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Date: Class: Topic

2- Key Points:

(1-2 words, big ideas, done within a few hours)

Busselo Fusca and Chilo Partellus are main stem borers of Maize and Sorghum sovled through pesticide

Phytophtora infestans causes Late Blight

Farmers can’t afford pesticides, GMO cure waiting approval

Genetic Engennering can inhance the nurtritional value of food

Bacteria wilt is a deasis which effects bannas and enset (not the only crops effected)

Farmer reliy on cultural practices to treat bacterial wilt

Agricultural Engeneers make Agricultural Technologies

Plow is a Tillage Impliment

Tillage impliments for competing plants, loosen soil

Seeders plant seeds systematicly

Haybalers store grass for winter

Trucks, planes, and helocopters are used for various things

Few work in Agriculter in the US, this number will become smaller

Technology will become smart and less wastful.

Green revolution started in 40s in Mexico ended in 60s

Borlaug is attributed with starting the GR, he made disease risestent wheat

More funding was put towards Agricultural research in the GR

Technology in Mexico caught worlds attention, techonolgy like Mexico’s was spread world wide, like in India for rice

Plants in the GR was made to respond to certain fertilizers, they were bred to have a heaver harvest index and they were bred to not be as senseitive to day light.

The GR narrowed down plant veritities

Irrigation was important in the GR

1/7 people in the US are hungry

Nutrition progams are the most direct support

US hunger dosen’t = lack of food

>20% of US kids are hungry

>1/7 Americans are below poverty line

51.4% of US citizens are at some point in poverty before 65

4 person family needs double poverty line

>44% of children live in low income families

Full time minimum wage = 14,500$, 3 person family poverty line = 17,568$

20 million kids get school lunch, of those kids <50% get breakfast and <10% go to summer feeding sites

For every 100 school lunch programs there are 87 breakfast programs and 36 summer food programs

Half of US children receive snap before 20

1/7 enrolled in SNAP 50% are kids

Around 90% of SNAP is used in first 3 weeks

50% of infints are enrolled in (WIC)

81.3% of kids can enrol in WIC, 47.3% have

16.4% of income is spent of food per year from families that make 10,000$ a year compared to the average 12.7%

Girls that use programs like SNAP have a 68% less likely to be overweight

The cuase of hunger is poverty

USDA give food to tons of Americans

Unemployment in the US began to spike in 2008 and it peaked in 2010, it has been steadily going down

In 2001 Fungicids had Benomyl, Azoxystrobin, and Copper (AI), 15 in 2011

Insecticides had 8 (AI), 26 2011, Herbicides are limited to none bearing, they had 8-9 (AI) 18 2011

2001 problem, lack of materials

2011 problem, lack of residue tolerence

Pesticide Regestration- problem is found, pesticides screened, pesticide tested, patterns are determined, producted anylized, patterns may be adjusted

Pestidides get MRLs

Different coutries have different standerds

Unified MRLs encourage trade

MRLs can reflect political prefrences

Pesticide residue can limate trade

Food safty laws aren’t allows fact based

Enough of anything is toxic

Food regulations can act as trade baririors

GHI aims for harmonized, science based regulations

South Africa has a significant export market

Middle East and North Africa 70% lives in poverty

China has food safty issues

Food Safty regulations are important to Korea for it has most food imported, they have programs to enforce this

Food safty incidents are broadcasted on TV in Korea

EU largest exporter of food and drink

Japan depends on imports more than Korea

Food safty regulations are harmonized in the EU

Almost 50% of food borne deseases are from imports in the US

In Mexico harmonization is important because of 20 million yearly tourists

Mexico population is 112 million, half is in poverty, 10 million are starving

Many Mexicans eat from street venders which have no Food safty laws

MERCOSUR has population of 250 million

MERCOSUR food safty laws are harmonized and based on science

Customs Union and Euraian economics community have harmonized food laws

Russia has strict food safty laws

Australia and New Zealend citizens have confidence in food, they don’t have many imports, they tend to trust science

1/8 people in Toronto have food related jobs, 7 billion on food is spent yearly

1/10 houses can’t afford healthy food

Housing needs to be cheaper

People need better food education

Toronto should support local farmers more

In general amount of food has gone up and prices have gone down recently

5 billion corn bushals used for ethenal, 2014

2940 kilocaleries are consumbed per year on average per person (globule)

Climate change affects crops

Biofeul increase demand

Yeilds unpredictable recently

North Us/south Ca farmers are planting 5X the corn than a decade ago

Gates foundation helped form Alliance for a Green Revolution, both of those are trying to help Africa and give them a GR

GM crops don’t increase yields

Malawi was in a famine in 2003, 2005 they got fertilizers then eventrally they weren’t in a draught

Gates foundation made drought resistant crops, they aren’t beating traditional verities yet

Food waste creates methane gas

Less food wastes save money

Busnisess receive tax benifits when they donate food

GMOs are organisms with altered genes

Less pesticides are used

It is easier to farm

Nutrition levels can be altered

Make your crops be less random

There is more food

GMOs haven’t undergo much testing

GMO can increase the number of allergic reactions

It is suspected that anti biotics used on GMOs used on food get persisted to us, making other antibiotics not as effective.

Modified genes might be spread to wild plants and weeds, then there would be pesticide resistant weeds and stuff like that.

Hunger decreased over time, until 2009 when it increased to 18%

Food prices have been reduced

Increased life expediency

Positive Influence _

Negative Influence _

Poverty, Hunger _

Nethier _

Irelevent to Technology _

Technology Pre Green Revolution _

Non-Fact _

1- Notes:

(short hand, your own words, details, taken in the moment)

Tue, 18, Nov

Genetic Engineering Technologies for Ethiopian Agriculture: Prospects and Challenges.

Maize and Sorghum Stem Borer Resistance

The main pests that Stem Borer Resistance protects aganst Busseolla fusca and Chilo partellus

It involves Bt genes

It is comerchalized for maize, but is being worked on for Sorghum

Potato Resistence for Late Blight

Late Blight is caused by Phytophtora infestans

Some farmers can’t afford a constent supply of spray

The potato it was first tested on was Solanum Bul-bocastanum

Scientists found a way to make potatos resestent geneticly and they are waiting approval in Europe

Crops With Enhanced Nutritional Value

Genetic Engineering has been used to enhance nutritional values of crops

This is mainly done on crops which a group of people relies on, and this is done to prevent malnutrition, an example of this is golden rice, which is low in ß-carotene, but is often enhanced to have a boosted level of B-carotene for people who reley on it.

Enset Resistant To Bacterial Wilt

Picture of Enset

Caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv musacearum

Farmer use cultural pracies which are diffcault to implement like crop sanitation

The genes for this come from sweet potato, this also affects bannans

This was first tested on banadas

http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Agricultural_technology

People who design Agricultural Technologies are known as Agricultural Engineers

Types of machinary

Tracters do a lot of the work on a farm, they have for a while

Tillage implements are used to kill competeing plants like weeds and they loosen up soil, the most popular tillage implement is the plow

Seeders are used to plant seeds a equall distance apart, the most common one is the planter

Some seeds need to be planted by drills, drills plants seeds more in rows and much closer together

Hay balers are used to store grass in tight packages for the winter

Some machenary is used to transport large amounts of water to large areas of land, a simaler thing is often down with fertilizers and/or pesticides

Some times trucks, airplanes, and helicopters are used in farming to transport things, spray crops, or manage livestock

The future

Agriculeral Technology is becoming more efficient and less wasteful

Machenes may become smart enough to operate themselves

Less than 2% of the US poplutation works in agriculture

Farmers will become more and more obscure

http://geography.about.com/od/globalproblemsandissues/a/greenrevolution.htm (back round info)

William Gaud made the term Green Revolution

The Green Revolution began in Mexico in the 40s, Norman E. Borlaug (an American Scientest) is often said to be who started it

The GR (Green Revoltuion) ended in the 60s

Borlaug made disease resistant wheat which when combound with new machinery made Mexico produce way more than needed by its citizens

Technology like the technology in Mexico caught the worlds attention and this kind of technology was spread world wide

The rookfeller and Ford foundations as well as many government agenicies but funding towards agricultraul research

In 1963 Mexico formed the International Maize and Wheat Imporvment Center

Barlaug and the Ford foundation conducted research in India in the 60s which had lots of famine, IR8, a kind of rice which grows more grain per plant was grown in Indea (maybe)

Soon most of Asia began to use IR8

Plant Technologies of the Green Revolution

Crops made in the Green Revoltuion were high yield which ment that they grew more when they responded with a certain fertilizes they produced more (maybe)

During the GR plants that produced large seeds were selectively bred so that they had a heavier harvest index (above ground weight) and with the veavier hervest index more energy from photosysthesis went to the food producing part

Plants that weren’t sensitive to day length were also bred, this allowed that plant to be grown around the world

Impacts of the GR

The GR made agriculture more focused on fertilizers

Irragation was also a big part of the GR it gave agriculture more space by allowing water to be sent to drier areas

The GR narrowed down the number of veriteties of plants, with only a few verities of plants, that crop was more prone to diseases and pests, increasing pesticide use

There were around 30, 000 rice verieties in India, now there are 10 (could be considerd by some)

Critisims of the GR

The GR encouraged over population because of all the food

Africa didn’t really benefit much from it (Even though some could argue that it isn’t bad because they didn’t get worse they just didn’t get much better, since everyone else benefited from it and not them, it effectilvly puts them behind)

http://www.bread.org/hunger/us/?utm_source=adwords&utm_medium=onlinead&utm_campaign=search&utm_term=us-poverty&utm_content=text&gclid=Cj0KEQiAs6GjBRCy2My09an6uNIBEiQANfY4zNy-mZBCW3zqnownlAhUwCdJRiEVdAhZrJWrJHAUnoAaAiOa8P8HAQ

14.5 percent of the U.S (including 15.9 children) is hungry

Hunger in the U.S is not caused by a shortage of food

Nutrition programs is the most direct way to treat hunger

Hunger poverty Facts

“Feed a man a fish and he eats for a day—teach him to fish and he eats for a lifetime.”- Ancient Chinese saying

More than a fifth of kids are at risk of hunger, and for African americans and Lateno’s, it’s a third

Poverty

More than a seventh of people in the U.S is below the poverty line

51.4 persent of Americans will be in poverty before the age of 65

65 percent of low income families have a working family member and 79 percent of single mothers work

A family of 4 needs to earn double the poverty line to provide basic needs

44%+ children live in low income families

Full time minimum wage is around 14,500$, the poverty line for a 3 person family is 17,568

Child Nutrition

20,000,000 Children who receive free or reduced-price lunch each school day, less than half of those kids get breakfets and 10% acces summer feeding sites

For every 100 school lunch programs only 87 have breakfests cites and 36 summer food programs

Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)

Half of American children receive snap before 20, 90 percent of African American children will receive snap

A seventh of people enrolled in snap, half are kids

Snap nearly doubled pre-resetion levels, an increase of 18 million people

Almost 90 percent of snap benefits are used up by the third week

Women, Infants and Children Program (WIC)

Half of babies in the US enrolled in WIC

81.3 percent of children can enrol in WIC but only 47.3 percent have

Food Spending

Low income household spend most of their money on food

16.4 percent of spending in houses is on food for househoolds making less than 10,000$ a year compared to the average 12.7 percent

Obesity/Nutrition

Nutrition programs decrease the risk of girls becoming over weight

School Girls enrolled in snap and school lunch and breakfast programs are 68% less likely to be over weight compared to those who don’t use these programs

Causes of Hunger in the U.S.

Hunger is caused by poverty, not a scarcity of food

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) put reducint hunger as their top goal

Poverty in the US has been measured

The U.S has done a better job solving hunger than poverty

Department of Agriculture (USDA) serve millions of Americans every day

To solve hunger we must solve poverty so people can afford food

http://fruitsandnuts.ucdavis.edu/files/73458.pdf

In 2001 Fungicids had 3 active ingredents Benomyl, Azoxystrobin, and Copper

Insecticides had 8, and herbisides had 8-9

Some herbicides are limited to known bearing (plants that can’t support themselves)

Benomyl is limated do to manufacting problems

In 2011 Fungicides have 15, Insecticides have 26, and Herbicides have 18

2001’s problem was lack of minerals

2011’s problem was lack of residue tolerance in export markets

Pesticide Registration for Pistachios

The chemical indesdry, scientists, and commonity growers find a problem

Some pestisides are screened for afficacy and toxicology

Patteerns are determined and applied to crops

Product searched for pesticides

Patterns may be adjust to fit toxicology

Maximum Residue Limits – MRLs

Regested Pesticides get a MRL or tolerance

MRL based on label applications

MRL can’t be exceeded if label is followed

Different coutries have different standerns for regulation (Could be considered)

MRLs – Politics or Science?

Harmonized MRLs encourage trade

MRLs can be arrived at scientifically

Numbers used on set MRLs can refelt political prefrences

This is sceen through the protection of a domestic industry, faveralbity of suppliers, and retaliation

Fungicides and MRLs

Insecticides and MRLs

Take Home Lessons

Pesticide residue can limit trade (in this case pesticides are limiting food trade)

Pesticides in export destinations is the responsibility of the restrictant

Use pesticides appropeatly

Work with the producer to see if particular use could be problematic

 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/enhanced/doi/10.1002/jsfa.6746 

Food safty laws often aren’t based facts (but this dosen’t have anything to do with the GR)

Swiss-German physician Paracelsus founded the discipline of toxicology in 1600, he said everything is toxic if there is enough of it

Food safty laws require the absence of certain toxic substances when really scientifically the consentration is so low that it is harmless

Even science based regulation can cause needless food wastes and it can act as a barrior for trade, this can be fixed with harmonized food laws

 Scientists founded the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI), they aim for goabal, science based food regulations

Anelich says that only South Africa has a significant export market

In Middle East and North Africa 70% of the population lives in poverty

 Xiumei Liu say China has food safty issues in recent decades due to fraud, chemical adulteration (lead), and microbiological contamination (E. sakazakii (that is a bad influence because with all of the new technology and each country having its own rules, trade is limated more than ever before, and this could happen as a result of people trying to keep trade going)

Mun-Gi Sohn and Sangsuk Oh say that food safty regulations in Korea are very important since half the food is imported

Korea has a automatic sales blocking system that blocks the sales of any food involved in a food safty incident where this system is lockated (Good idea, not sure if technology influenced this)

Food safty incidents in Korea are broadcasted on TV (Good idea, not sure if technology influenced this)

Japan depends on imports more than Korea

The EU is the largest exporter of food and drink

Food safty regulations are harmonized with everyone in the EU, it is at the top of their agenda

In the US almost half of food-borne diseases are from imported foods

In mexico harmonization is important because there are around 20,000,000 forein tourists who visit every year

Mexico’s population is 112,000,000, around 50% live in poverty and 10,000,000 suffer from hunger

Many Mexicans eat from street venders, where there is no food safty laws, causing lots of food borne diseases (not caused by the technologies)

The MERCOSUR trade alliance (Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Chile, Bolivia, Peru, Columbia, Ecuador and Venezuela) has a population of 250,000,000

Food safty laws in the MERCOSUR are being harmonized and they use science based safty laws from sources like the food and drug association from the US, the Codex Alimentarius Commission, and other sources

India’s government view food safty as a right

13% of deaths in indea are a result of diarrhoeal

Ready to eat food in indea is handled mostly by street venders

The food laws between the Customs Union (Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan) and the eurasion economics community (the Customs Union plus Kirgistan, Tajikistan, Armenia, Moldova and Ukraine), are harmonized

Russia’s main trade partner is the EU

Russia’s food safty laws are quite strict

Consumer confidence in food in Australia and New Zealend is high dispite the lack of transparency

Australia and New Zealend has little food imports, and they have confidence in science

Tornono Food Conections

1/8 people in Toronto have jobs related to food, 7,000,000,000$ is spend of food every year in Toronto

1/10 households in Toronto can’t afford healthy food

To help remove hunger housing needs to be cheaper

People should get educated more on food

Toronto should support local farmers

http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/42403074-3fe0-11e4-a381-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3JJLcZDae

Climate change is affecting wheat and corn production

Extreme climate hurts crops like the extra hot summers of 2010 and 2012 or a semi-recent drought in Brazl

Bio fuels have increased grain demand

Yeilds are a measure of productivity in farming, these have been unpredictable recently

Farmers in the North US/south Canada have been planting 5 times the corn then a decade ago

Corn went below $8 a bushel in July 2012

https://eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=2&sid=46752d1f-c5b3-43e4-9848-f86e268d8997%40sessionmgr4001&hid=4102

African scientists are now based in Africa so they experience their propbelms first hand

“Those displaced peasants migrated to the hillsides and tropical forests, doubling the area of cultivated land—in other words, the increase in food came not only through technology but also simply by having food growing on a greater area.”

Bill gates made the Gates foundation which is made to improve Africa’s agriculture, this helped form the Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA) in 2006 (Seeing everone else with all this technology and effeicient crops made Africa seem more like it needs help (not saying it dosen’t need help))

Malawi had a severe drought in 2003 which made more than a third of the country require food aid, in 2005 they got subsidized furtilizers, after that it began to rain again and then they became an exporter of grain

Union of Concerned Scientists say that GM crops don’t increase yields

The gates foundation made more drought resistant crops but they aren’t beating traditional verities yet

http://www.epa.gov/foodrecovery/

Food disposed in landfills decopeses into methane gas

Reducing food waste also reduces the waste of materials going into wasted food

Food wates costs money to deal with so the less waste there is the less there is to payss

Bussneses can receive tax benefits from donating food instead of wasting it

Donating food not only reduces waste but also feeds those in need

http://www.blueribbonfoods.com/my_health_info/GMOs_-_pros_and_cons.pdf

GMOs are organisms with alterd genes

Pros

It is ecofriendly because less pestisides are used (therefore less residue)

Easier to farm

Get to make your crops similer

You get more food

You can alter nutrition Levels

Not as wastful

Cons

GMOs haven’t been tested to much in terms of long problems

GMO can increase the number of allergic reactions

According to Iowa State University, antibiotics features added on GMO to make them more resistant to diseases. Thease features are persisted to us when we east them and make other antibiotics less usful

Modified Genes may be spread to wild plants, if herbicide risistent genes get into the wild then there will be herbside risistent weeds

GMO foods can alter food habits, ex. Gliadin which triggers the opeante reseptors in most peoples brain, which makes them eat more

(Opinion) I think that we should do more testing on GMO before we put it into effect. The reason they are pushed out right away is businesses are the ones controlling food, and they need some kind of cash flow to stay alive, and the cash flow will stop if they make GMO products then test it for a bunch of years.

http://www.unpost.org/green-revolution-and-hunger

300% increase rice yields in 40 years

Food prices reduced by 40%

34% were hungry in 1970, 16% 2006, 2009 18%

Increase life expediency in past 10 years

http://www.globalresearch.ca/american-farmers-abandoning-genetically-modified-seeds-non-gmo-crops-are-more-productive-and-profitable/5366365

Cost to grow 1 acre of GMO corn is 761.80$

GMO seeds cost 150$ more per bag than non-GMO

 $680.95 is the cost to grow 1 acre of non-gmo corn

3- Summary:

(full sentences in your own words, 24 hours later)

Scientists have devopled stem borer resistant maize protecting mainly agaisnt Busseolla fusca and Chilo partellus by moding Bt genes in the plant. This is already comerialized but the same treatment on Sorghum is still being worked on. Potatos have devopled which are resestent to Late Blight. There is a spray cure for this but farmers can’t afford a consistent supply. So scientests found a genetic cure, they are just waiting for approval. Some crops get there nutritional values modified. Like golden rice for example, which is low in vitimun A and genetic engeneering increases the amount of that vitamin in the crop. This is mainly done to foods which are hevily relided on. A genetic cure for bacterial wilt on enset is being worked on. So far Bananas (which are close to enset and are also effected by this) have been made resistant to this this is done by transferring the necessary genes from a sweet potato. Now they are just looking into transferring it to enset.

Agricultural Engeneers research and design Agricultural Technology. Whether the technology is machinery, genetics, pesticides, etc… An example of a machine used for agricualture is the tracter, it has been around for a while but it is still a widly used piece of machinery on the farm. There are also Tillage implements, they are designed to kill competeing plants and also loosen up the soil to allow more water to get into the ground and the roots to have roam to grow. The most well known tillage implement and one that is still used a lot today is the plow. Seeders systematically plant seeds an equall distance apart, the most common one is the planter. Sometimes drills are need to plant seeds, they plant seeds closer together and in rows. Hay balers pack grass into tight packages for use in the winter. Other machenary is used for irragaion, they transport large amounts of water to certain distenations, this is also down with fertilizers and/or pesticides. In some cases trucks, planes and helecopters are also used, they normally transport things, help irragte, or they are used to magange livestock. In the future Agricualtraul technology might become more effiecent in terms of wasting feul and crops, and they might operate on their own or at least partically on their own. Less than 2% of the US works in agriculture and this number is likely to shrink.

William Guad was the first person to coin the term Green Revolution, which was used to describe the time period between the 40s and the 60s where there was a spike in food production, research, and technology. This time period is often said to started by American Scientist, Norman E. Borlaug, who made disease resistant wheat and when this was coumbound with new machenary it made Mexico produce much more wheat than it needed and Mexico became a exporter of wheat. This caught the worlds attention and more research was put towards Agriculeral Technology. Then by the 60s many countries were implementing this new technology like India with IR8, a kind of rice that forms more grain per plant. There were around 30,000 rice verieties in India, now there are 10. Many plants during the Green Revolutoin were made to have a high harvest index (above ground weight) and plants were bred with those with the largest seeds so they can increase this harvest index and they were bred to not be very sunlight senetive so they can be grown around the world. These plants were made to also respond to certain fertilizers. Irragation was quite important in the Green Revolution whether they were irrigating water, fertilizers, etc… With all that said some people critize the Green Revolution for narrowing down plant species, increasing world population, and many people say that Africa didn’t benefit from the Green Revolution.

Around 14.5 percent of the US is hungry and over a fifth of children are at risk of hunger. This hunger isn’t caused by a lack of food, contrary to commen beileif, it is really poverty. There an ancient Chineses saying that says “Feed a man a fish and he eats for a day—teach him to fish and he eats for a lifetime.” Around 7.5 persent of the US population is in poverty. And 51.4% of Americans will be in poverty at somepoint before 65. And if you have a family going over the poverty line isn’t enough. A four person family needs to earn double the poverty line for basic needs. And over 44% of children live in these low income families. Full time minimum wage gives you 14,5000$ a year and for a family of three you need 17,568$. 20 million children get free or low price lunches at school lunch programs, but less than 10% of these kids get breakfast or acces a summer feeding site. And breakfast programs and summer feeding programs are few and far between. For every 100 lunch programs there are 87 breakfest programs and 36 summer feeding programs. 50% of American children receive SNAP before 20. And 50% of people enrolled in SNAP are children (1/7 people enrolled in SNAP). These benefits are ussully used up within the first 3 weeks. Half of babies in the US enrolled in WIC, 81.3% of children can and only 47.3 have. In poor households a considerable amount is spent on food. 16.4 percent of spending in houses is on food in households that make less than 10,000$ a year, the average is 12.7%. Nutrition programs decrease the risk of girls becoming overweight. Girls who are enrolled in SNAP and lunch and/or breakfast programs are 68% less lickly to be overweight.

Pestisides have definitely changed from 2001 to 2011. In 2001, fungicides had 3 AI (active ingrediedents) ingredents Benomyl, Azoxystrobin, and Copper. Insectisides had 8 AI, and herbicides had 8-9 AI. Herbicides are limited to plants than can’t support themselves and Benomyl is limated do to manufacting problems. In 2011 Fungicides had 15 AI, insectisides had 26, and herbiseides had 18. In 2001 and one, the main obstacle was a lack of materials, in 2011 however, it is a lack of residue tolerance in export markets. The prosess of pestiside registration is a problem is found, some pesticides are screened for their afficacy and toxicology. Patterns are determined for each pesticide and they are applied to crops for testing. Product searched for the pestiside, and the pattern might need to be adjust to fit toxicology. If a pestiside is registurded it get a MRL (Maximum resisdue tolerance), this is based off of label applications and the MRL can’t be exceeded if the label is followed, different countries have different MRLs. What the country sets as the MRL reflects political prefrences. Political prefrences can also be seen through the domestic industry, faveralbity of suppliers, and if they retalieate. If these MRLs were harmonized trade would be incouraged. If pesticides don’t become hurmonized then these residue tolerences can limit trade.

Paracelsus founded the discipline of toxicogy in 1600 where he said that anything in high enough quantities is toxic. Not all food safty laws are fact based. They often require the absence of toxic substances even when they rae in low enough consentrations to not be harmful. And even when they are science based, they often cause trade barriors. This is why some scientists made the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI), they are striving for harmonized, global food safty laws. Countries or regiens often differce when it comes to food regulations or avaliblity. For example, South Africa has a significant export market. In the Middle East and North America, 70% of the population lives in poverty. China has some problems with food safty, in recent years they have experience fraud, microbiological contamination, and chemical adulteration. Food safty in Korea is very important since it relies on imports a lot for food (50% of their food is imported). They are aware of this, this have a program inplace at several locations accros the country were if a food incident happens the food won’t be sold at the locations with the program. That incident is also broadcasted on TV. The EU is the worlds largest exporter of food and drink. They have harmonized food laws. In Mexico harmonizaiton would be quite helpful since they get 20 million tourists yearly. Their population is around 112 million and half of the people are hungry. Many of the locals there eat from street venders, where there are no food safety laws. This, of course, causes a lot of food borne diseases. The MERCOSUR trade alliance (Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Chile, Bolivia, Peru, Columbia, Ecuador and Venezuela) is populated with 250 million people. They have food laws which are harmized with each other. Their laws are also science based from sources like the Food and Drug association in the US for example. Half of the US’s food reated diseases are from imports. India government sees food regulations as a right, 13% of deaths in indea are a result of diarrhoeal, this might result from ready to eat food in India being handled by street venders, which don’t have safety laws. The food laws between the Customs Union (Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan) and the eurasion economics community (the Customs Union plus Kirgistan, Tajikistan, Armenia, Moldova and Ukraine), are harmonized with each other. Russia has very strict food safty laws, which can be hard since they trade with the EU. Australia and New Zealand have a lot of consumer confidence when it comes to food, this could stem from the fact that they don’t import much food and the people have faith in science.

An 8th of people in Toronto have jobs which are related to food and 7 billion is spent on food every year in Toronto. 10% of households in Toronto can’t afford good food, this is a result of, yet again, poverty. These people can’t afford to buy healthy food but that can be fixed if house prices in Toronto go down. It would also help if people got more educated on the food they were eating. With education they can make better disisions and they can have the cheapest yet healthy food plan. And if Toronto supports local farmers then they won’t have to charge as much for food and food can be even cheaper.

If you look at the amount of food grown both internationaly or and in the US you can see that we are growing more food now. This is evedent across a slew of grains like corn, soybeans, and wheat. And with more food around naturally food prices have also gone down. Crops like corn have been grown a ton due to the demand of ethenal, we dedicate 5 billion bushels to it now, and in 2005 we dedicated 1.6 billion. The amount the average person consumes has also gone up 5% since 1999. Although agriculture has become kind of unpredictable in recent years due to climate change, this including not only tempeture, but things like weather, and droughts. Farmers in the North US and South Canada are now planting 5 times the corn then they did 10 years ago. In 2012, corn went down below 8$ a bushel.

Scientist studing Agricualture and Hunger in Africa are now stationed in Africa, so they can understand the problems better. Bill Gates made the Gates Foundation, which strives to improve Africa’s agriculture, this helped form the Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA) in 2006. There is one case in Africa where the country was in a drought in 2003 which resulted in a more than a third of the country needing of food help. In 2005 they received subsidized firtilizers, then soon after it started raining again and they became an exporter of wheat. Although contrary to what the AGRA think the Union of Concerned Scientists say that GM crops don’t increase yields (a measure of productivity in agriculture) The amount of food being grown isn’t all due to technology, it is also that there is more land dedicated to food production. The Gates foundation are working on drought resistant crops to grow in Africa although some say that these crops aren’t beating out traditional verieties yet.

When food decomposes it turns into methane, which is a greenhouse gas. And since we are throwing away so much food in landfills, it only makes sence that the amount of food we through away is adding up into a considerable amount of methane gas. Not only that, but when food is thrown away, all of the resources used to grow the food, check the food to make sure it is good, transport the food, all of those resources have also been wasted. Food waste also costs money to have to deal with so it is best to reduce the amount of food we through away, and we whould have a better place to through it away. A sovution is we could just donate all of the food that we throw away, so that they aleast feed someone who needs it more than you. Buisnesses are also being rewarded for donating food with tax benefits.

GMOs are organisms with modified genes. These genes can be used to make them more resistant to certain things, alter their nutrition values, make them respond to certain things differently, and more. There are pros and cons to GMOs. Some of the pros are that they are more predicatable, and easier to farm do to their resistences. It is also cheaper in the long run because you won’t have to buy a consistent supply of pesticides. Because of this you end up with more food since you also don’t have to through away as much because there won’t be a bad plant. With that said there are also things that aren’t so good about GMOs. For one, there hasn’t been too much testing done on them (considering how used they are). And no long terms effects have been tested. GMO genes could easly be spread to wild plants, making it so that there are pesticide risestent weeds. The mixing of genes for these plants can increase the number of allergic reactions. Antibiotics used on GMO foods can apparently be spread to the consumer making other antibiotics not as effective.

In the past 40 years there has been a 300% increase in rice yields. Food prices have reduced by 40%. Hunger also went down, 34% of the world was hungery in 1970, in 2006 16% were hungry, but unfortunately in 2009 18% were hungery. Life expectancy has increase by 10 years in many coutries as well.