CONTENTSCONTENTS DISASTERDISASTER TYPES OF DISASTERTYPES OF DISASTER EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES LANDSLIDESLANDSLIDES FLOODSFLOODS CYCLONESCYCLONES REFERENCESREFERENCES

DISASTERDISASTER The term ‘Disaster’ owes its origin to the The term ‘Disaster’ owes its origin to the

French word ‘Desastre’ which is the French word ‘Desastre’ which is the combination of two terms ‘des’ meaning combination of two terms ‘des’ meaning bad or evil and ‘astre’ meaning star . The bad or evil and ‘astre’ meaning star . The combination expression is ‘Bad or Evil combination expression is ‘Bad or Evil Star’.Star’.

A catastrophe, sudden, calamitous event A catastrophe, sudden, calamitous event bringing great bringing great

damage, loss, destruction and damage, loss, destruction and devastation to life and property by natural devastation to life and property by natural or man-made causes.or man-made causes.

TYPES OF DISASTERTYPES OF DISASTERTwo TypesTwo Types – – NaturalNatural and and Manmade Manmade

Natural disasters:Natural disasters:      FloodFlood CycloneCyclone EarthquakeEarthquake LandslidesLandslides

EARTHQUAKES EARTHQUAKES Ground shaking – back-&-forth motion , Ground shaking – back-&-forth motion ,

caused by the passing vibratory waves.caused by the passing vibratory waves. Soil failures – caused by shaking e.g. Soil failures – caused by shaking e.g.

landslides .landslides . Surface fault ruptures, such as cracks , Surface fault ruptures, such as cracks ,

vertical shifts.vertical shifts. Tidal waves ,i.e. large waves on the Tidal waves ,i.e. large waves on the

surface of bodies of water that can surface of bodies of water that can cause major damage to shoreline areas.cause major damage to shoreline areas.

EFFECTS ON EFFECTS ON BUILDINGSBUILDINGS

As vibrations & waves continue to move As vibrations & waves continue to move through the earth –buildings ,set in motion.through the earth –buildings ,set in motion.

Each building response differently ,acc.to Each building response differently ,acc.to its construction.its construction.

When waves strike ,earth moves backward When waves strike ,earth moves backward & forward .& forward .

The lower part of building moves with the The lower part of building moves with the earth.earth.

The upper portion –initially remains at rest.The upper portion –initially remains at rest.

The upper portion tries to catch up The upper portion tries to catch up with the bottom but as it does so, with the bottom but as it does so, the earth moves in the other the earth moves in the other direction – ‘whiplash effect’.direction – ‘whiplash effect’.

Taller buildings also tend to shake Taller buildings also tend to shake longer than short buildings.longer than short buildings.

PROTECTION PROTECTION MEASURESMEASURES

The building should have a simple The building should have a simple rectangular plan.rectangular plan.

Long walls should be supported by Long walls should be supported by reinforced concrete columns.reinforced concrete columns.

Large buildings having plans with Large buildings having plans with shapes like T,U,L and X.shapes like T,U,L and X.

It should preferably be separated into It should preferably be separated into rectangular blocks by providing gaps rectangular blocks by providing gaps in between. in between.

Doors and window openings in Doors and window openings in walls , preferably be small & more walls , preferably be small & more centrally located.centrally located.

The location of openings should not The location of openings should not be too close to the edge of the wall.be too close to the edge of the wall.

LANDSLIDESLANDSLIDES Landslides occur because of the Landslides occur because of the

interplay of several factors.interplay of several factors.1.1. Natural factors :- Intensity of Natural factors :- Intensity of

rainfall, Steep slopes, Poor rainfall, Steep slopes, Poor drainage, Stiffness of slopes etc.drainage, Stiffness of slopes etc.

2.2. Manmade factors:- Deforestation Manmade factors:- Deforestation leading to soil erosion etc.leading to soil erosion etc.

MOST VULNERABLE MOST VULNERABLE HOMESHOMES

Existing landslides area.Existing landslides area. Steep natural slopes.Steep natural slopes. Area in or at the mouths of Area in or at the mouths of

drainages.drainages. Houses constructed near foothills.Houses constructed near foothills.

PROTECTION MEASURES PROTECTION MEASURES FROM DAMAGE TO FROM DAMAGE TO

BUILDINGSBUILDINGS(a) Site selection:(a) Site selection: Safe area – that have not moved in the Safe area – that have not moved in the

past .past . Houses built at the toe of steep slopes.Houses built at the toe of steep slopes.(b) Signs and warnings:(b) Signs and warnings: Doors or windows stick for the first time.Doors or windows stick for the first time. New cracks appear on plaster,tile,brick.New cracks appear on plaster,tile,brick. Underground utility lines break.Underground utility lines break. Fences, retaining walls, utility poles or Fences, retaining walls, utility poles or

trees tilt or move.trees tilt or move.

(c) Preventive action:(c) Preventive action:1.1. Proper development.Proper development.2.2. Sound construction techniques.Sound construction techniques.3.3. Seasonal inspections.Seasonal inspections.4.4. Regular maintenance of drainage facilities.Regular maintenance of drainage facilities.(d) Protect vulnerable area:(d) Protect vulnerable area:Keep surface drainage water away from Keep surface drainage water away from

vulnerable areas (steep slopes, loose soils vulnerable areas (steep slopes, loose soils & non-vegetated surfaces.)& non-vegetated surfaces.)

(e) Intercept surface water.(e) Intercept surface water.(f) Stabilize slopes:(f) Stabilize slopes:1.1. Improve soil’s ability .Improve soil’s ability .2.2. Straw, woodchips applied to a Straw, woodchips applied to a

depth of at least one inch.depth of at least one inch.

FLOODSFLOODSWater is a source for all life forms . Water is a source for all life forms .

Without water no life is sustainable. Without water no life is sustainable. ‘‘How tragic it is’ , How tragic it is’ , when water in when water in the form of floods takes away the form of floods takes away thousand of human and cattle lives. thousand of human and cattle lives. More than one million huts and poor More than one million huts and poor houses are lost every year in floods houses are lost every year in floods in India. CAN WE PREVENT THIS in India. CAN WE PREVENT THIS LOSS ????????????LOSS ????????????

MOST VULNERABLE MOST VULNERABLE HOMESHOMES

Building – constructed with earth –Building – constructed with earth –based materials or using stone & based materials or using stone & brick in mud mortar .brick in mud mortar .

The huts made from biomass The huts made from biomass materials.materials.

The occupation of areas within the The occupation of areas within the flood plain of rivers has increased flood plain of rivers has increased vulnerability.vulnerability.

EFFECT ON BUILDINGSEFFECT ON BUILDINGS The houses are commonly destroyed so The houses are commonly destroyed so

severely that their reconstruction is not severely that their reconstruction is not feasible.feasible.

It is constructed out of light weight It is constructed out of light weight material .material .

Damage caused by inundation of house .Damage caused by inundation of house . Undercutting of houses.Undercutting of houses. Damage caused by debris.Damage caused by debris.

PROTECTION MEASURES PROTECTION MEASURES FROM DAMAGE TO FROM DAMAGE TO

BUILDINGSBUILDINGS To avoid residing on river banks & To avoid residing on river banks &

slopes on river sides.slopes on river sides. To build at least 250 mts away from To build at least 250 mts away from

the sea coast .the sea coast . To build proper drainage system in all To build proper drainage system in all

flood prone areas.flood prone areas. To construct the building with a plinth To construct the building with a plinth

level higher than the known high flood level higher than the known high flood level.level.

To construct the whole village on a To construct the whole village on a raised plat form higher than the high raised plat form higher than the high flood level.flood level.

To construct buildings on stilts or To construct buildings on stilts or columns with wall – free space at columns with wall – free space at ground level permitting free flow of ground level permitting free flow of water.water.

CYCLONESCYCLONES Cyclones pose a major threat to life Cyclones pose a major threat to life

and property in many parts of the and property in many parts of the world. Every year these sudden, world. Every year these sudden, violent cyclones bring widespread violent cyclones bring widespread devastation to coastlines and islands devastation to coastlines and islands lying in their erratic paths. A lying in their erratic paths. A windstorm's destructive work is done windstorm's destructive work is done by the high wind; flood producing by the high wind; flood producing rains and associated storm surges.rains and associated storm surges.

MOST VULNERABLE MOST VULNERABLE HOMESHOMES

LocationLocation Light weightLight weight Older buildingsOlder buildings Poorly constructed concrete blocksPoorly constructed concrete blocks Urban and rural communities on low Urban and rural communities on low

islandsislands Effected by the velocity of cyclone Effected by the velocity of cyclone

wind at ground levelwind at ground level

EFFECTS ON EFFECTS ON BUILDINGSBUILDINGS

Uprooting of trees Uprooting of trees Damage to signposts , electric poles, etcDamage to signposts , electric poles, etc Damage to improperly attached windowsDamage to improperly attached windows Damage to roof/lintel projectionsDamage to roof/lintel projections Failure of improperly attached parapetsFailure of improperly attached parapets Overturning failures of compound walls Overturning failures of compound walls

of various typesof various types

PROTECTION MEASURES PROTECTION MEASURES FROM DAMAGE TO FROM DAMAGE TO

BUILDINGSBUILDINGS Site selectionSite selection Platforms and orientationPlatforms and orientation Foundations:- (a) effect of surge or Foundations:- (a) effect of surge or

flooding,flooding, (b) Building on stilts(b) Building on stilts Wall openingsWall openings Glass panellingGlass panelling Roof architectureRoof architecture

REFERENCESREFERENCES www.google.comwww.google.com wwwwww.bte.gov.au http :// gujarat-earthquake .gov.in/http :// gujarat-earthquake .gov.in/ Text book of disaster management Text book of disaster management www.wikipedia.comwww.wikipedia.com

ANAMIKA PRAKASH ©ANAMIKA PRAKASH © KALYANI JOSHYKALYANI JOSHY J ANANTHA NARAYANANJ ANANTHA NARAYANAN RAJALAKSHMI P SAJEEVRAJALAKSHMI P SAJEEV NIKHIL NANDHAKUMARNIKHIL NANDHAKUMAR AMIT. MAMIT. M SHRADHA HARIKRISHNANSHRADHA HARIKRISHNAN DANNY M VARGHESE DANNY M VARGHESE