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INFRASTRUCTUREFORUM -
SMARTNYC
Smart Infrastructure and InterdependenciesMohsen A Jafari, Ph.D. , Laboratory for Energy Smart Systems (LESS)
Center for Advanced Infrastructure and Transportation (CAIT)
Rutgers University
A Brief Introduction
o 30 years of academic experience, 25 years of industry experience in technical and management
consulting, 10 years of research program leadership and Dept. Chair.
o Principal at Rutgers Center for Advanced Infrastructure and Transportation
(https://cait.rutgers.edu/)
o Director and Founder of Laboratory for Energy Smart Systems (LESS) –
(https://cait.rutgers.edu/less).
o Over $23M R&D funding from government and industry on energy, Intelligent Transportation,
Advanced Manufacturing.
o Funding agencies: Dept. of Energy, California Energy Commission, NJ Board of Public Utility,
Siemens, DNV GL Energy, FHWA, US Dept. of Transportation, National Science Foundation,…
o Thesis advisor to 27 Ph.D. dissertations, 11 M.S. theses, and 7 Post-doctoral research.
o 120 refereed publications and patents
o Over 100 invited and contributed presentations around the world
o Collaboration with industry and major research institutions around the world (e.g., University of
Cambridge, UC-Irvine, Siemens, IBM,…)
Emerging Urban Infrastructure
Transformative Changes …
1 – “The End of Car Ownership” - The Wall Street Journal. June 20, 2017/
2 - 2017 Strategic Directions – Smart City/Smart Utilities Report, Black & Veatch.
3 – ReThink.com
4 - Argonne National Lab report
Stakeholders …
Building Blocks …
Cities, States …
o Emission laws & public education of clean energy policies.
o New codes for EV-ready buildings and communities.
o EV ready cabling for parking spots, designated curbsides, etc.
o Removing urban barriers and instating EV-friendly permitting and zoning laws for
new facilities/parking lots/curbside charging.
o Tax incentives and PPP opportunities in EV and CAV support infrastructure
o Facilitating fast charging for fleets, taxis and other public transportation
o Adoption of roadway taxonomy
o Traffic signage and controls for CAV
o Recognition and visibility of early adopters.o Parking space and HOV lanes
o Engage in planning for infrastructure readiness
Utilities and Energy Industry…
o Substantial increase in power demand is expected:o A typical passenger EV uses more KWH/day than a typical house.
o Self-driving and EV highly likely to substantially increase miles travelled.
o US power infrastructure and grid are aging fast.
o Investment in power transmission has increased since 2005, but ongoing permitting
issues, weather events, and limited maintenance have contributed to an increasing
number of failures and power interruptions.
o Between 2007 and 2013, retail sales of electricity in the United States across all
sectors dropped 2%.
o Stagnant growth, rising costs, and a need for even greater infrastructure investment
represent major challenges to the utility industry.
o Major investment in upgrading transformers will be needed.
A Big Opportunity for Utilities and Cities to
Work Together
o New market for utilities can help utilities to upgrade the power distribution network.
This leads to higher power reliability and resiliency for cities.
o New tax revenues for increased demand and new business concepts – Energy hubs/
portals / Cafes …
o New business opportunities to reduce the cost of ownership of charging
infrastructure.
o Opportunities to transform underprivileged communities to EV energy hubs with new
revenue and tax models.
o Rate structure based on service priorities, preemption and performance (charging
speed).
o New financial resources for utilities to invest on DERs and microgrids.
New Business Alliances
o Demand Response programs using managed charging can benefit utilities and
businesses.
o New revenue models for private investors to invest on microgrids and DERs, thus
increasing the overall reliability and resiliency of US power network.
o Day-ahead planning of EV charging can help reduce uncertainty in the grid and save
money for businesses. (reducing quantity risks for grid)
o Owning or operating V2G can provide utilities and aggregators great potentials for
energy storage, demand response, etc.
o For instance, a parking garage can act like an energy storage at times that some or
all cars are parked ….
o Joint technology adventures and start ups on advanced control and communication
solutions between OEMs and utilities (e.g., BMW and PG&E).
o Fleet owners and building complexes can benefit from owning and operating
charging facilities.
Network Level Problem for EV Charging
Infrastructure
Optimize charging infrastructure for a region:
• Planning and operational constraints must be considered
simultaneously.
• Close collaboration between all stakeholders required.
• Problem objectives:
o Maximize reliable trips and access for EV owners and operators,
o Minimize costs (operation, EV use, …), and
o Maximize revenue for owners and operators.
Network Level Problem for EV Charging
Infrastructure
Optimize charging infrastructure for a region:
• Decision Variables:
o Mixed portfolio of:
o Charging locations - curb side, workplace, parking lots, home, highways and
freeways, etc.
o Ownership and operation
o Commercial fleets and large complexes may have their own private facilities.
o One time investment or in stages
o Source of investment funds
Network Level Problem for EV Charging
Infrastructure
Optimize charging infrastructure for a region:
• Problem Inputs and constraints:o Initial and lifecycle costs
o Funding & investment opportunities & constraints
o Tax incentives
o Revenue models and business specific constraints
o Mixed vehicle portfolio and alternative fuel boundaries and simultaneous plans
o Demand forecasts
o Investment requirements on adjacent infrastructures
Factors Impacting Demand Profile and Variance
• Urban characteristics:
o Cities with sprawl suburban patterns of urban development (e.g.,
Los Angeles and Northeastern cities)
o Self-driving and electric vehicles are expected to take off
o Car sharing and ride hailing could emerge only as complementary options.
o Seamless Mobility for densely populated, high-income cities such
as New York.
o Shared, electric, autonomous, multimodal mobility with public transit as
backbone
Factors Impacting Demand Profile and Variance
• Demand mix: % of private cars, % commercial fleets, %
city/municipality fleets, heavy trucks, etc. o Private passenger cars:
o Miles traveled/day, landscape characteristic, type of vehicle, etc.
o High stochasticity expected.
o Commercial fleets
o Operational schedule – more deterministic
o Less variance in travel patterns and energy consumption
• Charging technology characteristicso Advanced managed charging
o Charging levels (Level 1, 2, DC fast charging, etc.)
Rigorous Network Level Optimization
ExampleMany ways to solve this problem; ad hoc, rigorous network
optimization, decomposing the larger problem into smaller
problems, etc.
INFRASTRUCTUREFORUM -
SMARTNYC
November 8, 2017
Broad Street Ballroom
New York, NY