s ection 2 the brain (encephalon) ( 脑 )
DESCRIPTION
S ection 2 The Brain (Encephalon) ( 脑 ). T HE B RAIN S TEM ( 脑干 ) T HE C EREBELLUM ( 小脑 ) T HE D IENCEPHALON ( 间脑 ) T HE T ELENCEPHALON ( 端脑 ) Average Total Weight: 1400 g. A. Divisions of Brain ( 脑的分部 ). Early embryo ( 早期胚胎 ). Late embryo ( 晚期胚胎 ). Adult ( 成人 ). - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Systematic Anatomy Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University 1
SSectionection 2 2 The Brain (Encephalon) (The Brain (Encephalon) ( 脑脑 ))
THE BRAIN STEM ( 脑干 )
THE CEREBELLUM ( 小脑 )
THE DIENCEPHALON ( 间脑 )
THE TELENCEPHALON ( 端脑 )
Average Total Weight: 1400 g
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Systematic Anatomy Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University 2
A. Divisions of Brain ( 脑的分部 )
Early embryo ( 早期胚胎 )
forebrain ( 前脑 ) (prosencephalon)
midbrain ( 中脑 ) (mesencephalon)
hindbrain ( 菱脑 ) (rhombencephalon)
telencephalon ( 端脑 )
diencephalon ( 间脑 )
mesencephalon ( 中脑 )
metencephalon ( 后脑 )
myelencephalon ( 延脑 )
cerebrum ( 大脑 )
diencephalon ( 间脑 )
midbrain ( 中脑 )
pons ( 脑桥 )medulla oblongata( 延髓 )
cerebellum ( 小脑 )
Late embryo ( 晚期胚胎 ) Adult ( 成人 )
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Systematic Anatomy Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University 3
B. Brain Stem ( 脑干 )
1) medulla oblongata (bulb) ( 延髓 )
2) pons ( 脑桥 )
3) midbrain ( 中脑 )
4) rhomboid fossa
( 菱形窝 )
1. Subdivision of the brain stem
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Systematic Anatomy Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University 4
B. Brain Stem ( 脑干 )
1) medulla oblongata (bulb) ( 延髓 )
2) pons ( 脑桥 )
3) midbrain ( 中脑 )
4) rhomboid fossa
( 菱形窝 )
1. Subdivision of the brain stem
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Systematic Anatomy Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University 5
1) medulla oblongata (bulb) ( 延髓 )
a. anterior median fissure ( 前正中裂 )
b. pyramid ( 锥体 ) c. decussation of pyramid
( 锥体交叉 )
d. anterolateral sulcus ( 前外侧沟 ) - XII
B. Brain Stem ( 脑干 ) 2. External features ( 外形 )
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Systematic Anatomy Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University 6
e. olive ( 橄榄 ) -
dorsal - IX, , XIⅩ f. bulbopontine sulc
us
( 延髓脑桥沟 ) -VI,VII,VIII
B. Brain Stem ( 脑干 )
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Systematic Anatomy Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University 7
B. Brain Stem ( 脑干 ) g. posterior median sulcus
( 后正中沟 )
h. gracile tubercle
( 薄束结节 )
i. cuneate tubercle ( 楔束结节 )
j. obex ( 闩 )
k. inferior cerebellar peduncle ( 小脑下脚 )
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Systematic Anatomy Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University 8
2) pons ( 脑桥 )
a. basilar part ( 基底部 ) - V
b. basilar sulcus ( 基底沟 )
B. Brain Stem ( 脑干 )
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Systematic Anatomy Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University 9
c. middle cerebellar peduncle ( 小脑中脚 )
d. pontocerebeller trigone ( 脑桥小脑三角 )
e. superior cerebellar peduncle ( 小脑上脚 )
f. superior medullary velum ( 上髓帆 )
B. Brain Stem ( 脑干 )
d
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Systematic Anatomy Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University 10
3) midbrain ( 中脑 ) a. crus cerebri (大脑脚 ) b. interpeduncular fossa (脚间窝 ) - III c. posterior perforated substance (后穿质 )
B. Brain Stem ( 脑干 )
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Systematic Anatomy Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University 11
d. superior colliculus ( 上丘 )e. brachium of superior colliculus ( 上丘臂 )f. inferior colliculus ( 下丘 ) - IVg. brachium of inferior colliculus ( 下丘臂 )
B. Brain Stem ( 脑干 )
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Systematic Anatomy Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University 12
a. median sulcus ( 正中沟 )
b. sulcus limitans ( 界沟 )
c. locus ceruleus ( 蓝斑 )d. striae medullares
( 髓纹 )
B. Brain Stem ( 脑干 ) 4) rhomboid fossa ( 菱形窝 )
(floor of the 4th ventricle 第四脑室底 )
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Systematic Anatomy Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University 13
e. vestibular area
( 前庭区 )
f. acoustic tubercle ( 听结节 )
g. medial eminence ( 内侧隆起 )
h. facial colliculus ( 面神经丘 )
B. Brain Stem ( 脑干 )
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Systematic Anatomy Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University 14
i. hypoglossal triangle
( 舌下神经三角 )
j. vagal triangle
( 迷走神经三角 )
k. area postrema
( 最后区 )
l. inferior medullary velum ( 下髓帆 )
B. Brain Stem ( 脑干 )
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Systematic Anatomy Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University 15
a. tela choroidea of 4th ventricle ( 第四脑室脉络组织 )
b. choroid plexus of 4th ventricle ( 第四脑室脉络丛 )
c. median aperture of 4th ventricle ( 第四脑室正中孔 )
d. lateral apertures of 4th ventricle ( 第四脑室外侧孔 )
B. Brain Stem ( 脑干 ) 5) fourth ventricle ( 第四脑室 )
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Systematic Anatomy Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University 16
B. Brain Stem ( 脑干 )3. Internal structure ( 内部结构 )
1) nuclei of cranial nerves ( 脑神经核 ) a. Somatic motor column (GSE) ( 躯体运动柱 ) i. oculomotor nucleus (III 核 ) ii. trochlear nucleus (IV 核 ) iii. abducens nucleus (VI 核 ) iv. hypoglossal nucleus (XII 核 )
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Systematic Anatomy Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University 17
i. motor nucleus of trigeminal nerve ( 三叉神经运动核 ) → muscle of mastication
ii. facial nucleus ( 面神经核 ) → muscles of expression
iii. nucleus ambiguus ( 疑核 ) → muscle of pharynx and larynx
iv. accessory nucleus ( 副神经核 ) → trapezius & sternocleidomastoid
B. Brain Stem ( 脑干 ) b. special visceral motor column
(SVE) ( 特殊内脏运动柱 )
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Systematic Anatomy Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University 18
i. accessory oculomotor nucleus (Edinger-Westphal) ( 动眼神经副核 ) → sphincter pupillae, ciliary m.
ii. superior salivatory nucleus ( 上泌涎核 ) → lacrimal gland, submandibular gland, sublingual gland
B. Brain Stem ( 脑干 ) c. general visceral motor column (GVE) ( 一般内脏运动柱 )
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Systematic Anatomy Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University 19
iii. inferior salivatory nucleus ( 下泌涎核 ) → par
otid gland
iv. dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve ( 迷走神经背核 ) → most viscera in neck, thorax and abdomen
B. Brain Stem ( 脑干 )
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Systematic Anatomy Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University 20
nucleus of solitary tract (孤束核 ) a. gustatory n.(味觉核 ) ← taste (VII,IX,X)
b. cardiorespiratory n.(心 呼吸核 ) ← all sensory of viscera (I
X,X)
B. Brain Stem ( 脑干 ) d. visceral sensory column (GVS,SVA) ( 内脏感觉柱 )
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Systematic Anatomy Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University 21
i. mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve
( 三叉神经中脑核 ) ← proprioceptive sense of masticatory mm.
ii. pontine nucleus of V. ( 三叉神经脑桥核 ) ← tactile sense of head
B. Brain Stem ( 脑干 ) e. general somatic sensory column (GSA) ( 一般躯体感觉柱 )
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Systematic Anatomy Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University 22
iii. spinal nucleus of trige
minal nerve
( 三叉神经脊束核 ) ← pain and thermal sense of head
f. special somatic sensory column
(SSA) ( 特殊躯体感觉柱 )
B. Brain Stem ( 脑干 )
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Systematic Anatomy Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University 23
i. ventral & dorsal coc
hlear nuclei ( 蜗腹侧核 , 蜗背侧核 ) ← cochlear ganglion (hearing)
ii. vestibular nuclei ( 前庭神经核 ) ← vestibular ganglion (balance)
B. Brain Stem ( 脑干 )
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Systematic Anatomy Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University 24
B. Brain Stem ( 脑干 )
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Systematic Anatomy Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University 25
2) Noncranial nuclei ( 非脑神经核 ) a. gracile nucleus ( 薄束核 ) Location: lower part of medulla. fasciculus gracilis (T4) internal arcuate fibers ( 内弓状纤维 ) decussation of m
edial lemniscus ( 内侧丘系交叉 ) medial lemniscus ( 内侧丘系 )
b. cuneate nucleus ( 楔束核 ) Location: upper part of medulla. fasciculus cuneatus (T4) same as gracile nucleus.
B. Brain Stem ( 脑干 )
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Systematic Anatomy Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University 26
c. inferior olivary nucleus ( 下橄榄核 ) all the central nervous system olivocerebellar fibers — inferior cerebellar pedunclecerebellum.
d. superior olivary nucleus ( 上橄榄核 )e. pontine nuclei ( 脑桥核 ) corticonuclear tract pontocerebellar fibers — middle cerebellar pedunclecerebellum.
f. nucleus of inferior colliculus( 下丘核 )
g. red nucleus ( 红核 )h. substantia nigra ( 黑质 )
B. Brain Stem ( 脑干 )
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Systematic Anatomy Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University 27
3) white matter ( 白质 ) a. Long sensory tracts ( 长感觉束 ) i. medial lemniscus ( 内侧丘系 ) ii. lateral lemniscus ( 外侧丘系 ) iii. trigeminal lemniscus ( 三叉丘系 ) iv. medial longitudinal fasciculus ( 内侧
纵束 )
B. Brain Stem ( 脑干 )
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Systematic Anatomy Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University 28
v. anterior spinocerebellar tract ( 脊髓小脑前束 ) vi. posterior spinocerebellar tract ( 脊髓小脑后束 )b. Long motor tracts ( 长运动束 ) i. corticospinal tract ( 皮质脊髓束 ) ii. corticonuclear tract ( 皮质核束 ) i + ii = pyramidal system ( 锥体系统 )
B. Brain Stem ( 脑干 )
Function: The voluntary movement of the skeletal muscles
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Systematic Anatomy Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University 29
iii. rubrospinal tract ( 红核脊髓束 )iv. tectospinal tract ( 顶盖脊髓束 ) v. olivospinal tract ( 橄榄脊髓束 )vi. vestibulospinal tract ( 前庭脊髓束 )vii. reticulospinal tract ( 网状脊髓束 ) iii-vii = extrapyramidal system ( 锥体外系 )
B. Brain Stem ( 脑干 )
Functions: To regulate the tonicity of the muscles. To coordinate the muscular activities. To maintain the normal body posture and produce habitual and rhythmic movements.
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Systematic Anatomy Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University 30
4) reticular formation (RF) ( 网状结构 )Definition: intermingled grey and white matter collecti
velyFunctions: a. agrypnode ( 醒觉 ) b. ascending reticular activating system ( 上行激活系统 ) c. visceromotor control ( 内脏运动控制 ) d. osphresis ( 嗅觉 )
B. Brain Stem ( 脑干 )
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Systematic Anatomy Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University 31
A. Division ( 分部 ) 1. Decussation part ( 交叉部 ) 1) decussation of medial lemniscus ( 内侧丘系交叉 ) 2) decussation of pyramid ( 锥体交叉 ) 2. Olivary part ( 橄榄体部 ) inferior olivary nucleus ( 下橄榄核 ) [medial bulbar syndrome 延髓内侧综合征 ] [lateral bulbar syndrome (Wallenberg) 延髓外侧综合征 ]
Internal Structure of the Medulla Oblongata
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Systematic Anatomy Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University 32
B. Decussation part ( 交叉部 )
Internal Structure of the Medulla Oblongata
cortico-spinal
tract 85% ( 皮质脊髓束 )
lat. corticospinal tract ( 皮质脊髓侧束 )
muscles of limbs
( 四肢肌肉 )
ant. corticospinal tract ( 皮质脊髓前束 ) muscles of
trunk( 躯干肌 )
cortico-nuclear
tract 15%( 皮质核束 )
hypoglossal nuc. nuc. ambiguusaccessory nuc.
( 舌下 , 疑 , 副 n 核 )
mm of tongue,pharynx &
larynxSCM & trapezius( 舌肌 , 咽喉肌 ,
胸锁乳突 ,斜方肌 )
decussa
tion
of pyra
mid
(
锥体交叉)
1 躯体随意运动
头颈部随意运动2
ant.white commissure
n.ambiguus 疑核
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Systematic Anatomy Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University 33
C. Olivary part ( 橄榄体部 )
gracile nuc.
cuneate nuc.
medial lemniscus
( 内侧丘系 )
lateral spinothalamic tract( 脊髓丘脑侧束 )
anterior spinothalamic tract( 脊髓丘脑前束 )
spinothalamic tract (lemniscus)[ 脊髓丘脑束 ( 脊髓丘系 )]
internal arcuate fibers
( 内弓状纤维 )
decus. of
med.lemnisc
内侧丘系交叉
gracile tr.( 薄束 )
cuneate tr.( 楔束 )
1
2
本体 ,精细触觉
疼痛 ,温度觉
粗略触觉
Internal Structure of the Medulla Oblongata
II
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Systematic Anatomy Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University 34
Internal Structure of the Pons
A. Basilar Part ( 基底部 ) a recent part phylogenetically
( 种系发生为新的部分 )
B. Tegmental Part ( 被盖部 ) continuation of the medulla
oblongata ( 为延髓的延续 )
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Systematic Anatomy Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University 35
A. Basilar Part ( 基底部 )
corticopontine fibers ( 皮质脑桥纤维 )
pontocerebellar fibers ( 脑桥小脑 f) mid.cerebellar peduncle ( 小脑中脚 )
cochlear nuclei ( 两侧蜗神经核 )
lateral lemniscus ( 外侧丘系 )
sup. olivary nuc.( 上橄榄核 )
pontine nuclei
( 脑桥核 )
B. Tegmental Part ( 被盖部 )
Internal Structure of the Pons
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Systematic Anatomy Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University 36
Internal Structure of the Midbrain
A. Cerebral Peduncle (大脑脚 )
B. Tegmentum (被盖部 ) C.Tectum (顶盖部 ) dorsal to the mesencephalic aqueduct (位于中脑水管背侧 )
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Systematic Anatomy Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University 37
Internal Structure of the MidbrainA. Cerebral Peduncle ( 大脑脚 ) Descending fibers from the cerebral cortex ( 来源于大脑皮质的下行纤维 )
1. Pyramidal tract ( 锥体束 ) (corticospinal tracts, corticonuclear tracts) at the middle 3/5
2. Frontopontine tract ( 额桥束 ) at medial 1/5
3. Parieto-occipito-temporo-pontine tracts ( 顶枕颞桥束 ) at lateral 1/5
[Weber's syndrome 中脑脚底综合征 ]
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Systematic Anatomy Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University 38
B. Tegmentum ( 被盖部 ) 1. Substantia nigra ( 黑质 )
1) reticular part ( 网状部 )
2) compact part ( 致密部 )
→ caudate ( 壳 ) and
putamen ( 苍白球 )
Internal Structure of the Midbrain
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Systematic Anatomy Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University 39
Red nuc.( 红核 )
magnocellular part ( 大细胞部 )
parvocellular part ( 小细胞部 )
rubrospinal tract( 红核脊髓束 )
anterior horn( 前角神经元 )
cortex of cerebrum and cerebellum( 大脑和小脑皮质 )
inf. olivary nuc.( 下橄榄核 )
Cerebellum( 小脑 )
vent. tegmental decus.
Internal Structure of the Midbrain
2. Red nucleus ( 红核 )
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nucleus of inferior colliculus( 下丘核 )
lateral lemniscus ( 外侧丘系 )
brachium of inferior colliculus( 下丘臂 )
med.geniculate body ( 内侧膝状体 )
2gray matter
layers of sup.colliculus
( 上丘核灰质层 )
brachium of sup. colliculus ( 上丘臂 )
tectospinal tract( 顶盖脊髓束 )
dorsal tegmental decussation( 被盖背交叉 )
Internal Structure of the MidbrainC. Tectum ( 顶盖部 )
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pretectal area( 顶盖前区 )
brachium of superior colliculus( 上丘臂 )
accessory oculomotor nuc.( 动眼神经副核 )
ciliary ganglion
( 睫状 n 节 )
sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscle( 瞳孔括约肌 , 睫状肌 )
D.D. Mensencephalic aqueduct (cerebral aqueduct) ( 中脑水管 )
Internal Structure of the Midbrain
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Systematic Anatomy Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University 42
Ascending Fasciculi of the Pons and Midbrain
A. Acoustic sense ( 听觉 )spiral organs( 螺旋器 )
cochlear n( 蜗神经 )
cochlearnuclei
( 蜗 n 核 )trapezoid body
( 斜方体 )
brachium of inferiorcolliculus ( 下丘臂 )
medial geniculate body( 内侧膝状体 )
nucleus of inferiorcolliculus( 下丘核 )
LATERAL LEMNISCUS( 外侧丘系 )
高频 蜗背侧核低频 蜗腹侧核
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B. Sensory of face (pain and temperature) ( 面部痛温觉 )
Ascending Fasciculi of the Pons and Midbrain
( 面部痛温觉 ) spinal tract of V. n.( 三叉神经脊束 )
Thalamus(ventroposterior medial nuc.)
( 丘脑腹后内侧核 )
Trigeminal Lemniscus( 三叉丘系 )
spinal nucleus of V.n.( 三叉神经脊束核 )
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C. Tactile sense of face ( 面部触觉 )
tactile sense of face
( 面部触觉 )
trigeminal n.( 三叉神经 )
pontine nucleus of V.n.( 三叉神经脑桥核 )
trigeminal lemniscus( 三叉丘系 )
THALAMUS(ventroposterior medial nuc.)
( 丘脑腹后内侧核 )
Ascending Fasciculi of the Pons and Midbrain
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D. Equilibratory sense of head ( 头部平衡觉 )
related nn.( 相关神经 )
mm. of tongue& limbs
( 舌 ,四肢肌肉 )
Ascending Fasciculi of the Pons and Midbrain
medial longitudinalfasciculus ( 内侧纵束 )
nuclei of Ⅲ, ,ⅣⅥ
(III,IV,VI 核 )III,IV,VI nerves
extraocular mm.( 眼外肌 )
equilibratory sense of head
( 头部平衡觉 )vestibular n.
( 前庭神经核 )
nuclei of XII,& ant. horn)
( 脑 , 脊神经核 )
vestibular n. ( 前庭神经 )
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Systematic Anatomy Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University 46
Descending Fasciculi of the Pons and Midbrain
Voluntary movement ( 随意运动 )
pyramidal tract (in middle 3/5 crus cerebri)
( 锥体束 )
corticospinal tract( 皮质脊髓束 )
corticonuclear tract ( 皮质核束 )
facial nuc.(lower 2/3)( 面 n 核 )
all cranial nuclei ( 脑神经核 )
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Systematic Anatomy Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University 47
Reticular Formation of the Brain Stem
Definition: The field intermingled cell bodies of neuron (grey) and nerve fibers(white matter) collectively termed reticular formation (RF) ( 神经胞体和纤维交错排列成为网状结构 )
Characteristics: Wide spread network, almost all the afferent and efferent fibers connect all the central nervous system
( 广泛分布 , 几乎与全部中枢神经系的纤维相连 ).
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Reticular Formation of the Brain Stem
Functions:
A. Somatomotor control ( 躯体运动控制 )
B. Activation of the behavioral arousal, maintain the conscious state of cerebral cortex. ( 保持大脑醒觉 )
ascending reticular activating system ( 上行网状激活系统 ): senses → RF → cerebral cortex [deep coma 深昏迷 ]
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C. Visceromotor control ( 内脏运动控制 ): a series of vital functional centers (respiration, cardiovascular controlling, vomiting, etc.)
cerebral & cerebellar cortex → RF → reticulospinal tract → anterior horn.
D. Osphresis( 嗅觉 ): limbic system( 边缘系统 ) → RF (rapheal nuclei 中缝核 )
Reticular Formation of the Brain Stem
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E. Main nuclei ( 主要核团 ): 1. Rapheal nuclei ( 中缝核 ): in median plane o
f brain stem( 位于脑干正中面 ). 2. central (medial) group ( 中央群 ): in param
edian plane of brain stem ( 位于脑干旁正中平面 ).
3. Cerebellar reticular formation nuclei ( 小脑网状结构核团 )
4. Nuclei of catecholamine (CA) ( 儿茶酚胺核团 ): locus ceruleus ( 蓝斑 ).
Reticular Formation of the Brain Stem
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E. Main nuclei ( 主要核团 ):1. Rapheal nuclei ( 中缝核 ): in median plane of brain stem( 位于脑干正中面 ).
Transmitter ( 递质 ): 1) 5-HT (5-hydroxytryptamine) ( 五羟色胺 ) 2) enkephalin ( 脑啡肽 )
2. central (medial) group ( 中央群 ): in paramedian plane of brain stem ( 位于脑干旁正中平面 ) Transmitters: enkephalin ( 脑啡肽 )
Reticular Formation of the Brain Stem
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3. Cerebellar reticular formation nuclei ( 小脑网状结构核团 ): 1) lateral R N ( 外侧网状核 ) 2) paramedian R N ( 旁正中网状核 ) 3) tegmentoreticular nucleus of pons ( 脑桥被盖网状核 )
4. Nuclei of catecholamine (CA) ( 儿茶酚胺核团 ): locus ceruleus ( 蓝斑 )
Reticular Formation of the Brain Stem