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150© Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.

Note Taking Study GuideFROM NEUTRALITY TO WAR

CHAPTER

12SECTION 1

Name Class Date

Focus Question: What caused World War I, and why did the UnitedStates enter the war?

As you read, identify the causes of World War I, the conditions facing soldiers, andthe reasons for U.S. involvement.

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© Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.

151

READING CHECK

Who was Francis Ferdinand?

VOCABULARY BUILDER

What does the word allies meanin the underlined sentence?What clues can you find in thesurrounding words, phrases, orsentences? Circle the words thatcould help you learn what allymeans.

READING SKILL

Identify Causes Identify thecauses of World War I.

There had been no major wars during the 50 years beforeWorld War I, but Europe was not peaceful. Nationalismrenewed old grudges between countries. Militarism, or theglorification of the military, brought an arms race among Germany, Britain, France, and Russia.

European leaders also prepared for war by formingalliances among their countries. In 1914, a Serbian assassinatedFrancis Ferdinand, the archduke of Austria-Hungary. Warspread as European countries entered the fighting to help theirallies. Great Britain, France, Russia, and Serbia were alliesfighting against Germany and Austria-Hungary. In less thanone week, World War I had begun.

Fighting went on in other parts of the world, but the Western Front in France was the key battle front. German soldiers settled onto high ground and dug trenches. Then theFrench and British dug their own trenches. Neither side wasable to defeat the other. The war dragged on. Machine gunsand artillery led to millions of casualties, or soldiers killed,wounded, and missing.

As the war continued in Europe, President Woodrow Wilson asked Americans to be neutral. However, the brutalGerman invasion of Belgium swayed American opinionagainst Germany. Americans protested when a German submarine, or U-boat, sank the passenger ship Lusitania.

In January 1917, German Foreign Minister Arthur Zimmermann sent a telegram to Mexico. He proposed analliance between Germany and Mexico. The British interceptedthe Zimmermann note and gave it to American authorities.Americans were shocked by the note. Soon afterward, Germanyannounced that it would once again use submarines to sinkBritish passenger ships. The United States responded to theseevents by declaring war on Germany on April 6, 1917.

Review Questions1. How did alliances help lead to war?

2. Why did the United States get involved in World War I?

Section SummaryFROM NEUTRALITY TO WAR

CHAPTER

12SECTION 1

Name Class Date


Note Taking Study GuideTHE HOME FRONT

CHAPTER

12SECTION 2

Name Class Date

Focus Question: How did the war affect Americans at home?

As you read, summarize the key points in the chart below.

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153

READING CHECK

Why did so many African Americans move to the Northduring the war?

VOCABULARY BUILDER

What does the word conservemean in the underlinedsentence? An antonym forconserve is squander. Use theantonym to help you figure outthe meaning of conserve.

READING SKILL

Summarize Summarize how theAmerican government won overpublic support for the war.

When the United States entered World War I, its army wasmuch smaller than the European armies. To build the army,Congress passed the Selective Service Act. This act allowed adraft of young men for military service in Europe.

The War Industries Board (WIB), headed by BernardBaruch, controlled all industries involved in the war. The WIBdecided what industries would make, where those productswent, and how much they would cost. The WIB also urgedAmericans to conserve food as a patriotic gesture.

In 1914, most Americans did not understand the reasons forthe war. The Committee on Public Information (CPI) had toconvince Americans that the war effort was a just cause. Still,some Americans, including German Americans and IrishAmericans, opposed America’s entry into the war. Oppositionalso came from conscientious objectors, people whose moralor religious beliefs forbid them to fight in wars.

During the war, Congress limited freedom of speech. In1917, Congress passed the Espionage Act, which punishedanyone who interfered with the war effort. In 1918, Congressfurther limited freedom of speech by passing the Sedition Act.The government used the Sedition Act to prosecute socialists,political radicals, and pacifists.

The war also brought social changes. Women took jobs thatwere open because men had gone to fight. In 1920, womengained the right to vote. Meanwhile, more than 1.2 millionAfrican Americans took part in the Great Migration. Theymoved from the rural South to the industrial North in the hopeof escaping racism and finding better jobs.

Many Mexicans also wanted a better life for themselves andtheir children. They crossed the border into the United States,looking for work on ranches and farms. World War I hadopened up new opportunities for women, African Americans,and Mexican Americans.

Review Questions1. What was the purpose of the Committee on Public

Information (CPI)?

2. Why did conscientious objectors oppose the war?

Section SummaryTHE HOME FRONT

CHAPTER

12SECTION 2

Name Class Date


Note Taking Study GuideWILSON, WAR, AND PEACE

CHAPTER

12SECTION 3

Name Class Date

Focus Question: How did Americans affect the end of World War I andits peace settlements?

A. As you read, sequence the events leading to the end of World War I in the timelinebelow.

Marc

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1917

Ju

ne

1917

No

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1917

Marc

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1918

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at w

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ifies

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v.

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istic

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ar.


155

Note Taking Study GuideWILSON, WAR, AND PEACE

CHAPTER

12SECTION 3

Focus Question: How did Americans affect the end of World War I andits peace settlements?

B. As you read, summarize Wilson’s goals for peace and whether or not each goalwas fulfilled.

Wilson’s Ideasfor Peace

Decision Made at Paris Peace Conference

Peace without victory

Open diplomacy

Freedom of seas and free trade

Move toward ending colonialism

Self-determination

League of Nations

Great Britain and France makeGermany pay reparations.

Iraq is attached to Britain as a mandate.

Name Class Date


156

READING CHECK

Why did the “irreconcilables”oppose the treaty to end WorldWar I?

VOCABULARY BUILDER

What does the word mutualmean in the underlinedsentence? What clues can youfind in the surrounding words, phrases, or sentences?

READING SKILL

Sequence Sequence the eventsthat led the U.S. Senate to notratify the treaty ending WorldWar I.

When the United States entered World War I, Germany onceagain began unrestricted submarine warfare. Convoys madeup of British and American warships protected the merchantships, providing mutual safety. Shipping losses fell sharply.

When communists led by Vladimir Lenin gained control ofRussia, fighting stopped between Russia and Germany. Germany then began an all-out offensive on the Western Front.The arrival of American troops under the command of John J. Pershing helped counter the German attacks. On November11, 1918, Germany surrendered. The war was over.

In the Fourteen Points, President Wilson outlined America’s war aims. The Fourteen Points promoted openness,encouraged independence, and supported freedom. Wilsonalso emphasized self-determination, or the right of people tochoose their own form of government. Finally, he asked for aLeague of Nations, a world organization where countriescould gather and peacefully resolve their quarrels.

In early 1919, the Allies held a peace conference in France.Although the League of Nations was set up, the peace treatiesmade at the Paris Peace Conference created almost as manyproblems as they solved. By forming new states, the Alliesestablished a new map of Europe. This map violated nationalself-determination many times.

In the United States, many opposed the treaty. A handful ofsenators known as the “irreconcilables” believed the UnitedStates should not be a part of world organizations such as theLeague of Nations. A larger group of senators, led by HenryCabot Lodge, and known as the “reservationists,” opposedthe treaty as it was written. Wilson and his opponents refusedto compromise, and the Senate did not ratify the treaty. With-out American support, the League of Nations was unable tomaintain peace.

Review Questions1. Describe the aims of the Fourteen Points.

2. How did convoys contribute to the success of the Allies?

Name Class Date

Section SummaryWILSON, WAR, AND PEACE

CHAPTER

12SECTION 3


157

Note Taking Study GuideEFFECTS OF THE WAR

CHAPTER

12SECTION 4

Focus Question: What political, economic, and social effects did WorldWar I have on the United States?

As you read, identify and record the main ideas of this section in the concept webbelow.

Effects ofWorld War I

Inflation

Role ofwomen

Red Scare

PalmerRaids

Name Class Date


158

READING CHECK

Why did Harding win the 1920presidential election?

VOCABULARY BUILDER

What does the word emergencemean in the underlinedsentence? What clues can youfind in the root of word? Name asynonym for the root word.

READING SKILL

Identify Main Ideas Identify themain factors that led to the firstAmerican Red Scare.

World War I significantly changed America. An influenza pan-demic that killed millions worldwide made the transition topeace even more difficult. The flu pandemic created a sense ofdoom and dread.

The war produced important economic and social changes.African Americans and women now had to compete with menreturning from the war for jobs. Farmers were paid less fortheir crops, which made it hard for them to pay their bills.Inflation, or rising prices, meant industrial workers’ wages didnot buy as much as they had bought during the war. Allaround the country, workers went on strike for higher wages.

The violence of some strikes was often attributed to thepresence of radicals among the strike leaders. Fear of radicalsand communists was made worse by the emergence of theSoviet Union as a communist nation. Communism called for aworldwide workers’ revolution, and communist revolts inEurope made it seem like the revolution was starting.

Fear that communists were plotting revolution within theUnited States set off the first American Red Scare. AttorneyGeneral A. Mitchell Palmer mounted a series of raids in early1920 known as the Palmer Raids. Police arrested thousands ofpeople, some who were radicals and some who were simplyimmigrants from southern or Eastern Europe.

Eventually the great fear ended. Warren G. Harding waselected President, in part because he talked about Americareturning to simpler times or to “normalcy.”

By 1920, the United States was the richest country in theworld. The United States was also the largest creditor nation inthe world. Other countries owed the United States moremoney than the United States owed them. World War I hadshifted the economic center of the world from London to NewYork City. America embraced its new role in the world.

Review Questions1. Describe the problems Americans faced immediately after

the war.

2. How did the war change America’s role in world affairs?

Name Class Date

Section SummaryEFFECTS OF THE WAR

CHAPTER

12SECTION 4

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