o7257sin ( T)

+O.00675Scos(2T )+O.000907sin(2T)

-O.002697cos(3T )+O.OOI4Ssin(3T)

(1" =cos-' / - tan( if! )tan( (5 )]

'I' ISO

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

29

30

The extraterrestrial radiation expressed in mm of evaporation (R,) is calculated by dividing Id by the latent heat of vaporization (/..=2.45 MJ kg·1 at 25°C).

R =!.c!. " A

The monthly mean maximum sunshine hours (N) ar e determined from the sunrise hour angle as:

24 N=-w,

71

with CJ.ls calculated from the 151h day of the monU1. The actual blight sunshine hours (n) are input for each month and the rati o n/N is used to calculate ETo in some methods .

8

9

• La tent heat of vapoli zaUon (A). in MJ kg·l , is computed as a function of temperature for all ETa calcu lations

A = 2501-(2.36 Ixl 0.3 )7;" 10

with T", = mean air temperature in °C.

• Barometri c pressure (Bp), in kPa, from Doorenbos and Pruitt (1 977)

8 ,· = 101.31(293-0.0065£1.)/2931" ·

with EL = elevati on of the s ite in m.

• Mean air tempera lure (Till). in °C

T +T T .r " 1/1 2

with Tx and Tn the max and min air temperature, respectively .

• Mean relative humidity (Hill ). in %

H .,+ H" /-/ 111 2

11

12

13

with Hx and Hn th e max and min relative humidily, respecti vely.

• PsychromeLric consLanL (y), Ln kPa °C-l ,

0.00163 BI' y =---,--=-A

• Saturation vapor pressure at mean air temperature (eam ), Ln kPa

( 17.27T.)

= 06108 T. +237.3 eom . e

• Slope of saturation vapor pressure (1':.), Ln kPa °C-l,

409ge •• /l= , ( r . +237.3)"

• Wind speed at 2 m height (U2), Ln ms-I,

200 0.1 U, = u(-)

Z'"

14

15

16

17

where Zw is the height from the ground of the wind sensor (cm).

• Day-lime wind speed (Ud), Ln m sol (Doorenbos and Pruitt, 1977). For wind calculations, daytime is from 0700-1900 hours and nighttime is from 1900-0700 hours.

where is the ratio of daytime to nighttime average wind speed.

• Incident solar racliaUon (Rs)' Ln MJ m-2 dol, when measurements are not available, is calculate as

R, = (0.25 + 050 } d

• RelaUve sunshLne hours (n/N), when n is unknown, is calculated as

18

19

20

31

NOTE: Since the soil heat flux density (G) is not commonly measured and on a daily basis, G=O is used for all ET 0

calculations.

B. ETo Calculation Equations

32

• PENMAN-MONTEITH FAO METHOD (AlIen et al., 1994a, b; 1998)

Saturation yapor pressure at the maximum air temperature (eax)

[ 17.27 T, 1

e . = 0.6108 e T,+237.3 ".

Saturation yapor pressure at the minimum air temperature (ean)

(17.27T )

=06 108 T.+ 237.3 eaJl

• e

21

22

Mean saturation yapor pressure at the dew point temperature or the actual yapor pressure of the air (edp)

23

Mean daily saturation yapor pressure (eap)

24

Net solar radiation (Rns). with albedo (a)=O.23,

R".,= O. 77 25

Net terrestrial (longwave) radiation (Rip) modified from Doorenbos and Pruitt (1977) 1

4 4 Tt:r+Tkn n I

RII' ={_O 1 )(O.9-+0.1){O.34-0.14Vedp) 2/1, N 26

where (J = Stefan-Boltzman constant (4.903x10-9 MJ K-4 m-2 d- l ),

Tkx = Tx + 273.16 and Tkn = Tn + 273.16.

N et radiation (Rnp) is

27

Modified psychrometric constant (y*)

28

Radiation term of ET 0 equation (Rip)

29

Aerodynamic term of ETo equation (Actp)

30

Evapotranspiration(EpM)

31

n Rs 1 In the FAO Paper n. 56, the term (0.9-+ 0.1) ofeq. 26 is replaced by the term (1.35--- 0.35) with

N Rw

Rs calculated as in eq. 19 and Rso (the clear-sky radiation) calculated as (0.75 + 2 xl 0-5 z) where z is the

station elevation above sea level (in m). Strictly speaking, then, eq. 26 is not identical to what is used in the FAO Paper n. 56. Though, there is no significant difference in the numerical results.

33

34

• ORIGINAL PENMAN METHOD (Penman, 1948)

Net solar radiation (Rns)

R .. = 0.77 R .• A

Net terrestrial (longwave) radiation (RLl

4 -OT, 11 I RL = ( - -)(0.9 - + 0.1 )(034 -OJ4ve ,J )

A N

where Tk = Till + 273.16.

Net radiation (Rno)

R,w = Rns+ R f.

Radiation term of ETo equation (RIo)

Rdo = --( R",, -G)

Aerodynamic term of ETo equation (Acto)

y - - (e",,, -ed)(6.43)(1+ 0. 5361J ,) L'I+y

Evapotranspiration (EPEN)

32

33

34

35

36

37

• FAO PENMAN METHOD (Doorenbos and Pruitt, 1977)

Net solar radiation (Rns)

o R, Rn,= .77 --:f

Net terrestrial (longwave) radiation (RLl

where T k= Tm +273.16

Net radiation (Rno)

Rno = Rns + RL

Radiation term of ETo equation (Rolo)

Aerodynamic term of ETo equation (J\,ir)

A d!

y em" -ed)(6.6!)(! + 0.86411,)

t- +y

Evapotranspiration (Ep)

38

39

40

41

42

43

Doorenbos and Pruitt (1977) provided a correction factor (C) tha t is multiplied by El' to adjust for local conditions. Recently. AlI en and Pruitt (1991) reported an equation for determining this correction factor (C).

C = AO + AI (U d,' )+ A2(U dy · S"I )+ A3( RH,· · S"I )+ M( ON,, · U dy · RI-I . )

+A5( ON,, · U dy · RH. · S ,,1 )+ A6( U ;',.· RH. · S ,,1 )+ A7( ON;'. · U d,· · RH.)

+A8( ON,, · U;'y · S "I ) + A9( RH, · S;d) 44

35

•

36

where DNw is the ratio of daytime (0700h-1900h) to nighttime (1900h-0700h) average wind speeds (if DNw>4 then DNw=4), RH, is the maximum daily relative humidity (30%S;RH,S;90%). Udy is the average daytime wind speed (UdyS;10 m S-I), and Srd is the solar radiation (3 mm d-1S;SrdS;12 mm d-I). Values for the coefficients in the above equation are:

AO = 0.892

Al = -0.0781

A2 = 0.00219

A3 = 0.000402

A4 = 0.000196

A5 = 0.0000198

A6 = 0.00000236

A7 = -0.00000860

A8 = -0.0000000292

A9 = -0.0000161

The corrected FAO Penman ETo (EFAOP) is calculated as:

45

PRIESTLEY /TAYLOR METHOD (Priestley and Taylor, 1972)

Net solar radiation (Rns)

R., = 0.77 46

Net terrestrial radiation (RLl

4 -C1T. n I

Rt = I-A

-)(O.9 iV + 0.! )(0.34 -0.14"ed ) 47

whereTk =Tm + 273.16

N et radiation (Rno)

Rna = R,u+ RI. 48

•

Evapotranspiration (EPT)

49

FAO RADIATION METHOD (Doorenbos and Pruitt, 1977)

Constants

Bo=1.066; Bl=-0.0013; B2=0.045; B3=-0.0002; B4=-0.0000315; B5=-0.0011

Correction factor

Evapotranspiration (EFAOru

II R, EFAOR = 8--,-03

Il+YA

50

51

• FAO BLANEY /CRIDDLE METHOD (Doorenbos and Pruitt, 1977)

Constants

Ao=0.908; Al=-0.00483; Az=0.7949; k =0.00768; A4=-0.0038; As=-0.000443; A,,=0.281; A7=-0.00975

Correction factors

n A = 0.0043 H ,, -- -J .4J

N 52

37

38

, 11 + A, In(u" + I)(ln( H" + I )" In(- + I)

N

Monthly percentage of annual sunshine hours (P)

p = Nm No

53

54

where Nm is the monthly total maximum sunshine hours and Na is the annual total maximum sunshine hours.

Evapotranspiration (EFAOBcl

£ rAOBC = A + B(0.46 T", + 8. J3)P 55

• SCS BLANEY ICRIDDLE METHOD (Blaney and Criddle, 1950)

K, = 1.0 56

Correction factors

KT = 0.01 73 Tr -O.3 14 57

Tr = 1.8 T", + 32 58

Evapotranspiration (Escss)

25.4 EscslJ = --KTKcTI' P

100 59

where P is the monthly percentage of annual sunshine hours.

• HARGREAVES METHOD (Hargreaves, 1974)

Mean temperature range by month (Td)

T (/ =TI -T" 60

Evapotranspiration (EHARC)

61

• FAO EVAPORATION PAN METHOD (Doorenbos and Pruitt, 1977)

Variable limits for use in correcting pan evaporation:

Mean relative humidity (Hm)

62

Daily wind run (WR), in km d-I

63

39

Upwind fetch of bare grou nd or low-growing vegetati on , in m

I SI FIS /000 64

Pan evaporation correction when surrounded by vegetation (F>O)

Pc = 0. 108 -0.000331 W R + 0.0422 ln(F)

+0.1434In( H . ) - 0 000631 ( In(F) ), In( I-/",) 65

Pan evaporation correction when surrounded by bare soil (F<O)

Pc = 0.61 + 0.00341 H", -1.87x /0" W R H. - I. 11x 10.7 W R F

+ 3. l 8x 10" W R In(F) - 3.32.\' 10 ' W R In( w R)

-0.OI06 In( w R)ln (F) + O.00063(ln (F) ), In( w R)

Evapotranspiration (EpAN)

EPA N = E/'Pc

where Ep is the measured evaporation from the pan.

66

67

c. Minimum weather variables requirement for each method

(and time scale suggested for appli cation)

METHOD Temperature Humidity Wind Sunshine or Evaporation Time scale Radiat ion Id l ad M

Hargreaves * * Blaney- * • Cri ddle

Rad iation * * * * Pri estl ey- * * * * *

Taylor

Penmann * * * * * * Penman- * * * * * Monteith

Pan * * * Evaporati on

40

D. Additional Equations

• PENMAN-MONTEITH using daytime wind speed

This equation is the same as the Penman-Monteith equation previously described (Eq. 31], except the daytime wind speed (7:00-19:00) rather than the 24-hour wind speed is used in the equations 28 and 30.

• Net Radiation Equivalent Evaporation

This method simply expresses the value of R np calculated in Eq. 27 as totally used in evapotranspiration. Because the soil heat flux (G) is neglected in the daily ETo calculations. the values obtained by this method correspond to the so-called available energy.

41

E. Symbols description and units Symbol

1t (J

8 <I> ro, t 1o Id Eo A Ra R, Rn G N n n /N P Tx Tn T ill H, Hn Hm U2 U d U n

W, Bp

} 8. ea, e"" edp eap earn

ed Rp Rns Rnp

RL

Rno R,o Rnf

Acto Actr Actp EPAN

E Lys E pEN

E FAOP E pM

EFAOS EscsB EHARG

E CPAN

42

Description

3.1415927 Stefan-Boltzman costant (4.903xI0·9) Sun declination Latitude Sunrise hour a ngle Day angle Solar constant ExtraterrestIial radiation Earth-Sun distance Latent heat of vapOlization Extraterrestrial radiation Solar Radiation Net radiation Soil heat flux Potential sunshine hours Actual sunshine hours Ratio of actual to potential sunshine hours Montlliw percent of armual sunshine hours Maximum temperature Minimum tenlperature Mean air temperature Maximum relative humidily Minimum relative humidily Mean air relative humidity Wind speed at 2.0 meters height Day time wind speed Night time wind speed Day/night wind ratio Wind run adjusted to 2.0 meters height BarometJic pressure PsychometIic constant Gamma star for Penman-Monteitll Slope of sat. yap. press. curve Sat. yap. press. at T l1lax Sat. yap. press. at T Ill1n Actual vapor press. for Penman-Monteitll Mean sat. vapor press. for Penman-Monteith Sat. yap. press. at Till . Actual yap. press. using Till and Hm Longwave net radiation for Penman-Monteitll Shorlwave net radiation Net radiation for Penman-Monteitll Radiation term for Penman-Monteitll Longwave net radiation for origina l and FAO Penman Net radiation for original Pemnan Radiation term for original Penman Net radiation term forr-AO Penman Radiation term for FAO Penman Aerodynamic teml for original Penman Aerodynamic term for FAO Penman Aerodynamic ten11 for Penman-Monteitll Evaporation pan Lysinleter evapotranspiration Original Penma n ETa estimate FAO Penman ETa estimate PelUllan-Monteitll ETa estimate FAO radiation estimate FAO Blaney-Criddle ETa estimate SCS Blaney-Criddle ETa estinlate Hargreaves ETa estimate FAO corrected pan ETa estimate

UNITS

MJ K- 4 m -2 d· ' radians radians rad ians radians MJ m·2 hr' MJ m -2d ·' rad ians mm (MJ n,-2d-') · ' mm d· ' MJ m ·2d-' MJ m·2 d-' mm d· ' hrs hrs

% °C °C °C % % °C m s " m s· 1

m s· l

km d·' kPa kPa °C·' kPa °C·' kPa nC-' kPa kPa kPa kPa kPa kPa mmd-' mmd-' mmd-' mnl dol

nml d-I nml dol mmd-' nun d-l

ffilll d ol mmd-' mnl d-l

nlmd -I

n1n1 d-I

n11n dol nun d-l

mmd-' mlnd - l

mmd-' mmd-' mmd-' mmd-' Inmd -1

REFERENCES

AlIen RG. and Pruitt W.O. (1991). FAO-24 Reference evapotranspiration factors. J. of Irrig. and Drainage Engineering. 117(5): 758-773.

AlIen RG .. Smith M .. Penier A. and Pereira L.S. (1994a). An update for the definition of reference evapotranspiration. ICID Bulletin. Vol 43 (2): 1-34.

AlIen RG .. Smith M .. Pereira L.S. and PelTier A. (1994b). An update for the calculation of reference evapotranspiration. ICID Bulletin. Vol 43 (2): 35-92.

AlIen RG .. Pereira L.S .. Raes D. and Smith M. (1998). Crop Evapotranspiration. Guidelines for Computing Crop Water Requirements. FAO Irri gation and Drainage Paper 56. United Nation Food and Agricultural Organization. Rome.

Blaney H.F. and Criddle W.O. (1950). Oetennining consumptive use and liTigation water requil'ements. USOA Technical Bulletin n° 1275.

Ooorenbos J. and Pruitt W.O. (1977). Crop Water Requirements. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 24. United Nation Food and Aglicultural Organization. Rome.

Hargreaves G.H. (1974). Estimation of potential and crop evapotranspiration. Trans. ASAE. 17: 701-704.

Iqbal M. (1983). An Introduction to Solar Radiation. Academic Press. Toronto. Canada.

Penman H.L. (1948). Natural evapotranspiration from open water. bare soils and grass. Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. A. . 193: 120-145.

Pl'iestley C.H.B. and Taylor RJ. (1972). On the assessment of surface heat flux and evaporation using large-scale parameters. Mon. Weather Rev .. 100: 81-92.

43

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o La recherche agronomique dans {es pays du bassin medilerraneen. Actes du colloque d' lstanbu l, 1-3 decemb re 1986. Ed. J. CASAS.- Monlpellier : CCE (DG XII)ICIHEAM, avriI1988.- 185 p. (PriX/Price : 80 FF).

o ALLAYA (M.), LABONNE (M.), PAPAYANNAK1S (M.). - Les echanges agro-afimentaires mediterraneens .- enjeu mondial.-Monlpellier: CIHEAM, 1988.- 307 p. (Prix/Price: 120 FF).

o L'eoanomie de fO/Mer. Actes du cdbque de Tunsie, 20-22 janver 1987. Ed. M. AUAYA.- tIooipellier : CCE (00 IICIHEAM, sepl. 1988.-219 p. (PriX/Price : 80 FF).

o Agricultural research in countries of the Mediterranean region. Proceedings of the Istanbul Seminar , 1-3 December , 1986. Ed. J. CASAS.- Monlpellier : CEC (DG XI I)ICIHEAM, Seplember 1988.- 185 p. (Prix/Price : 80 FF). (Version an91. de : La recherche ag ro nomique ... )

o The production of pig meat in Mediterranean countries. Proceedings of the Be lg rade Seminar. 21-22-23 April , 1986. Ed . A. AUMAITRE.- Monlpellier : CEC (DGI)/CIHEAM, January 1989.- 187 p. (PrixIPrice : 120 FF) .

• :. 1989-1995 : Nouvelle serie / New series

A partir de I'ele 1989, les numeros d' Options Mediterraneennes sonl dislribues en deux series: J'une, la serie A "Seminaires mediterraneens" , regroupe les numeros consacres a I'edition d'actes de seminaires , de colloques el de reunions mediterraneennes organises ou eoorganises par le CIHEA.M ; I'aulre, la serie B "Etudes et Recherches", dilluse des Iravaux inleressanl le seeteur agrieole de la Medilerranee.

As of the summer of 1989, issues of Options Mediterraneennes are published in two series Series A ·'Mediterranean workshops" include those issues that contain the proceedings of the seminars, workshops and meetings on Mediterranean subjects organized or co-organized by CIHEAM ; and Series B "Research and Analysis" include other work of interest to people working on Mediterranean agriculture.

Nouvelles series - New series : 1989-1998

Serie A : Seminaires Mediterraneens Series A : Mediterranean Workshops

o A/1 : Reuse of low quality water for irrigation. Proceedings of the Cairo/Aswan Seminar, 16-21 January, 1988. Ed. E. R. BOUCHET.- Montpellier : IAMB/CIHEAM, WRC, 1989.- 204 p. (PrixIPrice: 120 FF).

o Al2 : La digestion, la nutrition et I'alimentation du dromadaire. Actes du colloque de Ouargla, Algerie, 27 fevrier-1er mars 1988. Ed. J.L TISSERAND.-Zaragoza: CIHEAM, CCElDG XII, 1989.-187p. (PrixlPrice: 120 FF).

o A/3 : Bases ecologicas para la gestion en ecosistemas terrestres. Actas de las jornadas de Zaragoza, Espagne, 13-15 junio 1988. Ed. J. BEllOT.- Zaragoza : CIHEAM, 1989.- 364 p. (PrixlPrice: 130 FF).

o Al4 : La teledetection en agriculture. Actes du seminaire de Montpellier, France, 13-15 mars 1989. Ed. M. DESHAYES.- Montpellier : CIHEAM, 1990.- 154 p. (PrixlPrice: 200 F).

o Al5 : Porte-greffes de I'amandier (GREMPA). Actes du colloque de Saragosse, Espagne, 29-30 novembre 1988. Eds. A. FEll PE, R. SOCIAS.- Zaragoza: CIHEAM, 1989.- 75 p. (PrixlPrice: 120 FF).

o Al6 : Le lait dans la region mediterraneenne. Actes du colloque de Rabat, Maroc, 25-27 octobre 1988. Ed. J.L. TISSERAND.- Zaragoza : CIHEAM, 1989.- 319 p. (PrixIPrice: 200 FF).

o An : L'aviculture en Mediterranee. Actes du colloque de Belgrade,Yougoslavie, 5-7 novembre 1987.Ed. B.SAUVEUR.- Montpellier : CIHEAM/CEE-DGI, 1990.- 314 p. (PrixlPrice: 350 FF).

o Al8 : Races et populations locales mediterraneennes de lapins: gestion genetique et performances zoo techniques. Actes des colloques de Saragosse, Espagne, 9-11 fevrier 1987 et Saida, Tunisie, 23-26 octobre 1988.Ed. R. ROUVIER.- Zaragoza : CIHEAM, 1990.- 108 p. (PrixIPrice: 130 FF).

o Al9 : Present status and future prospects of chickpea crop production and improvement in the Mediterranean countries. Proceedings of the Zaragoza seminar, Spain, 11-13 July 1988.Eds M.C. SAXENA, J.I. CUBERO, J. WERY.- Zaragoza : CIHEAM, 1990.- 175 p. (Prix IPrice: 150 FF).

o A/10: Present status and future prospects of faba bean production and improvement in the Mediterranean countries. Proceedings of the Zaragoza seminar, Spain, 27-29 June 1989.Eds J.I. CUBERO, M.C. SAXENA.-Zaragoza : CIHEAM, 1991.- 179 p. (PrixlPrice: 150FF).

o Al11 : Les systemes agricoles oasiens.Actes du seminaire de Tozeur, Tunisie, 19-21 novembre 1988.Eds V. DOllE, G. TOUTAIN.- Montpellier: CIHEAM/DGVIII, 1990.- 336 p. (PrixlPrice: 120 FF).

o Al12: Les petits ruminants et leurs productions laitieres dans la region mediterraneenne.Actes des colloques de Paris, France, 5 et 9 mars 1990. Eds J. BOUGlER, J.L. TISSERAND.- Montpellier : CIHEAM-CENECA, 1990.- 128 p. (epuise).

o A/13: Etat corporel des brebis et des chEJVres. Actes du seminaire de Zaragoza (Espagne), 14-16 mai 1990. Ed. A. PURROY.- Zaragoza: CIHEAM, 1991.-132 p. (PrixlPrice: 150 FF).

o Al14: Place et role des biotechnologies dans les systemes de recherche agronomique des pays mediterraneens. Actes du colloque de Valencia, Espagne, 18-20 juin 1990. Ed. Y. DEMARL Y.- Zaragoza : CCElFAO/IVIAlCIHEAM, 1992.- 179 p. (PrixlPrice: 150 FF).

o Al15: Land abandonment and its role in conservation/Abandon des terres et conservation de I'environnement. Actes du seminaire de Zaragoza, Espagne, 10-12 decembre 1989. Eds J. BAUDRY et R. G. H. BUNCE.-Zaragoza: CIHEAM, 1991.-148 p. (PrixlPrice: 150 FF).

o Al16: Fourrages et sous-produits mediterraneens. Actes du seminaire de Montpellier, France, 5-6 juillet 1990. Eds J.L. TISSERAND, X. ALlBES.- Zaragoza: CIHEAM, 1991.- 181 p. (PrixlPrice: 150 FF).

o Al17: Rabbit production and genetics in the Mediterranean area. Actes du seminaire de Zagazig (Egypte), 3-7 septembre 1990. Eds R. ROUVIER, M. BASElGA.- Zaragoza : CIHEAM, 1991.- 177 p. (Prixl Price: 150 FF).

o A/18: Culture de la pomme de terre dans les conditions mediterraneennes (annule).

o Al19: Les fruits et legumes dans les economies mediterraneennes. Actes du colloque de Chania (Grace), 12-14 novembre 1990. Ed. F. lAURET.- Montpellier : CIHEAM, 1992.- 242 p. (PrixlPrice: 250 FF).

o Al20: New trends in barley quality for malting and feeding. Proceedings of the seminar held in Barcelone (Spain), 15-16 November 1990. Eds J.L. MOLlNA-CANO, J. BRUFAU.- Zaragoza : CIHEAM, 1991.- 93 p. (PrixlPrice : 150 FF).

o Al21 : Choix technologiques, risques et securite dans les agricultures mediterraneennes. Actes de l'Atelier-seminaire de Tiaret, Algerie, 2-5 octobre 1988. Eds S. BEDRANI, P. CAMPAGNE.- Montpellier: CIHEAM/CREAD, 1991.- 180 p. (PrixlPrice: 200 FF).

Nouvelles series - New series : 1989-1998

o A/22: Durum wheat quality in the Mediterranean region I La ·qualite du ble dur dans la region mediterraneenne. Proceedings of the seminar held in Zaragoza, Spain, 17-19 November 1993. Eds N. DI FONZO, F. KAAN, M. NACHIT.-Zaragoza : CIHEAM/ICARDAlCIMMYT, 1995.- 284 p. (PrixlPrice: 200 FF).

o A123: Strengthening endogenous development patterns in European agriculture. Proceedings of the seminar held in Chania, Greece, 20-22 October, 1992. Ed. J. D. VAN DER PLOEG.- Chania : CIHEAM/CERES/EC-DG VI, 1989.- 268 p. (PrixlPrice: 275 FF).

o A124: Equilibre alimentaire, agriculture et environnement en Mediterranee. Actes du seminaire de Malte, 21-23 octobre, 1993. Compilation: B. DUPUY.- Montpellier: CIHEAM/CCE-DGI, 1994.- 160 p. (PrixlPrice: 200FF).

o A125: Les incendies de forets en Mediterranee : constitution et utilisation des bases de donnees I Forest fires in the Mediterranean region: constitution and use of databases. Actes de I'atelier de Montpellier, France, 30 novembre-4 decembre 1993. Eds. R. CHEVROU, P. DELABRAZE, M. MALAGNOUX, R. VELEZ.- Montpellier : CIHEAM/FAO (Silva Mediterranea), 1995.- 191 p. (PrixlPrice: 200 FF).

o A126: La securite alimentaire en Mediterranee. Actes de la lIeme session de l'Association Internationale d'Economie Alimentaire et Agro-industrielle, Cordoba, Espagne, 14-16 septembre 1994. Eds M.PADILLA, G.LE BIHAN.- Montpellier: CIHEAM, 1995.- 209 p. (PrixlPrice: 250 FF).

o A127: Body condition of sheep and goats: methodological aspects and applicationlEtat corporel des brebis et des chevres : aspects methodologiques et application. Proceedings of the seminar of the working group on Body Condition of Sheep and Goats of the FAO-CIHEAM Network on Goats, Zaragoza, Spain, 24-25 march 1994. Ed. A PURROY.- Zaragoza : CIHEAM/FAO, 1995. 206p (PrixlPrice: 300 FF).

o A/28: Le palmier-dattier dans I'agriculture d'oasis des pays mediterraneenslDate palm cultivation in oasis agriculture of Mediterranean countries. Actes des seances plenieres des Journees internationales d'Elche organisees par la Mairie d'Elche, le GRIDAO, le CIHEAM et la Station de Recherche Phoenix, Elche, Espagne, 25-27 avril 1995. Eds M. FERRY, D. GREINIER.- Zaragoza : CIHEAM/ESTACION PHOENIX, 1996.- 260 p. (PrixlPrice: 300 FF).

o A129: La modernisation des agricultures mediterraneennes. Actes du seminaire CIHEAM/UE-DG1, Montpellier, France, 28-29 septembre 1995. Eds. AM. JOUVE, O. BESSAOUD.- Montpellier : CIHEAM, 1997.-307 p. (PrixlPrice: 350FF).

o A/30: Le Gatt et les echanges agricoles mediterraneens/Gatt and Mediterranean agricultural trade. Actes du seminaire CIHEAM/UE-DG1, Chania, Crete, 3-5 decembre 1995. Ed. Z. PAPADOPOULOU.- Chania : CIHEAM, 1997.- 213 p. (PrixlPrice: 200 FF).

o A131: Aspects economiques de la gestion de /'eau dans le bassin mediterraneenlEconomics aspects of water management in the Mediferranean area. Actes de I'atelier CIHEAlUE-DG1I1AV Hassan 11, Marrakech, Maroc, 17-19 mai 1995. Ed. B. DUPUY.- Bari: CIHEAM, 1997, 526 p. (PrixlPrice: 500 FF).

o A132: Pastorafisme et foncier : impact du ragime foncier sur la gestion de I'espace pasforai et la conduite des troupeaux en regions arides et semi-arides. Actes du seminaire intemational du reseau Parcours, Gabes, Tunisie, 17-19 octobre 1996. Eds A. BOURBOUZE, B. MSIKA, N. NASR, M. SGHAIER ZAAFOURI, Montpellier: CIHEAMIIRA, 1997,258 p. (PrixlPrice: 300 FF).

o A133: Data coliection and definition of objectives in sheep and goat breeding programmes: new prospectslRecueil da donnees et definition des objectifs des programmes d'amelioration genefique des ovins et caprins : nouveaux aspects. Proceedings of the meeting of the FAO-CIHEAM Network of Cooperative Research on Sheep and Goats, Subnetwork on Animai Resources, Toulouse, France, 9-11 March 1997. Ecis D. GABINA, L. BODIN.- Zaragoza : CIHEAM/FAOIINRA, 1997.- 247 p. (PrixlPrice: 250 FF).

o A134: Recent advances in smali ruminant nutrition. Proceedings of the seminar of the FAO-CIHEAM Network of Cooperative Research on Sheep and Goats, Subnetwork on Nutrition, Rabat, Morocco, 24-26 October 1996. Eds J.E. LlNDIBERG, H.L. GONDA, I. LEDIN, Zaragoza: CIHEAMlFAOIIAV HASSAN 11,1997.- 253 p. (PrixlPrice: 250 FF).

o A/35: Filiere des viandes rouges dans les pays MediterraneenslRed meat industry in the Mediterranean countries. Actes du seminaire intenational organise conjointement par le CIHEAM, I'UE et I'UTAP, Tunis, Tunisie, 20-23 avril 1997. Eds T. BELHADJ, J.P. BOUTONET, A DI GIULlO.- Zaragoza: CIHEAM/UElUTAP, 1998 (en preparation) .

Nouvel/es series - New series : 1989-1998

Serie B : Etudes et Recherches Series B : Research and Analysis

o B/1: Agricultures mediterraneennes : la Turquie. Ed. Y. TEKELlOGLU.- Montpellier : CIHEAM, 1989.- 282 p. (PrixlPrice: 300 FF).

o B/2: Jean le COZ. - Espaces mediterraneens et dynamiques agraires - Etat territorial et communautes rurales.-Paris: UNESCO-MAB/CIHEAM, 1990.- 393 p. (PrixIPrice: 120 FF).

o B/3: Jema"iel HASSAINYA- Irrigation et developpement agricole : I'experience tunisienne.- Montpellier : CIHEAM/INAT, 1991.- 217 p. (PrixlPrice: 250 FF).

o B/4 : Tableaux de la valeur alimentaire pour les ruminants des fourrages et sous-produits d'origine mediterraneenne. Eds. X. ALlBES et J.L. TISSERAND.- Zaragoza : CIHEAM, 1990.-137 p. (PrixlPrice: 200 FF).

o B/5: Pluriactivite et revenus exterieurs dans I'agriculture mediterraneenne. Ouvrage collectif realise dans le cadre du RAFAC (Reseau Agriculture Familiale Comparee). Eds N. BOURENANE et P. CAMPAGNE.-Montpellier : CIHEAM, 1991.- 192 p. (PrixlPrice : 200 FF).

o B/6: Les pailles dans I'alimentation des ruminants en zone mediterraneenne I The use of straw in ruminants feeding in the Mediterranean region. Actes du seminaire du projet CEE-DGXII TS2A-0250-M(CD), Zaragoza (Espagne), 12 septembre 1992. Ed. J. L. TISSERAND.- Zaragoza: CIHEAM/UE/FAO, 1994.- 154 p. (PrixlPrice: 200 FF).

o Bn: Malta: Food, Agriculture, Fisheries and the Environment. Eds S. BUSUTIIL, F. LERIN et L. Mizzi.-Montpellier : CIHEAM, 1993.- 192 p. (PrixIPrice: 200 FF).

o B/8: Crises et transitions des politiques agricoles en Mediterranee. Coord. Ed. AM. JOUVE.- Montpellier : CIHEAM, 1994.- 140 p: (PrixlPrice: 150 FF).

o B/9: Egyptian Agriculture Profile. Ed. T. ABDELHAKIM.- Montpellier : CIHEAM, 1995.- 153 p. (PrixlPrice : 200 FF).

o B/10: Henri-Noel LE HOUEROU.- Bioclimatologie et biogeographie des steppes arides du Nord de l'Afrique -Diversite biologique, developpement durable et desertisation.- Montpellier : CIHEAM, 1995.- 395 p. (PrixlPrice : 400 FF).

o B/11: Les politiques de prix et de subvention dans I'agriculture familiale. Eds. N. AKESBI, N. MARAVEYAS.-Montpellier: CIHEAM (en preparation).

o B/12: Agricultures familiales et politiques agricoles en Mediterranee - enjeux et perspectives. Coord. AIi ABAB, Pierre campagne, Mohamed ELLOUMI, Antonio FRAGATA, Larbi ZAGDOUNI Montpellier : CIHEAM (en preparation).

o B/13: Elevage et alimentation du dromadaire I Camel production and nutrition. Actes du seminaire du Projet CCE-DG XII TS2*0233-C (EDB), Douz, Tunisie, 9-10 octobre 1992. Ed. J. L. TISSERAND.- Zaragoza : CIHEAM/UE, 1995.- 164 p. (PrixlPrice: 200 FF).

o B/14: Les agricultures maghrebines a I'aube de I'an 2000. Coord. scientifique M. ALLAYA- Montpellier : CIHEAM, 1995.- 376 p. (PrixlPrice: 400 FF).

o B/15 (FA) : Albanie, une agriculture en transition. Eds. A. CIVIC I, F. LERIN.- Montpellier : CIHEAM, 1997.- 318 p. (PrixIPrice: 350 FF).

o B/15 (IT) : Albania, un'agricoltora in transizione Eds A. CIVICI, F. LERIN.- (Bari : CIHEAM, 1998).- 364 p. (PrezzolPrice : 50.000 L.it., so it environ 170 FF)

o B/16: Amelioration d'especes a fruits a coque : noyer, amandier, pistachier. Resultats des recherches meneen au titre du programme CAMAR CE/DG.VI 8001-CT90-0023. Ed. E. GERMAIN.- Zaragoza : CIHIEAM/CE-DG.VI, 1997.- 147 p. (PrixlPrice: 150 FF).

o B/17: Explotation of Mediterranean roughage and by-products. Results of the researches carried out within the CAMAR EC/DG.VI Programme, contract 8001-CT91-0307. Ed. M. ANTONGIOVANNI.- Zaragoza: CIHEAM/EC-DG.VI, 1998 (en preparation).

o B/18: Evaluation of the nutritive value of Mediterranean roughages. Results of the researches carried out within the CAMAR EC/DG.VI Programme, contract 8001-CT90-0022. Ed. J.L. TISSERAND : CIHEAM/EC-DG.VI, 1998 (en preparation).

Nouvelles series - New series : 1989-1998

Cl 8/19: Stone fruit viruses and certification in the Mediterranean countries : problems and perspectivies. Proceedings of the first two meetings of the Mediterranean Networrk for virus Disease Assesment and Sanitation of Stone Fruit Trees (MNFT). Ed. B.DI TERLlZZI.- Bari : CIHEAM 1998 (en preparation).

Cl 8/20: IAM_ETo software and user's guide. Eds WUE_NetMemebers.- Bari : CIHEAM, 1998. - 64 p. (10 EURO)

Serie / Series «Cahiers Options Mediterraneennes»

Cahiers OM est une nouvelle serie du titre Options Mediterraneennes destinee a recueillir des documents de travail, des textes a'analyse et d'etude realises dans le cadre des activites du CIHEAM.

Cahiers OM is a new series of the Options Mediterraneennes title destined to bring together working papers, study and analysis texts realized in the context of CIHEAM activities.

o Volume 1 - Etat de "agriculture en Mediterranee I The Situation of Agriculture in Mediterranean Countries

n° 1. Ressources en eau: developpement et gestion dans les pays mediterraneens / Water resources: development and management in Mediterranean countries. Actes du seminaire d'Adana, 3-9 septembre 1992. Compilation : H. HAMDY.- Bari : CIHEAM/CCE-DGI, 1993.- 370 p.

n° 2. Les sols dans la region mediterraneenne : utilisation, gestion et perspectives d' evolution / Soils in the Mediterranean region: use, management and future trends. Actes du seminaire de Tunis, Tunisie, 16-17 novembre 1992. Reunis par T. AGUINACO et R. CONSIGLI.- Zaragoza : CIHEAM/CEE-DGI, 1993.- 269 p.

n° 3. Gestion des terres forestieres mediterraneennes : aspects environnementaux / Management of Mediterranean forest lands: Environmental aspects. Actes du seminaire de Lisbonne, 9-11 decembre 1992. Compilation : H. HAJAJE.- Chania, Crete: CIHEAM-CEE-DGI, 1993.- 102 p.

n° 4. Les politiques agricoles et alimentaires / Food and agricultural policies. Actes du seminaire de Montpellier, 15-16 novembre 1992. Compilation: M. ALLAYA.- Montpellier: CIHEAM/CCE-DGI, 1993.- 108 p.

n° 5. Recherche agronomique et securite alimentaire / Agricultural research and food security. Actes du seminaire d'lstanbul, 28-29 juin 1993. Compilation: P. PLAZA.- Montpellier: CIHEAM/CCE-DGI, 1993.- 150 p.

o Volume 2 - La vulgarisation agricole

n° 1. La vulgarisation agricole au Maghreb : theorie et pratique. Actes du seminaire d'Alger, 26-28 avril 1992. Compilation: S. BEDRANI, M. ELLOUMI, L. ZAGDOUNI.- Montpellier: CIHEAM/FPH/INAlCREAD/CCE-DGI, 1993.-183 p.

n° 2. La vulgarisation agricole dans les pays de la Mediterranee du nord-est. Actes du Seminaire de Volos, 17-19 septembre 1992.- Montpellier : CIHEAM/FPH, 1995.- 170 p.

n° 3. Les systemes de vulgarisation dans les pays du sud-est de la Mediterranee : Egypte, Liban, Syrie, Jordanie. Actes du seminaire du Caire, 16-20 octobre 1993. Ed. T. ABDELHAKIM.- Montpellier : CIHEAM, 1994. 39 p.

n° 4. La vulgarisation, composante du developpement agricole et rural/Agricultural and Rural Development and its Component: Extension Services. Actes du seminaire de Grenade, 24-26 novembre 1993. Reunis par P. PLAZA.-Montpellier : CIHEAM/CE-DGI/UEAlFPH, 1994.- 152 p.

o Volume 3 - Territoires en mutation (a la memoire de Jean Le Coz).- Ed. G. DUCHE.- Montpellier: CIHEAM, 1994.- 95 p.

o Volume 4 - Fodder trees and shrubslArbres et arbustes fourragers. Proceedings of the CCE-CAMAR 8001-CT90-0030 Reseearch Projects meetings, Palermo (Italy), 12-13 octobre 1992. Eds V. PAPANASTASIS, L. STRIGI.- Zaragoza: CIHEAM/CCE-DGVI, 1994.- 147 p. (epuise).

o Volume 5 - Grazing behaviour of goats and sheeplComportement au paturage des chevres et des brebis. Proceedings of the CEE-CAMAR 8001-CT90-0021, Bella, Italy, 11-13 Novembre 1991. Eds I.J. GORDON, R. RUBINO.- Zaragoza : CIHEAM/CCE-DGVI, 1994.- 121 p.

o Volume 6 - L 'elevage ovin en zones arides et semi-arides. Actes du seminaire de I'ATA-IAMZ, Kairouan (Tunisie), 18-19 novembre 1992. Eds G. CAJA, M. DJEMALI, D. GABINA, A. NEFZAOUI.- Zaragoza : CIHEAM/ATA-IAMZlOEP, 1995.- 123 p.

o Volume 7 - Food and agricultural policies in the Middle East and North Africa: Egypt, Lebanon, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia, Turkey. Compilation : M. ALLAYA, B. THABET.- Montpellier : CIHEAMIINA Tunis/Ford Foundation, 1994.- 294 p.

o Volume 8 - Rabbit production in hot climates. Actes du seminaire tenu au Caire (Egypte), 6-8 septembre 1994. Eds M. BASELGA, I.F.M. MARAI.- Zaragoza: CIHEAM/ERSA, 1994.- 550 p. (epuise).

o Volume 8bis - FAO MedNetRice: Breeding and biotechnology groups/Groupes "Selection" et "Biotechnologie". Actes des ateliers de Szarvas (Hongrie), 7-10 fevrier 1994. Coordinateurs de groupe G. CLEMENT, E. COCKING.- Montpellier : CIHEAM/FAO, 1994.- 80 p.

Serie / Series «Cahires Options Mediterraneennes"

o Volume 9 - Agriculture, durabilite et environnementlAgriculture, sustainability and environment. Actes du seminaire de L'ATA-IAMZ, Tunis, Tunisie, 2-3 decembre 1993. Eds S. ZEKRI, A. LAAJIMI.- Zaragoza : CIHEAM/ATA-IAMZlCES, 1995.- 158 p.

o Volume 10 - Dynamique des populations marines/Marine population dynamics. Rapport de la premiere reunion du groupe de travail DYNPOP, Tunis, 10-14 septembre 1994.- Zaragoza : CIHEAM/ICIESM/INSTOP, 1995.- 125 p.

o Volume 11 - Strategies for sheep and goat breeding/Strategies pour I'amelioration genetique des ovins et caprins. Proceedings of the meeting of the jOint FAO-CIHEAM Network on Sheep and Goats, Subnetwork on Snimal Resources, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia, 26-28 March 1995. Ed. D. GABINA.- Zaragoza : CIHEAM/FAOIOEP, 1995.- 231 p.

o Volume 12 - Systemes sylvopastoraux : pour un envlronnement, une agriculture et une economle durables / Sylvopastoral systems: environmental, agricultural and economic sustainabillty. Actes de la reunion du Groupe de travail mediterraneen du Reseau Interregional FAO/CIHEAM de Recherche et Developpement sur les Paturages et les Cultures Fourrageres, Avignon, France, 29 mai-2 juin 1995.- Zaragoza : CIHEAM/FAO/INRA, 1995.- 280 p. (epuise).

o Volume 13 - Underutilized fruit crops in the Mediterranean region/Cultures fruitieres sous-utili sees dans la region mediterraneenne. Proceedings of the first meeting of the CIHEAM Cooperative Working Group on Underutilized Fruit Crops in the Mediterranean Region, Zaragoza, Spain, 9-10 November 1994. Eds. G. LLACER, U. AKSOY, M. MARS.- Zaragoza : CIHEAM, 1995.- 110 p.

o Volume 14 - Aspects economiques de la production aquacole/Aquaculture production economics. Actes du seminaire du Reseau SELAM du CIHEAM, Montpellier, France, 17-19 mai 1995.- Zaragoza : CIHEAM/MEDRAP 11 (FAO/UNDP)/IFREMER, 1995.- 276 p.

o Volume 15 - MedNetRice (reseau FAO/CIHEAM) - Action concertee : qualite et competitivite des riz europeens (seminaires 1994-1995).

n° 1. Perspectives agronomiques de la culture au riz en Mediterranee : reduire la consommation de I'eau et des engrais I Agronomic outlook in Mediterranean rice cultivation: cutting down water consumption and fertilizers). Actes du groupe Agronomie, Sibari, Italie, 19-23 octobre 1994. Ed. J. CHATAIGNER.- Montpellier: CIHEAM/FAO, 1996.- 98 p.

n° 2. Economie du riz dans le bassin mediterraneen. Actes du seminaire de Cordoba, Espagne, 15-16 decembre 1994. Ed. J. CHATAIGNER.- Montpellier : CIHEAM, 1996.- 160 p.

n° 3. Maladies du riz en region mediterraneenne et les possibilites d'amelioration de sa resistancel Rice diseases in theMediterranean region and breeding for resistance. Actes du seminair e de Montpellier, France, 15-17 mai 1995 Ed. J CHATAIGNER. - Montpellier : CIHEAM/FAO, 1997.- 148p.

n° 4. Qualite des riz europeens : recherches en cours. Actes du seminaire d'Arles, 18-20 mai 1995. Ed. M. MOURZELAS.- Montpellier: CIHEAM/AC UE DGVI, 1996.- 146 p.

o Volume 16 - Marine aquaculture finfish species diversification/Diversification des especes de poissons en aquaculture marine. Proceedings of the seminar of the CIHEAM Network TECAM, Nicosia, Cyprus, 14-17 June 1995.- Zaragoza : CIHEAM/MEDRAP 11 (FAO/UNDP), 1995.- 169 p.

o Volume 17 - Marketing of aquaculture products/Commercialisation des produits aquacoles. Proceedings of the seminar of the CIHEAM Network SELAM, Thessaloniki, Greece, 11-13 October 1995.- Zaragoza : CIHEAM/IMBC, 1996.- 245 p.

o Volume 18 - The genus Medicago in the Mediterranean region: current situation and prospects in research/Le genre Medicago en Mediterranee : bilan et perspectives de la recherche. Proceedings of the meeting of the Mediterranean Working Group on Medicago of the FAO-CIHEAM Inter-Regional Rsearch and Development Network on Pastures and Fodder Crops, organized with the collaboration of the Faculty of sciences of Tunis, Hammamet, Tunisia, 19-22 October 1995. Eds. G. GENIER, J.M. PROSPER 1- Zaragoza : CIHEAM/FAO, 1996.- 189 p.

o Volume 19 - Les industries agro-alimentaires en Algerie : politiques, structures et performances depuis l'independance. Ed. M. BOUKELLA.- Montpellier: CIHEAM/CREAD, 1996.- 70 p.

o Volume 20 - La mycorhization des plantes forestieres en milieu aride et semi-aride et la lutte contre la desertification dans le bassin mediterraneen/Mycorrhization of forest plants under arid and semi-arid conditions and desertification control in the Mediterranean Basin. Actes du seminaire du Groupe de Travail CIHEAM sur l'Utilisation des Mycorhizes pour la Lutte contre la Desertification dans le Bassin Mediterraneen (MYCOLUDESME), Zaragoza, Espagne, 15-17 Novembre 1995.- Zaragoza: CIHEAM, 1996.- 147 p.

Serie / Series «Cahires Options Mediterraneennes»

o Volume 21 - The varroosis in the Mediterranean region. Proceedings of the seminar organized by CIHEAM and Junta de Andalucia, Granada, Spain, 22-23 September 1996.- Zaragoza: CIHEAMIJunta de Andatucia, 1997.- 103 p.

o Volume 22 - Feeding tomorrows fish. Proceedings of the workshop of the CIHEAM Network on Technology of Aquaculture in the Mediterranean (TECAM), Mazarron-Murcia, Spain, 24-26 June 1996. Eds A. TACON, B. BASURCO.- Zaragoza: CIHEAM/FAOIIEO, 1997.- 307 p.

o Volume 23 - Identification of wild food and non-food plants of the Mediterranean Region. Proceedings of the first MEDUSA Network workshop, Chania, Greece, June 1996.- Ed. V. HEYWOOD.- Chania: CIHEAM, 1997.- 150 p.

o Volume 24 - MedNetRice (reseau FAO-CIHEAM) -Action concertee : qualite et competitivite des riz europeens (seminaires 1996)

n' 1. Une approche de la consommation du riz dans six pays europeens par la methode des groupes cibles (premiere etape)/A focus group approach to the consumer preference on rice in six European countries (step one). Actes du seminaire de Montpellier, France, 28-29 juin 1996. Ed. J. CHATAIGNER.- Montpellier: CIHEAM, 1997.- 110 p.

n' 2. Activites de recherche sur le riz en climat medite rranee n/M editerranean rice research activities. Actes de la 2' consultation technique du reseau cooperatif interregional FAO/REU/RNE de recherche sur le riz en climat mediterraneen, ArIes, France, 4-7 septembre 1996. Ed. J. CHATAIGNER.- Montpellier: CIHEAM/FAO, 1997.- 194 p.

n' 3. Rice quality: a pluridisciplinary approach. Proceedings of the International Symposium held in Nottingham, U.K., 4-724-27 November 1997. Ed. J. CHATAIGNER.- Montpellier: CIHEAM/FAO, 1997.- 194 p.

o Volume 25 - Recent advances in goat research. Collection of papers presented by members of the FAO-CIHEAM Network of Cooperative Research on Sheep and Goats at the Vlth International Conference on Goats, Beijing, China, 6-11 May 1996.- Ed. P. MORAND-FEHR.- Zaragoza: CIHEAM/FAO, 1997.- 93 p.

o Volume 26 - Feed manufacturing in Southern Europe: new challenges. Proceedings of the South European. Feed Manufacturers Conference, Reus-Tarragona, Spain, 9-11 May 1996.- Eds A. GENDRAU, J. BRUFAU.-Zaragoza CIHEAM/ASFAC, 1997.- 209 p.

o Volume 27 - BibliographiiJ : comportements alimentaires au Moyen-Orient.- Ed. M.H. JOUVE.- Montpellier CIHEAM (en preparation).

o Volume 28 - Development of mountainous regions. Proceedings of a short course on "Development of mountainous regions", Nicosia, Cyprus, 14-27 October 1996.- Ed. G. BAOURAKIS, E. STAMATAKI, C. CLAPAN.Chania: CIHEAM/CEU-DGI (en preparation).

o Volume 29 - The common agricultural policy of the European Union: new market trends.- Proceedings of a short course on "Common agricultural policy of the EU", Chania, Crete, Greece, 24 February-20 March 1997.-Ed. G. BAOURAKIS.- Chania: CIHEAM, 1998.- 235 p. (Prix/Price: 50$, so it environ 300 FF).

o Volume 30 - Endogenous development in Greece, Tunisia, Egypt, Turkey, Albania.- Framework papers of the Research Network on the Endogenous Rural Development of the Mediterranean Region.- Chania : CIHEAM (en preparation).

o Volume 31 - Cultures protegees.- Actes du colloque mediterraneen sur les Cultures protegees, Agadir, Maroc, 6-90ctobre 1998.- Ed. M. CHOUKR-ALLAH.- Chania: CIHEAM (en preparation).

o Volume 32 - Regionalisation of agricultural research in the Mediterranean and Near-East countrieslRegionalisation de la recherche agricole en Mediterranee et au Proche-Orien. - Proceedings of the seminar of Firenze, Italy, 5-7 May 1997.- Ed. P. PLAZA.- Montpellier CIHEAM/FAOIICARDAlIFAD (en preparation) .

o Volume 33 - X GREMPA Seminar / Xeme Colloque du GREMPA.- Proceedings of the X GREMPA seminar, organized by the INRAM with the collaboration of the FAO-CIHEAM Network on Nuts, Meknes, Morocco, 14-17 October 1996.- Zaragoza: CIHEAM/FAO/INRAM, 1998.- 237 p.

o Volume 34 - Genetics and breeding of Mediterranean aqua culture species. Proceedings of the seminar of the CIHEAM Network TECAM, Zaragoza, Spain, 28-29 April 1997.- Eds D. BARTLEY, B. BASURCO.- Zaragoza CIHEAM/FAO, 1998 (en preparation).

o Volume 35 - Dynamique des populations marines/Marine populations dynamics. Actes de la deuxieme reunion du groupe de travail DYNPOp du CIESM-CIHEAM, Genes, Italie, 2-5 octobre 1996.- Ed. J. LLEONART.-Zaragoza: CIHEAM/CIESM/UNIV. GENES, 1998 (en preparation).

o Volume 36 - Politiques foncieres et amenagements des structures agricoles dans les pays mediterraneens. Textes des conferences du cours specialise sur les Politiques foncieres, Universite de Cukurova, Adana, Turquie, mai 1994.- Ed. N. BOUDERBALA, A.M. JOUVE.- Montpellier: CIHEAM, 1998 (en preparation) .

ISSN 1016-1229 ISBN: 2-85352-188-5

Options Mediterram! ennes OM is a ClHEAM series devoted to the development of Mediterranean agriculture.

Having appeared in the form of a priodica l from 1970 to 1976, the title OM has been given to the «Etudes» series from 198 1 to 1989. To date, OM includes theree series: «Med iterranean Workshops» (Ser. A), «Research and Analysis» (Ser. 8) and «Cahiers

Option Med iterraneennes» .

INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR ADVANCED MEDITERRANEAN AGRONOMIC STUDIES

RESUME

L'estimation des besoins en I!tlU des cultures. le bilan hydroJogique d'un couvert l'eflicienced'U1ilisation de I'enu de In pan des systemes agricoles. et beaucoup d'aUlfCs ronditionsoU Inconsommlltion en eau <inns Icoonlinuum sol-plantc-:l.lnlosphere entre en jell. rcquierent. de quclques manieres.la determination de la "demande climntiqucM

•

Une mnniere pour qUMlilier une tclle "dem:lDde" est roumic: par I'estimation de de reference", indiqufe par E1b el dtfinie en tant que '13ux d'evapotr:l.IIspir.l.lion 11 partir d'unc surface etendue d'unc cullure de gll1.on ven. de hauteur uniformc de 8 r. 15 cm, en bonnes conditions de croissance, ombrngcant entieremenl le sol el qui ne m:mque pas d'eau, I\utrefois, la culture de reren:ncc t'!U1it la luzeme. Plus on a pris comme culture de reference abstraite ayant unc hauteur. une conductnnce du couvcrt ct unc rtflectance dc surface constantes, Au fiI du temps. differenLS modCles et equations ont dl\'cloppts et testes pourestiffiCr Elb. chacun a\'ee $CS

particu]arites. son 6;helle temporelle et ses besoins en temlCS dedonne.es.

Pour cela, Elb etant le point de depart pour un grand nombre d'applicmions dans la ge.-.tion de I'eau en agriculture, le Rfseau d'ElTicience d'Utilisation de I'Eau (WUE_Net). un Res.cau de recherche forme par de.'i scientifiques qui dans la M&litcmmfe. promu et appu)'e par le CIHEAM. a dfcidt de produire ce logicicl (avcc documentation 3nnc:<e) pour I'tlaboration aisee et rnpide des

meteorologiques couramment ootenues i'I panir des agro.nh!teorologiques pour caleuler ETo ct. pour de

longues de donn6es. le deficit hydrique climatique (CWD Climatic Water Deficit).

IAM_ETo caleulc ETh 1'1 difft'!n:ntC"ii eehclles tcmporelles, joumaliere 1'1 un mois. par les equllIions

qui representent les principall :< standards report6s en li uer.tture:

• Penman-Monteith (FAO) • Penman (origindl • Penman (FAO)

Prieslly-Taylor • Rayonnement (FAO) • Blaney-Criddle(FAOl

Blanc),-Criddle(SCS) HargreavC$

• Bacdec1asseA(FAO)

lAM_FIb cakule le deficit hydrique climlltique (CWD) en lant que difrerence enlre Elb ell:! pluie rnensuellc utilisable (a pour un la pluie ulilbllble cstla hauteur de pluie qui n'excede pas ETh).

Au cours de l'o!lllborntion IAM_Elb calcule des slatistique" (die, Ics Ics ecarh

type .. etles.:-m:urs quadrntiques mo)cnnes, Do: par ses particularit,:s, lAM_ETa s'adresse aux sdentifiqucs. amt agences gouvemcOIcnlales, aux ingo!nieurs et aux vulgarisatcurs qui s'occupcnt de la gestion de I'eau en agriculture Cl en irri gut ion.

SUMMARY

The estilllllles of crop water rcquiremelll s, the hydrological balance or a vegetated surface. the efficiency in water use by agricultural systems. and mnny other cases where thc water consumption throughout the soil·plum-atmosphere is involved, all require. at a moment or another, the determination or the "evaporative demand or the atmosphere",

One way to quantify such a Mdcmand" is givcn by estimating the "rererence-crop evapotranspirntion". indicated :lS Eto and typically defined as "the mic or evapotranspinuion from an extensive surfaceofS to 15 cm tnll green gr:lSscover. of unifonn height. actively growing, completely shading the ground and not short in water", At times. the reference crop wns alfaJrn, More recemly. the reference crop has been abstrncted and assumed as 11 crop having height. canopy conductnnce and surface reneClance as conStants, Ovcr lime, dirferent equations or models hll\'c been dc\'eloped and tested to estimate FIb, each onc with its own peculiarity. time scale. anddntll R:quiremenlS.

Thus. being Eto the starting point for lTlill1y applications in agricultural water managcment. the Water Use Efficicncy Network (WUE_Net). a research Networi: of scientific Institutions operating in the Mediterranean. promoted and supponed by the CIHEAM. decided to yield this IAM_E'Ib Software Program and User's Guide to process easily and quickly weather data commonly obrnined from agm-meteorological suuions to calculate Eto and. for long time

data. thedimatie watcrdeficil (CWD). IAt.·,-FIb calculates ET Cl at diffcrem time scules. rrom

daily to monthly. with the rollowing equations. representing the majorSlandanis in the IilerDtUn;::

• Penman-Monteith (FAO) • I\!lIman (original) • Penman (FAO) • Pricstl ey-1l1ylor • Radiation (FAO) • Blaney-Criddle (FAO) • Blaney-Criddle (SCS) • Hargreaves • Class "le "',m (FAO)

IAM_Elbcalculalcsthe climatic water deficit (CWD) as difference between monthly E1b and monthly usable

r.linfall (i.e., for 11 given monlh, usable rninfall is thc depth of r.tinfnll 1101 exceeding Eto),

While processing the data. IAM_Elb calculates also some useful stntiMics such as means, standard deviations and mot mean squaree.rrol",

r'Or its distinctive features, IAM _Elb is addressed to scienti\\S, governmental agencies, engineers nnd

involved in agricllhuml water nlRnagcment and irrigution,

Price: 10 Euro