!ry{no{!nnu - rbru28 aal j .i y - i- l a y dl [14 0lytlu u rnu u o l nln u2u o.:nu 1u 161o tnv n ou...
TRANSCRIPT
0rnnrreirrfi unl:iflo1nnr:vrn no ldrr? ogrJrso rar: rirruorl3rrnrlnol#i6nr:lre -- -innasnou tnfl nfl 'lt?nun{u
eranrr!Gsu!fi suo'nuorvrolorc noulounrr;inH rnlr16orJfi ffi orrafi zs r.lfr ffi ur
rJqfi3urnr:rfinngnoufif;nsri#i !6 25 r.lgffiur o'rnr:rrfi z Iounr:f,nsrldi- t A v Aa- A v i-
f, {[nnnnu 3nunoumrnnIu[110nufi lnvnouYttJonu utl.l! lefl !ry{no{!nnu vTn
n:uflrrrJ:vnr: nrire6o ncnourYo.:fifi.lrrrirGuurir'obi'irtrcionr:innr1u6.! nsnoil6'013u{i tr -inltluu[ 0aofl?1!flalntfla0ut1nfl1:?n$.:t{ lflnvfl0uint:u.t9l?0u'l':fl4?u cl Ylu?1n?1xfl{
,A10.:nrnou nsnan{ou1{rlrnluo[?a]drulJ llavnsnousio.r'[rirnrvr?r'rr noaruro{ornogdrl#
An'r1r,q{10{nvno nd lnrn6ou dlorriu16orriu Ho nr:yr a douuda{d'{a 1r 1'1 8 nlnHanrt
a q .-iTnrYoU U?liJ0fltUlfi'ltlflnnUn0U CaSQ PbCl, tlns PbSO4 tuai16U11 4,5. l6 uas l7
.i 4 oeo .id !' vnludunr:Yr (l ) o.r (4) tfi afluusnufl0uYlnfl:1lvr {d1lr1r0
CaClr(ac) + HzSOr(aq)
CaClr(al) + Pb(NO:)r(aq)
Pb(No,),(aq) + NqSQ(aq)
Pb(Nor)r(aq) + H:Sor(aq)
2Hcl(aq) + CaSOr(s)
Ca(Nor)r(aq) + PbClz(s)
2NaNOr(aq) + PbSQ(s)
2HNo,(aq) + PbSQG)
.......(l)
.......(2)
........(3)
.......(4)
any ,-*i ,h@i,y1 vvr[!0 lnnen0u0]nu0n:u111[H!1sfl!ua? t?nu tnflnuln?lrJdu ur:rr?1.:fl?]!ql
:l . n ,olunvu?n10.:nsflou rn'orir}l1d1un'r:oofluulren:r.:lJ'rauln:!1u lnoldfinurrJfrffiur
n1:rfinnvnouranrvrJnffiurfi (l),(2)rrny {:)ntrdur:rvrJnffiurfi (r)uos (4)l#nrnoil
Pbso4 tuornu?nu t'riun{rn0n1#rfi u'rrJfr ffi o116tra6orJfr fi3urfi {:) rdo.:rrnnr:1{ Nqson
tsinrruilnond'u!1nn'irn151dn:a H2so4 uonirndvrrjisrynoufirn^odurrririJunvnoui , - rnvi or, '- ", n,xunrnu?nuugr0'lt!afluorgTl[9]fl01{nu tft0J0 tnfl1tn{nu tuntlJ0uflu n'tou'l,tlxu
- -- q o o -i ai qy e e o ;nsnou casoa tl-l019uyr 3 uos 4 ruo tt Na2soa u?t!ntnou[n]y61u11,: nofl l nolgylo9
n'r: ttnsn H,So4 nnu t y{ljnsnoulnturl1l{rlraorruriodxlo n',:dororiUrrTo,rnllu:l6nst'n
(Adhesive Force) [[t{[+o!t[1.iu (Cohesive Force) unsfl']"ttr[: {xo{ 1o ooulu flt: aralU (Ionic)^
Strength) fififlncion?tu6{el'?iro.:dr: rirl#nr:rnry6nraoamoaorto{nynouhjlyi'lniu
ri:unynouto.r rucqlurirniufi 5 uas 6 x'jr rflo1dvgct, rrrunrrldcacl,no-lrirh{,.1?t4 u lqs n ou 1llJ t s
^l9JAu03nt:?0-l: grl
27
er-rrr{ 8 dn!olvgrcnouoln:JAfi:ulnr:rfinnBnou zs rJqffi ur
! gt )ayatnu flt:n{fluYt tIo-nuolcnvnou
frnsnou fienrir o-n6ur 1
t:uu 9t? UU 11'tfidon-
flanRorc
(nvnou)! [n1g
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
l0
llt2
t3
l4
l5
l6
t7
l8
l9
20
2t
2J
24
25
25
CaCl, + Na2HPq
CaCl. + Nar6g,
CaCl, + Nq56o
CaCl2 + H2SO4
CaCl. + Pb(NOr),
MgCl, + Pb(NO),
MgCl, + NarCOr
MgCl, + NEHPq
BaCl, + Na2SO4
Ba(OH), + HrCO3
BaCl, + Na2HPq
Al(NOr)j + NECOs
Al(No3)3 + NaoH
Pb(No3), + I(I
Pb(NO3)' + Na2CO3
Pb(NOr), + Na2SO4
Pb(NOr), + HrSO4
Pb(NOr), + NarHPO4
Pb(NO3)' + H]PO4
Pb(NOr), + Ba(OH),
Pb(NO3)' + KOH
Pb(Nor), + NaoH
Pb(NOr), + KrCrrO,
Feclr + Ba(OH),
FeCl, + Igag11
CaHPO4
CaCO,
CaSOn
CaSOn
PbCI,
PbCI,
MNO,
MgHPQ
BaSOo
BaCO,
BaHPq
Alr(cor)3
A(OH)3
Pbl,
Pbc03
Pbs04
Pbso4
PbHPq
Pbr(PO4),
Pb(oH),
Pb(oH),
Pb(oH),
PbCrrO,
Fe(OH\I
Fe(OH), d
11?
11?
1'1?
1t?
111?
1J',l?
11?
1't?
lJ 1?
11?
11?
11?
11?
t ao.t
11?
x1?
1',r?
1'',1?
11'l
x1?
lJ1?
11?
lfi40{!
u10ta
1fl 1ntto.:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
'irrrirGou +, firurlrtlr:: -, 'n:nour'arlou':rniu *. n;nout-n6ordrtjruiu -, 'a:noutjrnrrrirrnon *,
ngno lfl1311trn0e -
28
Aal j .i y - i- l A y dl[14 0lYtlu u rnu u o l nln u2u o.:nu 1u 161o tnv n ou Yrln0l ctriuuiiluun!fl0u
-irfrflrdr,:riuueiorrllulosil{riu lfro{o1no-rtrlnrrrnonvnourosuciarrlfrffiurkirvir6'ua I qe ;- t t o e i cntdt n trlu1n10':ntn0u [nnl unnn1{nun?u nvflou Yllu lff[4fl0s:1lJfl znu tluurlav
tfln rnrirfi G ur n'irnvnou fi it u toln rld.rrilu a rur 11rirl#a':u r?rnv n 0u'u ? t: v'ld urneiooro 4 q s I
nlt?nnln?1!q{0.:llttfiulvdud1lj:uu1r,]t'rtufl1:flnu'ln?ltJdLlY{ut:vll?l.:fr21uq'l
rras!?atJ0nslvnou
< - aa afl 0Rtrfl nu'lnoaB{uav?tntlvlltT{oloonndlrmlfi 130u
- t A a , i .{ oyflnfl1r noo{[[av?rn51v1l[11o[n0flflfl1tfllfirJlvdlJ I Bdl: !1n 3 Qdlt [ 0 tY
a t' . d ',1
s qrAdtunl:fl51r10Ytsn0tfl1r:ngur:0.:d1:n]fiun1l:rj101 16u t1?rfl'l:flnnsn0u ll,lfl1tYl9n0'l
2 t uflou a{u
fl anr:!d!luurfi uua?rrlg{,t o.rnvnoufrl:vasraorfrfflunlr!Aofl vRou& ,^- ! u,e
ftnn1: nao{IoIvrIarlrJ6ffiorriu os'[der:nsnruldo-nu,1o':arnoull uia vo
0,ru0unu d?uHan.lllu:uu[1luun?1!qil0t0tvflounutvuv[?n]Yltltuflrt[nnntnoulot, d, -t
3 il0ntu'l rluirtlu 3 9r'r:'l{ n{u
0t1:t{ 9 udfi{ft'rl fllllara'nu snsflo caso4 firfinnrnrJfrffiur caclr(aq) + Hrsq(aq)
* CaSon(s) + 2HCl (aq)
Slror:ar:
(ml)
ft?lltd{taout0{nvfl0u
(cm)
yA: ou n3fl?1rd{Ylana.t
.l ,
[!or?n'1fl'lu t
cacl, H,sQ 5 urfi lo u1fi 15 urfi 5 urfi l0 u]lr
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
1.1
2.4
2.5
2.7
0.9
2.3
2.5
2.6
18.18
0.00
0.00
3.70
0.9
2.4
2.5
2.6
18.18
4.17
0.00
0.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
29
snrl{ 10 rldg{n?1!q{[[dsn-nu vglsnou euct, firfio rrnrJ frffi or cucl, + Pb(NoJ, -Pbclr(s) + ca(Nor)r
Surn:cr:
(ml)
n?'l!d{lqnull0tetsnou
(cm)
oun3fl?'lll d':maa n':
i,rlJo[?a1],t'tu ltl
:
l0 ull]
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
0.9
1.3
2.0
2.t
10.0
7.1
16.7
19.2
20.0
t4.3
25.0
23.1
1.0
1.4
2.4
2.6
0.8
1.2
1.8
2.0
9t1r1.r 11 lrdn {n ?l!(J'tudv a'nu orvnsnou rtSOo fir6nrrnrJAfi:u] Pb(NOr), (aq) + NqSOn
(aq) * PbSq G) + 2NaNOr (aq)
Srrn:er: (-t)n?,llld{rq a ut o{ns n ou
(cm)
ou nvn 11u d{ maa n ':
rur'oraarilrutl
t
pb(NOr), NqSOo 5 ulYl l0 u"lYl 15 1JlYl 5 ulYl l0 u1lr
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
0.5
t.0
1.5
2.0
0.8
1.9
1.3
1.9
0.6
1.0
1.0
t.'l
0.5
0.1
0.9
1.4
2s.0
47 .4
23.1
10.5
37 .50
63. l6
30.'17
26.32
erll1.i l2 rrJiuurfi uuioelavn?r!q{ro rnunou : rfi n fi an nul'ollarrilil'lil
nsnou Pbc12
dirrn:er:(ml)
0unsR?11r(Jlflona'1
rfioraorriu\rl
;000vn?1!({flan0{
rflonardru'hl
iouornrrrqrdaoa.r
rfionarriu'hl
: t
5 urlr l0 ulyr 51.111r l0 rlyr 51.r1yr t0 urfl
18.t8
0.00
8.00
3.'70
18.18
4.17
8.00
7 .41
20.0
14.3
25.0
23.1
25.0
47.4
23.1
r0.5
0.5
1.0
t.5
2.0
r 0.0
7.1
16.7
19.2
37.50
63.16
30.7'7
26.32
cacl, Pb(Nor), s urfi to urfi 15 urfi s urfi
nsnou CaSOa nBnou PbSO4
30
0rnfluflour{6nr:rnnno{ o-nuugto{ngnouda{[[:n ngnouu-{'hitlilu ru'oraarr.iru
-i,l--"-,--t-t ulr4m I0 [[as I5 uulJrJurfi!ounu idl! an:u1.ui 6Yl[nnn1nnl:xon]n?]uq{xo{nrnoue zl ' h , u t de
rlnsS ou ncflr5 ao 0{r0.tfi1'lljfl.lluo[?a'l,,nu ttj n{n'D r.r l2 y{u']1nrn0 10i caso4 tJ:0uns
narlqr nnnrlud?{r?n r s ua; to urfinl6uuurJa nioufiqo rieunsnoulo'r ruso. iflouar
nrrlq.rno n rlud?{[?n'r 5 uav to u rfir:J6uuurJ n ll rnfiqn n-{riuerc n ouoJo r casoo 6rrilujjj
nvnoufirrrrvflrfi gnrfio.rnrn ur'oraarilruhJ 5 rrnv to urfi flalrfl.ttoiflenouaoa'rrloofi qn
duiluHn6,dosornrrarfinnsioo-sr:rnr:uJduuu:Jn'rn?r (rxornunouriou usiodrrl:finrus d ' 4 ,o I e a, ' n ,d
n1nnl:1t 8 ryd{[nnrHu2'r fl'r:[1rlJrJrllr91510{fl11n{nulUu 2 [Yn tU[:0u dl 0l sl.ru:ni- !'q1rrJ5 utnt d1:n{9ru 0q tun?{ 0.50 - 1.00 !0nnn: un?1u[[nnn 1t10.ln']1!E.tflvnouou1.:sntnu
usiriar t.oo - z.oo fiafi6n: nllqrnvnou'hirurncix6'u!rnfn6':n?:ra^on1#rJ?urn:firrlrsaruo .d1un r: oonuur-r1onn aor dli tg:J
fl anllrfiuutfi uuaarrufrrr{u#rcrt ir.rlrofiunrru g.n o{ervRol{
afl"rr n a o {udn lrirn flr qllrni uuavrir!:a rqduro{nvflou caso4, Pbcl2 uavi " ," , .) ra 'Pbso4 cr{Htnlnnlt1|lnltmnn0{ 3 crtl [ 0 r1l1d51{n51Y{[ ofi]n1 R- dlfituru:uurYluu
r6on r rJfrffiur udn{ri{nrir'! 23,24 lnv 25 nuailn'u lunrnnurn t0rnnr:mnno{rol : :Jfr6iur rfiodnurrir s.p. drriruaorornrir s.D. tq6u'uo.tueins
tA , t
rJfrffior, n' 6re frrrrnriru?alaAu (rrnu v) unsritR?r!q{rqAu (rrnux) a-nuolsnr:[nna?i"se
ncnou arfl:'rvlir6on t rJfrffiurfirfi!rvflrtdr ;uair.:lomoaol udfl{drnr:r{ l3 uaE
Rrfl runou t nBuurfiuudr s.o., R'
aornnrrl.r 13 yrujl rir n' torrJgffiornr:rfinnvnou caSoo Pbcl, [[av Pbso4
rvirnir o.que o.gzs uau 0.966 nrri iirii'u uncrir S.D. ryirriu 0.0249 0.0419 rrau 0.0373 nrttiirn-u! a t o vt t , ^uonnlnu afl15 f,flu'tfl: rllfr? rxdu u rts?r ?1tfr'r'llJfl{uavlJ'tanufl0ull.td1lJsua[lflfi{fi't
Rlfl :enou r nu'jr rirarrrJfrfiSor}?n:rllneruii'lr{uffiiahsilvr{Jurdun:r lnunsnou
caso. 1urJflffiurfi (t) 1#n:rlln.lrldrLn-ufrf;.rrdun5.: (R'?) 6fiqn ru'o.rornirir rvirrir o.szoA yo,) ii , - oi , i",oG[{r1r tfln I rrny nln'r1rrfla1olfln0u (s.D.) tmlnu 0.0249 ryiu00ilqn uoflt]nui0n1o.:
!A",, ! ", h,d, < - id, I:J6ffiurfifi1,fi4r:sr-.:du:rnr'hjun.r uav'hiriiulargflfnfiriJuoun:ru 6nri{ncnou
to.: caSonu-li :ylusfluilarudrudrrLr:0lil'lilldlurru6usield uiu l#riluei:unal
tor0rlry'l rirrlurJararnof 1#rJirrJgrqornrn6u naonnul{tirmiu,fi'nnr:riuunl:do1.r.r A d o c ,u ' dr 4 do ; 9 - ". *. a alu2Yl[ntJ fl1tt4 uJ[1l u n1: [11lJ1Uy d15 rn ! tUd rlr?nn0! q {uu 4?0u!{ra onua n: uln'l: rnn
nunou CaSQ1n1*1unr:oir.:Enroaoldl$o;rJGolar:rirnun ilru
3l
4.0
R' = 0.9251.) a
E
,oct@FE7aG
3 0
2.5 R2 = 0.9762a
2.0 a R' = 0.9559
1
.0
a Q Pbcl2
r Pbso4
A CaSOc
1
0.0
0 0.0s 0.1 0.15 0.2
:r?a!o{n3nou (g)
0.25 0.3 0.3s
Rrn :snou 1 n:ryl[[dn{n?1!drJniuri: sn'jrrnrrrq{fi'xu?axo.rgrsnou casq, Pbso4 rrav
PbCI,
er.rr.r.r 13 riltorrfiuurir so, n'
rJq6Sur rir s.o. laarndu rir n'
CaCl, + HrSq -CaSQ + 2HCl
CaCl, + Pb(NOr), -PbCl, + Ca(NO3),
Pb(NOr), + NazSOr *PbSq+ 2NaNOj
0.0249
0.0419
0.0373
0.9762
0.9251
0.9669
a vvAfl anlflaoRn?t1lt t tI,ulr?ltfi lrlvsu
.{.1 a et e, A zl ovo s ..! tn rr Yrnc o {ulY{ ofln! tfr?'llJ[t,u1lJyrI ulcdr [1r0 tt tu nlr f,:'r.re{nmn n0 rdlrt !g lJ
riorar:rirnunrJirurulnoldi6nr:rfinncnou tirnirnr:eir'r10flono{ n?rur{u,fluro{-io g.
flr:nenr0 CaCl, uor u,so. fi1f60 I rldy 2 mol/dm] louaai'l{nrrrLrdlduunvilitrn:frlrnne av .i< a e 4 , tr ,nsnountno{:.Jon!olsfln flo ntnouuH?1ru'lr:uu[[ay[luu[1,{0.i1tJoofl1t?ffn]fl? lu0{i^ J
10{nsn0u lnnlu tlfl o'lf].:9t1: 1{ 14 ft?'tlJltu.tjufl xnl:lnnncnou
32
,9v9t1r'l.lt l4 ft?1lJ[1J!1unljnl:lnnavnou
d'l:ava'lu cacl, fl]t0ya1un:o H2SO4 aftu Setsn0u
fl?'lt.ltltJ,uu
(moYdmr)
il3rurn:
(ml)
n?1u[1lJ1U
(mol/dmr)
Srrn:
(ml)
a,lu'tfiul nnr:u{n?
t[u 1.1UUt:
+
+
+
+
+
2
I
2
I
I
2
2
2
2
I
I
2
z
2
2
2
0.10 - 1.00
0.10 - 1.00
0.10 - 1.00
0.10 - 1.00
1.00
0.10 - 1.40
2.00
r.00
0.r0 - 1.00
0.10 - 1.00
0.10 - 1.00
0.10 - 1.00
0.10 - 1.40
1.00
0.70 - 2.50
0.20 - 1.40
+
+
+
,l.)xult:lru +. fll}lUlnlltr -. o:n0 nnrtu.l9lllutr -. n'fl0unnl: u{n1 l!lllru -
rrnnr:mn nor 6fi3ur:vrjr':ar:nsnru Cact, rirn:o ursq fi n rru rril {u
l movdmr !rrn:n:rn'ir t fio6fin: nu'ir douttir rravl{raarurulunr:tfinnvnou nvnou
r nurn n=rrrirt o':nvnou'[n[5 or uoc'liluilu rirurJqffior:rn'j]{drt as nru caCl, finarn
rdrriu t movamr 6'un:o ursoo do'rrlr{ldu 2 moudmr n3orJfrffior:vt'jr{flrtaualu cacl,.i v 9 1- i 9 9 l 09n?l!['[UtU 2 moUdm- nUn:fl HrSq mn?1lJ[6tjlJtU I moVdm-0U tfifln10lan! tn1:lnsl
I q a , n 'd h ''0rsflouft61unu flo lflnnvfl0uvluvl ugrH?l.tU110.:gts nou IUFUU llruuu d2uU0n:u1:sfi?1{
diraualu caclr d n:n ttrson dnrrrufurlu 2 moydmr nrjr nvrfinnvnouduvr'ufi fi:r,rr?r
ro{nunouGuu u u uav n rnnr:irn:rvr{nanr: mn ao.rflu'irn 2rt.t[r1!ciu firfi!rcc! rirm:-u
nr:rfinnsnou case 6o dorl#ar:ovnro cact, rir:Jg^ffi0r6'un:n u,son fir{r,flu 2 movdm3
tu:rsrfinnsnou.iru fieurirGuu ncnouuliuri{ nhinvnourfinriarurn0.:du uacdrurfr-rri " s i d .""
n ?lx q11o{nsnouluo{n]fl nlU'l1l t! 01o1 CaSq [ ! qiXU 11 1 tl1 fl M10']Ofl ?11l q{1 0{uy, t q9 !. ,) tt y L I o o yo
ncnou tn.:1un?1fl1: lid"tt n {nufl?1lJ [1tJ 1u n 1 [tayu{aofl1tltJU]ry{o10vt1tfitnnq nrfi4d ln9s a91 d o ora h9, ' d
d r: [n !fi n a { tf, to u tY[11 u {n1: nu tu r a] n fl Mt 0yr 1 [1.r [nn n & n 0u tfi 0 u"t.tt ?o[5 ?
zl ny e y A ,- U e .illJ0 lfln?1!tlulullrtJU'lyduua?R?0u tnflfluttJ5u19t510{d1:0t,t0tuytll4u'lsdu [ux?.1
0.1 - 2.5 xoaanr y{u?rr4rn tr 3rLrrrolr#,oi'rrlnduoveirrua1#nsnourfinrS.ldu lnoria,r
33
to.:rJirrn:drurrvclo{luriar o.t - t.s n'nfi6n: rirdtFr',rrtfiu',nn'jr t.s fioa6n: ovrirHa
b?nvnourfiedulurniufilouhidorrttiruionu unvtctfinnt:uun#uto.rnvnou:-run'rrrha , c q rU' q l4 t, q
00n!tn!:l?0rfluraonYl6no{Yi'l lfi t!d'M50?64?1!q{1o{nvn0u tn fl{nly{lJ53n01l 2
i .",-ruasuonornfrnr:hirlilrn:rfru 1.00 - 2.00 hirirHnltinrruq.:to':n:nour:J6uuu a.:
otirfarou 6.rhina:1dil3rrn:luda.rd
c"ct, r{!ft t .ovd.'
Jirrn: o.s ini6n:
u,so.[7rriu t .ovuni
firmr o.s inc'iar
R
cact, rrirtir 2 movdm'
d3!mr r.o inaart
H,so.ri!ri! 2 noYdm'
filrr: t.o l'niinr
.1,
cact, r{rtir I moVdml
irrnr t.o l'oiinr
H,So.trirrir 2 moVdml
Slrn: t.o l-niin:
n
Rrn rvRou 2 R1111ro{nEnou CaSq firfioorn CaCl t{lryu I moydmr, HrSq I moUdmrtrnv
cac[ rrllr?u 2 mot/dm] , HrSQ 2 moudmr firJ3lror:eirr 1
fl anrrair.rsnr-rrru?orlrfl rf r unarfi su{amlsr
rianrrf,nur nnoluavirn: rvr{qjar:rdonrnerldlx-uf,:rn'jr.rnerr q.r6'rrrnto'ra e : qe t
nsnou[1{-of,irrn]r'r{u?n!rn:!1urrnarfiorL"f;'nrr,ln ]nu1.ilqiln:oiflnJnriuacfi aonyroao r
turorf;n rniol#il:vnoulunr:flYr{Inyroaoldrrlo;rJriorar:rirnuniliurnrd?ui;nr:j ,
' a d 6 d9J|o',nnnvfl 0u nlnntt ea0{111ofi tnln1]u f, uYrlJ, Yt'l tl1 tan ?ltJ q{uns!?a10{nsfl 0u
[[narfiuudary,lnlunaoomnao':tutnrf;n n-rsntrr ts rljorirHanr:naoo{dgt{n:1
narrLdlxiuf,:srirln:rl g.:dru:aro.:oynou'ldaunr: y : 0. 1 l45x ]ou y 6o rLrarrn
n1:mnno{1o{ casq uay rir x6o fl?]xq{lotnrflolJ caSon rra v rir n' : o.szss
n-{nrn :cnou 3 riralnr:rraYr{nr:r.:lJ'rn!ln:nruunnrfluudary{notnnaonmnno.r
-
a--r Y
\.7 \J,rs/ iltl
|L_.A.--,,\*/ f\--,^/
34
4 q i "v1U1n[0n o{rldo{n1:1{ l6 [ o tnn:o H,Soo 2 mol/dm- I unnan: m1!0n:u'lnu CaCI2 [1lJ
du 2 mol/dm, rlSrrsr: o.to - r.oo fiafrfin: nra?r noorfla ontuiotf;a
9l-lr1.l 15 rJ?n CaSOa Yll{ q!0nu!lAtlnnltmnno.l
ililrn:CaCl,
(ml)
rJ?d CaSO4
Yr6l!0
G)
rJ?a casq
tlftfil:ylnaol
(sas.D.)
t00av
fr ?'llJ r rn fln 1t
(%)
fln tn:ounv
(%)
n?1rJfl.r1o.1
nunou CaSQ
(cm+S.D.)
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
0.029
0.059
0.088
0.118
0.147
0.176
0.206
o.235
0.26s
0.294
34.48
18.64
17.05
12.71
16.33
14.20
14.56
14.89
19.62
22.11
65.52
81.36
82.95
87 .29
83.67
85.80
85.44
85.1I
80.38
77 .89
l.lG!0.23
1.30+0.10
1.70+0.09
1.80+0.10
2.00+0.04
2.20l-{.07
2.30+{.02
2.40+{.06
2.50*0.01
2.60+0.06
0.0192+0.00
0.0475+0.01
0.0728*0.00
0.1029+0.01
0.1226L0.00
0.1510+0.01
0.175 5+0.00
0.r998+0.01
0.2131+0.00
0.2291r0.01
.i s q9 dulfl 1UlArqau0tnu?a10{nunouuasfl 'lfi?1!q.:taau [nu t!fi non nnorlulnlan
9tuqln1nfl1:ylan0{rl1d:1{n:111[[da{n']'tlJdrJltu!:cx'r1{!14flufl?luq{10{nyn0u
drnrril:vnor :
35
R:rlludo{n?r iurYud:vrlixnaugsffulaato.t0.35
0.3rt?A 0.25
,rnou o 20.15
crsq 0.1
nynou CaSOa
Y= 0.1145xR'!= 0.9758
(g)0.05
00 1 2 3
n11 g{ornou CsSOi (cm)
R1ildrsno 3 nrry|udn{fl?ruri'!vriuf,:sfi'irrnal!q{xo{nsnBu[[av!?ansnoufitn6du
,f, v9r1tl.rt 16 llfln'rn]:1'r!?a !1gr:r 1u[[n ar6uudorvlnfiairr t rna!n15 nrnn 1:1#fi aonflnao{
1U10[Ofi
!?anvnou (g) 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11
ulanvnou (g) 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.21 0.22 0.23
!1anvnou (g) 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.29 0.30 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.34
F a r e)flonrflrJ:rjUrlruuEUn:Bry fiulydtrdlfl tudt t.rI9t fl ao{
lnuuriufl ugrJn:oi z rfin 6o:vu'jrrnr:1#n.:r.:vrrinarahn rrmunr:ldnnonrono.:
iurn16nrray:yfi'ir.rnr:ldnaonfinulflntfl6flu nr:l.iflrilsreibinnri'ln1:t.r I7
36
snrr{r r7 rirnrrrqr6'rlrat o{ervflou0rflnr:nnnorlnol#qrJn:oi fluJndrrncfilrfld
rjilrn:CaCl,
(ml)
lJ?a CaSO4
mqua
(e)
!?a casq
ttnnlt T n no{
(s +s.D.)
iouav
aauunnsir'r
(%)
nald3ouav
(%)
n11!g{10.r
ncnou CaSq
(cm +S.D.)
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
0.029
0.059
0.088
0.1l8
o.t47
0.176
0.206
0.23s
o.265
0.294
21.95
t7 .63
19.58
19.15
14.72
10.51
9.89
2.27
\.7 5
I1.62
t22
ll8
120
n9
I l5
ll1
ll0
102
98
88
0.0354+0.01
0.0694+0.00
0.1052+0.00
0.1406+0.00
0.1686+0.00
0.1945+0.01
0.226410.00
0.2403+0.01
0.2604+0.01
0.2598+0.01
0.38+0.06
0.79+0.07
l.l5+0.04
1.42+0.09
1.62fl.12
1.87+0.12
2.03+0.09
2.t2+0.07
2.3Gro.13
2.35+0.1 1
n:rv.luaa.rnrudldi,urS:;u'irra'm u6rriuutara{ncnou
CaSOo
lJ'tn
nen0u
CaSOn
(e)
0.3000
0.2 500
0.2000
0,1500
0.1000
0.0500
0.0000
Y = 0.1076xR'!= 0.9801
0.000 1.000 2.000
a?1!q{nin0'U CaSO4 (cm)
3.000
nr?rrjtcnou 4 n:ry{uanlnaudrur{ud:yrir,rn:rtd.:uny!?a01fl fl t:ld6envrri
37
enlrrr rE el'rlr.rr?art10:n'rurlnar6u!4'ar grfiaflx rrnalni: nr:1dir:Jsrriufilavrri
n?1!q{n0.:flvnou
(cm)
u?dflvnou (g)
fl?1Xq{1O{nvnou
(cm)
l.r'rdnunou (g)
n?1u4tllJo.invnou
(cm)
'Jaflvnou (g)
1.3
0.14
1.4
0.15
1.5
0.16
0.1
0.01
0.2
0.02
0.3
0.03
0.7
0.08
0.8
0.09
0.9
0.10
0.4
0.04
0.5
0.0s
1.0
0.1I
Ll
0.12
1.2
0.13
1.6
0.17
1.7
0.18
1.8
0.19
1.9
0.2
2.9
0.31
2.0
0.22
3.0
0.32
2.1
0.23
))
0.24
2.3
0.25
2.4
0.26
2.5
0.2'7
2.6
0.28
2.7
0.29
en:r'r 19 r.ranr:rGuurfiuurfintolqrJn:0ifi1{1unr:aflrrnr:rrt2a rsr:g'rurrflnlfiuridary{n
grJn:oi rir n't-test t-test*
ornnr:riruru 0rnnr:1.t1l1n:!turwo-tail
fia0flTfido{1u 1n[4flfl!
finooqo8lflu ao91110 a0i
HA09nn0ta Jan?[']fl n finooaauld t Ju dllt1Jgtnfl 14a onrno nfl.:1u tnrnn
0.976
0.980
0.916
0.925
0.0143
0.4878
2.0639
2.0639
1U10lAn
*fi:yoiuu-utirriru o.os unc of ryirriu 2+
0.6
0.06
2.8
0.30
olnnanr:mnao.ra-rnr: r.: 27 rraunrsr.! zs droqjlunrnnurn t rl'orirlrrrrir n'
ruogrit t - t..r nu'jr rirorurf,lyrhfriudun: r (R') losnr: nao,:lnu1{6l.rvrri firirqln.jr
rir n'to.:nr:1{ oonmnno.:rurorf,n uayrntoyrndoxril t - tesr Hamt{dfinil:rng.jr
'hiunnrir':n'uodr,rfiriudrn"'qfi::n-rnarlrfloriu p - 0.05 n'{nr:r.: rs ri'lriu6{1#Flrilduyrufiaoo noo{lurnrHn nr:rcirueionr:e-nrirRarua.: ru'orornfigrurSuu 6nnJ.rn'arayrri
38
d, a<h' , Z I e o d eriluvrnrasr-n6.r'[riunnjru rirrrinru-t irurionr:drwirfl?rudsororravrFrinur:rnrqn
uonornocrfi u'jrrir n' tornr:mnoorlnol#raon6ooririrqrnirrir n' rornr:ldfl rrJnd uas
riomrraourir t - tesr noyn{dAsr-rJ:rngir'[riunnrirlniuotirrfiu-udrrityfi:r6'u o.os n"uiu
611#n nonflnurumufluJnd ur:rsriunount: nn ar: rir ld.iruunsldrrarrioon'irflnJsre{ r'sul
riiuvrnra6ndrhirrnniru rirrrinrr', r',o',lgn"r',du1uir'rhllurioriiu rrsinr:ldnnoo6nur09, o j
,1i0R?ityi{n=o 60.i?irn r:'[ nfl o.r o1n1f,lri fi uo [u10lsrInrY']:[nu lylt1sn'rtu11o.:o1nrf,j i tA" a h,dsslilhI :ulst:1o{dr:naloln6i0u [1,0v{u?'lq nrollrYilnr:flflu1 lll!n?llJunnnl{nu
t aq o v 4 . inqoulnuuud'lfl n{u1Ho1l ro01nn1:ldoiln5fiflriln6',u6?[?rriuocornnr:meno':Iio141, _ _: , .o,h,, d
nln?'rurix ur: sr.r ? r.rli'lh4-lfin ]fl ? 1! qtu0efl 1 ? nlo.rns fl 0ulrn a lcuulJcualflrl [un?r?vlvl
- ri. 1t ? @vtft{0t]t1{ l7luorjl nfl1tYtoo0ld5 t.:n:lY{n ?lu dullt-lrudn{n'] luduYlt-lr:vfi ?]'lfl?ll]q{flu
!?a{o.:ncnou ldar,nr: Y = 0.1076x Intr y 6o u?anrnnriYrrroo.tlo.l caso4 rlas ril x 60
n?'lr,owotflsnou casq unrrir t': o.sso o-rnrn :snou 4 1lrrirnr: air.:fl r:riu?a!19t:! lu
casoo drr:-u1{1unr:aflrrlnvrnnoltir#r;rJrlordrrrilfiuo 3rrr$rdatri6nr:nnflsnou
d'rnr:rr l8
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ki1omono ldrr3 r;rJrio rar:rirnunrJilrardrui6nrtrfi onsno il:snoudru
q il n : oiu n v c r : rn fi ri r r :-r n r: m n a o.r dlu'r u I qe il : s n o r d? u n d o r r a re n^n t n ri o.t
!2nilaldfinlddr:rni I 1:l n:rrlnnarafinkiar:rni r h 6l'lvrri l8 fioon rnonfinur4 -q^
3 0u mu::fla l 0u a'lnnufl'rr t 8u ar:nsarun:ndaflrSnrr?uriu 2 moydm'd3urn:
75 Cnurflrirsurl$nr flr:avnruunn16tnrnnol:drdlriu z movariililtn: 75 0nutflritryu6run:ZL?a/soJuavulnnu 75 enutflnlcrua[lJn: !1ud'l?r:11 tf,fi?r?Ytll I 0u Iu[[flo{!"tu']uq nl0r
ar:rni uorffinr:rndo{ n1:1.rlJ?nrter:n ruunarfiul"i'on.ln r:: larlunrio.rnarasr^nflndr= i- y ' hr.Inulnnr:mnnorfifi:rnrrlurlunrioras 260 rrr uav ldrirr uo: rnrrtrun.io rav 300 1J'ryr
ttdnro-rnrn :ynou 5
39
alilrJrsnou 5 Tnfl nao{drrin;rJ6o.rar:iirrunrrJ!!rarlnulfiin'r:fl nnvfl ou
ruanr:mnaou :r?miornloneaoliirrSo3riiorot:drnuorJiurudeuiinr:
rionsnou
rrnnr:rirlnmnoordrriogrJ6orar:rirtunilSlrardrtri6nr:tinnsnou!rrndou
rl:v?vrinrnlnul#nriln-:odrm'orlo l nrir d.:nr:rnaor : c?vrinrnurirrilu 2 :crnyl
6o nr:rJfr u5nr:mn norunsnourirorrusrrrulufi nn::ru uns nrrrfi nr#uto'rn{uil"aotir':fi 1#
1un''rruuu',,iuorr:rirtun Blrudruiinr:nnnsnou h?rirnr:raao.:nrll:Lfion::rfi t
nrrlRrnfl u2n n lnurirnr:mn nor6olfnaonfl nul nndrtaiorudrt nvnrun:ndafl ein
ruirrlu z moyam'ir'ru'lu t mtnrluianvrri(cuu"n") iruau s nouu olnrfreadriacoru49'
lrflarcuurlfln0 t:n (caclr) rtnnu 2 mol/dmr Srrn: l.z. 1.0. 0.8. 0.6. 0.4 rnr uav#rna&urnutA a heo , ^ ? . q
A{ tufi ?t?YlvlYl[9]: UIJ t? nlU?U I ml nufl: Yl{ 5 n?t?TTnlllAlnU nul?nlHaonav 5 ulYl. ! a ov
uuTnn?1!q{10.1flvn0u Yrlflltvton0{ I cu'l [luun:'lflungn0unl0llJ9r1rJ tuntflttlr tfiHa
-t6.:U
'f, JnQrYr I unflnu 1ut41'tYrulaut lnfi0t'l tltlr::01 rynurJ:iuqln: fl]11'tYlu'lflldat
lunlnnn r t ll-r?u l0 nu ?1
r. l.Y,finoro"rorl'irar:1n6oar:rinrundBrurorqnrlor druru 8 ou firrrilufouac ao
- y'4qdzreoadr,2. dflnoufilorr,?lflrr lonof,ttrfl noQnnD{ itu?u 7 nu nnll]u50ua, 70
3. drrr:nriuun:rllldnnrior r nu n'nr{lufoaac ro
+. arlr:orJgr6n.'rruuuuu,rntruuululuuan,riirirdrunurorqndo.: iounc r0o
s. 1#nr: r rr rallo:!1u casq 1#uonu?ar0 ieryfl ou }i'gnd'o r iouav t oo
{r}
40
Ad9r1:1.r 20 n?1Ufio[l1U1O'1fl q!q?001.1l',] I
10 10nou
g uuutorqnmnao.:rfi tlrvd!rrogdonodo'r-anuru01.r1
!,*1U9lOU10{?6n1: nA0.r
4.60
n'{uolorrnfian
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lttY{o ti:.lln
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2.ia rm t,i, tunl:!flLrsr
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fl nnt:rJnl:Yloa0{tt 1 t0{1uio rro3. :vus[?nl tt tuflltmln]:Yln a0{r lJ1eflu
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uu: tutuo tnluctlto{I A O,A A 'A6. ln an0td{lf,:lJtfilnnfl?1lJflo:[tlJ
94d:1.:d::n
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o,d?u.:"tx t1dvn'!fl
9. n11
n'rl!dvn?n1unr:1{qrJn:oiriunnrfildlunr:vrnnor unvtfildtuaunr:vrnaor,{Ju: dlrdrA a I erhri ; e v !, 9hr{u rfllrq nuul[luun: rv{n1:flo no.: tlr lafllnxl!fl 4Qnn0{v{toull lrln t1[[uu d0uolll
n?rily{'{flohluuruiorfiol#aonndo.rnlrlnmnnol irnriud'llnyronoruloutLFrn::l
firJfuuri}{nrjleieotir'r n{1fi z duiluu-nf,nuuutimorn-tr:rrfinir'[nn::d :rniurJ?rgqrni
norvn;Rrcnf d'lx1e orflidnf uturilrroi riruau t0 nu lnol#1{1rfitn::rfi z
snrrRlnflu?n n iinr:vroaoc6o noufi 1 ldqrJn:oif,uJerdrirnaramri rirlnoflrilndar:9,9
nsnlun:nrynfl?:fl rllrtu 2 moVdm] riruau t ml arluarralri riruru : nouu olnr',
flulneiar:nsnru unnrfiulnno'[:d r{rriu t movdm' rfirarluu oonmn aoslu{o I roonat
o.o nrt nrrrdauflriluritilnat'u rnralluuaoomnao.rlu{o z fidondv Ln nuar:aro1#nIrfiu
t'r n a r s u r fi a-n n : r l 6rt o { n e fl ou riu n'n n a o r n r?u ri-'' n -'' r,n r'ou rG l usi nJi uu rlS un :
rJo'!d1:asa1u uan16olnao'l:d ulru{u t moyam' rrfl aooav 0.6 mt r{lu 0.8, 1.0, t.2 mli " a4 ' ;
enldrniu rfiorirnr:rnoo.:rd;iAil filrilraAun?1rlg.tto.rnvnouluurinvrlSursr:to.:
ar:nvaruuoarfiuloao'l:ri aflr.rn:rv,l uasnoufl'rorrsurll.tfinn::r drrfilnt:mnaornoud z
rirrriu16uari'ucroufi t rreiuJ6uuqrJn:oifildlunr:flnoosriiuuaonfinur6'uFaramf ilu'jr
nr:l#qrJn:nifl uJnsi uacnaoninur 1#runnr:mnaornru'ouri'u risd9;yoadr,l. 4Yr9rou9i'rolx?'rdr: loflodl:nl un :1llolQn6oi 01u?u l0 nu nnluu:ouav 100
z. {fi erourirorujrar:lndoar: ru a'oqnrio r riruru r 0 nu inriluiou nr t oo
3. arrur:oriuun:rv,lkiqndor t ou inrilufounv ao
+. aur:orJg116n',rnuou.:ulrrirroululurrrnriirirdrunurorqndo'r iouay tooo, o, h9 I tt5. tto'ltl{!'lA 1nl!lu CaSOa tiU0n!?A1o{nUn0U t6flnn0{ 50Unc 100
o. raarfi ldlu nr:rlfr f6n r: vr n a o r 1n ul{qrJ n :aifl ul n ldrao rrni u 46.5 u ifiI , "i a os a A oe,ary{!lnn?1r?n lrqau lunl: ttfiao0aoulc[{ t.rr u.: 24.9 ulyr
4t
42
9t'Ht{ 21ad,;
fi1'llrfrorfi ulo{fl arm10u1.:Yt 2
10 100tou:3AU
n?,tll'.:ttolnrr an1-Lu
2
giluuuro{Tnfl nao.:nnJlsdruncdofl ndo{tiu
lu 0111
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fi r n : : u nr :maa o.ruirlo.irtrio vo
:rusr?n rfl t,i, tunl:Yt'1fl 'l:mnno{ntu'ltdu
!1Hmnn0{unltu d?u:?u tun'lt 11fl00't
190mo n S {rnofl t: t: uu: tutl-l o141 4109t?[0{
' a o 9a - -i I tan T o a o r d itd5 u tl.l tfl o fl'l'lu Ro : t: 11 ds l i d: : fl
4.70
4.80
4.10
4.70
4.60
4.60
4.40
4.70
fl?1r,T{nll0 tt;
lJlnmdn
n?llJtt'w{o1ij
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3
4
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to. {vrnaorin:rrufilrro1o1uEnnt: nao.r. d ,l
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fi.rnolrrurndqrr rirudrunr:rJq^rGn1:yrono{o1trh6on::rru'orirrirrnduo'rn^on'':mnoo.,
: drlrrioun:rv{rvjr qndo.:iiru'lu a nu 6nr{luiouar 80 unsqiln:oifil*lulrrmono.rnr:
r{lunaonfinurru'o.rrrn1{rruldaynlnuac :yuo-oraarlunr:rnao{ uonrrnddylndou
4.66
43
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