, 1; '.'s 6! Mri< t,,e,mmS N>

GN New!7A Magnificent Compendium of CurrentKnowledge of Ferrous Metallography!

1 liE FERRI1 METALLOGRAPHIA

A Metallographic Atlas of Iron, Steels, andCast Iron

Three VolumesOver 2,400 illustrations

Sponsored by the High Authority of the European Coal and SteelCommunity

VOLUME I This magnificent 3-volume work offers a beautifully illustrated,

l Fundamentals of single source of reference on virtually everything known todayFMentallsgra ofabout the structure of iron and steel. A cooperative project ofMetallography

the Steel Technical Research Commission of the European CoalLouis Habraken, and Steel Community, this tri-lingual work is printed in Englsh,

Jean-Louis de Brouwer French, and German. The vast research facilities of Europe's lead-ing institutes were made available to the authors in their effort

Centre Nationale de to compile the sum of mans knowledge in this -increasingly im-Recherches Metallurgiques e

(Benelux) portant segment of science.

484 pages $39.00 May, 1966 Volume I offers a broad study of structures of irons, steels andcast irons, plus a comprehensive review of principles, apparatus,

VOLUME II and methods in metallography. Volume II examines thestructure of an exhaustive series of types of steel, from pure iron

Steels and low-alloy steels to special steels. Volume III illustrates theevolution of structures in the as-cast state and after plastic

Angelica Schrader, Adolph Rose deformation and various anneals. The work's unequalled stand-ing as an atlas of metallography is fulfilled by more than 2,400

Max Planck Institute excellent illustrations . . . drawings, photographs, and micro-fur Eisenforschung photographs.

(Germany)Sold only as a Complete Set

550 pages $41.00 i-uly, 1966-l------------------- ---- ---

W. B. SAUNDERS COMPANY Sc6/3/66 1VOLUME III I West Washington Square, Philadelphia 19105 1

This is my order for DE FERRI METALLOGRAPHIA-3 VOLUMES ISolidification and I l

Deformation of Steels l Ship and bill each volume as published. i

I O Check enclosed for complete set ($116.00). Send postpaid. lAnnick Brarult, Jean Pokorny II

I d Ship to: Name ...................................................Institute del

Recherches de la Siderurgic Address.................................... ZIP.........(France) l

I Bill to: Name ...................................................

310 pages $36.00 September, 1966 l IAddress ..................................... ZIP

3 JUNE 1966 cicr /3X 1321

,

MP Tandem Test Facility at High Voltage Engineering Corporation.

1 2'4 SC'IENCE, VOL. 152

The toughestlV cell customerin the world!

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If the answer- to these questions is"yes," we might make a sale to Qurtoughest customer - our own qualitycontrol specialist. And once he's boughta cell, you can be assured that the cellyou buy from Beckman will give thefinest, distortion-free transmittance.You can order from over 100 dif-

ferent cells from Beckman knowing thatyou'll receive a high quality UV cellthat will enhance the performance andreliability of your UV spectrophoto-meter. Our toughest customer will seeto that.Ask your Beckman Sales Engineer

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-1330

could get polio?" he answered, "It'spossible."Upon examination of chiropractic

textbooks in current use we find thatchiropractic claims that such illnessesand diseases as allergies, diabetes, hearttrouble, tonsillitis, and cancer can becured by adjusting or manipulating thespinal column. It is not surprising thatthe three-judge court, in a unanimousruling, stated, "There has been noshowing here that the state has donemore than necessary to protect thehealth of its citizens." The court's opin-ion also noted, "If the education ob-tained in chiropractic schools does notmeet the standards of the United StatesOffice of Education it may well be thatthe legislature of Louisiana felt that inthe public interest a diploma from anapproved medical school should be re-quired of a chiropractor before he isallowed to treat all the human ailmentschiropractors contend can be cured bymanipulation of the spine." Chiroprac-tic must demonstrate the validity of itsclaims before it can deserve the en-dorsement of the scientific world.

J. SABATIER134 North 19 Street,Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70806

Algebra and Illusion

The disillusionment evident in E. N.Gilbert's "Information theorv after 18years" (15 April, p. 320) is very dif-ferent from the usual tone of thearticles on this subject. For the past 18years we have been hearing of thegreat scientific accomplishments thatwere going to come out of informationtheory. Yet at this late date the au-thor of this sympathetic but realisticreview is unable to cite a single, tangi-ble, scientific achievement that has re-sulted from information theory ("Theresults are still almost exclusively onpaper").

This is a shocking fact. Informa-tion theory is a theme that has beensuccessfully exploited in hundreds ofgrant applications and thousands ofpapers (". . . a page count in thejournals devoted to information theoryshows that the field is still growing").Yet these elaborations of the originalidea (which was a good one) havebeen almost entirely sterile and useless.What went wrong? How can we avoidthese same mistakes in the future?The same threat of scientific steril-

ity has arisen in many different areas.

Information theory was the forerunnerof a whole series of mathematicallyoriented new "sciences." This newmath started with "game theory" andcontinues on through the latest fad,"simulation." In all these there is avery high proportion of pseudoscien-tific nonsense. This is privately ac-knowledged by the competent peoplein these areas. Many scientists, how-ever, are not aware of this situationbecause statements in an algebraic lan-guage look very much alike, whetherthey make any scientific sense or not.What can working scientists learn

from the fact that, in 18 years, thewidely heralded inforniation theoryhas failed to produce a single, solid,scientific accomplishment? This muchat least: There is no magic in mathe-matical languages. The claims that aremade for "computer simulation" andthe rest of the new math should betaken with a grain of salt.

IRWIN D. J. BROSSRoswell Park Memnorial Institute,Bujffalo, New York 14203

"Amerind"

June Helm's use of the term "Ame-rind" in her book review (1 April, p.58) reminded me of an incident Ilearned of while reading through theFrederic Ward Putnam papers. Put-nam, curator of the Peabody Museumof American Archaeology and Ethnol-ogy at Harvard University, served asvice president representing the UnitedStates at the 1 3th International Con-gress of Americanists held in NewYork City in 1902. At a dinner meet-ing in the St. Denis Hotel on 25October, the menu was printed onbirch bark with the items designatedin anthropological terms. The appe-tizer was listed as "Amerind Siouxp."During the after-dinner speeches Put-nam remarked, "Amerind' seems tohave been placed where it belongs-in the soup.""On the back of his menu there ap-

pears a note appended, probably, byhis daughter Alice Putnam, whichreads, "End of Amerind as a namefor Indians." In spite of Putnam's dis-like for the term and his effort toeliminate its use, "Amerind" has per-sisted -in the literature and has foundits way into the larger dictionaries.

RALPH W. DEXrERDepartment of Biological Sciences,Kent State University, Kent, Ohio

SCIENE,NVOLf2

-i

.-!'Z,, *:

i|-

.t

"Low-level counting"

You can now buy the instrumentsthat experts developed

for their own demanding research.An assemblage of experts doing research in low-levelcounting techniques needed (but could not find) in-struments that met their exacting requirements. So, asyou just might surmise, they solved their problems overthe years by developing several rather distinctive low-level counters -not to develop instrumentation for thesake of developing instrumentation (or even for thesake of selling it), but only as functional, reliable meansto ends. And then, inevitably, as they used this equip-ment in their own research programs, they de-buggedit. Result: user-designed, user-perfected, user-seasoned,low-level counters which can do what no existing in-struments can do. Now as other workers see thesecounters working in our laboratories, we get, with in-creasing frequency, requests for duplicate copies. Ac-cordingly, we are now making these counters available(not reluctantly, it should be noted) to others with sim-ilarly exacting requirements. For the specifics, read on.

Precise measurement of low-energy beta emitters.The Beta-Logic Gas Counting System was specificallydesigned for carbon-14 age-dating, natural tritium andlow-level tracer analysis. The system utilizes propor-tional internal gas counting. A three-channel pulsecharge analyzer provides data on the energy distribu-tion of counts and allows simultaneous measurementand correction for contaminant activities such as H3and Rn in C14 samples. A two-channel printer recordsthe number of counts for each of the preset timeperiods, which repeat automatically. Four independentscalers accumulate during each run. The energy analy-ses are accomplished through the use of computer-type logic circuitry.

This is an ideal system for serious work requiring maxi-mum counting efficiency and low-background levelsfor utmost sensitivity. For complete data: request bul-letin GC-10.

Tritium air and gamma area monitors.

Johnston Laboratories has perfected two instrumentsfor tritium air and gamma area monitoring: the Model755B Triton, and the more sensitive model 855 Triton.The Model 755B Triton accurately monitors airbornebeta-emitting radioisotopes such as H3, C14, and Kr85 or,alternatively, ambient low-level gamma radiation. Thedesign of this instrument eliminates the errors usuallyassociated with tritium air monitors and provides a newhigh level of accuracy and reliability. Its exceptionalstability and sensitivity also permit analytical applica-tions when incorporated into the closed atmosphericcircuits of controlled environmental experiments. The755B Triton may also be used as a low-level gammamonitor with much higher sensitivity than most gammasurvey meters. For much more information: requestbulletin 755B.

The Model 855 Triton, more sensitive than its pro-genitor above, is ideal where the measurement ofextremely small amounts of gaseous radioactive con-tamination is a necessity. This instrument is particularlysuited for monitoring the maximum permissible con-centration of tritium in air (5,uc/M3) since the sensi-tivity is 10 eC/M3 full scale. It can also serve to measureother beta emitters and is a very sensitive gamma areamonitor too (.05 mr/hr. full scale). Ask for bulletin 855for complete data.

JOHNSTON LABORATORIES, INC., 3617 Woodland Avenue, Baltimore, Maryland 21215 3

13313 JUNE 1966

The future can onlymake the Pho/Gamma®Scintillation Cameraeven more valuable

for clinical use.Too bad we can't say

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leardn w.hladtPihno/Gammauris doingucutting through ever-increasing clinical work loads, your Nuclear-Chicago sales engineerExample: scintiphotos of radioisotope distribution in the or write to us. Xc--2liver, brain, or kidneys take from 2 to 8 minutes. Andeven now, Pho/Gamma is opening new areas of diagnosticinvestigation. Examples: dynamic studies such ascerebral and cardiac blood flow, new modes of datamanipulation and analysis, and positron tomography NUCLEAR-CHICAGOwith the soon-to-be-available positron attachment. CORPORATION349 East Howard Avenue, Des Plaines, Illinois 60018, U.S.A. / Donker Curtiusstraat 7, Amsterdam W, The Netherlands.

1332 CIENE, VO. 15

SCIENCE, VOL. 1521332

Report from

-' IS

The average modern telephoneoffice uses 50,000 or more relays, andan average telephone call involves1000 relay operations and 7000 elec-trical contacts. Furthermore, a tele-phone relay is typically expected tooperate wvith not more than onefailure in 5 million operations-theequivalent of 40 years of service life.

Some electromechanical relays developedat Bell Telephone Laboratories:The large unit at the bottom foreground is

the wire-spring relay, the switching "work-horse" of the Bell System. It takes manyforms, with many contact arrangements andsuch special features as magnetic latching.

Upper left is a rugged miniature relay. Itcan be mounted directly on a printed-circuitboard or in a socket. In this type, each pairof precious-metal contacts is closed by itsown pretensioned springs. Thus, contact forceremains constant for millions of operationsand is essentially unaffected by wear.

Right center are two subassemblies of a"crystal can" relay, especially designed to

1334

The jobs assigned to rclays rangefrom simple sw-itch closures to thecomputer-like functions of counting,machine memory, and number andcode translation. These call for avariety of relay types, many of themtailored for use in electronic switchingsystems, data systems, and submarinecable amplifiers.

withstand extreme environments. It went intospace in the TELSTAR® I and 11 satellites andwill be in the ocean in submarine cable ampli-fiers. This relay's moving masses are bal-anced and are therefore virtually immune tovibration and shock. And, because the coilis sealed and because the moving parts con-tain no organic materials, it is highly resistantto internal deterioration.

The three units at the center are glass-sealed reed contacts; they are unaffected bythe external atmosphere. The topmost of thethree, a mercury-wetted reed, is chatter-proof;its contacts stay closed without "bouncing."This is accomplished by feeding liquid mer-cury-sealed within the glass envelope-tothe contacts by capillary action. A fast-acting

Therefore, Bell Telephone Labora-tories maintains a continuing pro-gram of designing and developingreliable and economical relays tomeet the ever-expanding needs ofmodern communications.

Bell Telephone LaboratoriesResearch and Development Unit of the Bell System

device, it has the highest current-carryingcapacity of any communications-type switchelement. Also, it has the longest life, oftenup to 1 billion operations.The two remaining units are sealed dry

reeds. They can make contact in less than1/1000 second. Relays containing such dry-reed contacts and associated operating coilsmay have one or many contacts in an appara-tus unit. Ferreed switches, for example, usedin the Bell Laboratories-developed ElectronicSwitching System, have as many as 256 con-tacts in one unit. A dry-reed type relay alsoreplaces five larger relays in a translator,which control a ten-digit indicator tube.

Typical enclosures are seen in background.All units are shown about 4/5 actual size.

SCIENCE, VOL. 152

A relay for every communications need