ryan starr, muhammad akram, yoon jung jang, jordan epp, nik blanks, sana khan
DESCRIPTION
Islamic Republic of Iran. RYAN STARR, MUHAMMAD AKRAM, YOON JUNG JANG, JORDAN EPP, NIK BLANKS, SANA KHAN. Introduction. Islam Cultural History Political Rule Violence. Geography. Arid 68% Urban 4 th largest oil exporter 83% literate. Origins of Government. Islamic Revolution of 1979 - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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RYAN STARR, MUHAMMAD AKRAM, YOON JUNG JANG,
JORDAN EPP, NIK BLANKS, SANA KHAN
Islamic Republic of Iran
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Introduction
• Islam• Cultural History• Political Rule• Violence
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Geography• Arid• 68% Urban• 4th largest
oil exporter• 83% literate
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Origins of Government
• Islamic Revolution of 1979• Ayatollah Khomeni
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Levels of Government
• Unitary• Centralized• Theocracy with Democratic Processes• 30 provincial governor-generals
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Executive
• Islamic Constitution• President (HOG, HOS)• Supreme Leader• Assembly of Experts• No Vice President: Presidential Deputies• Add recent election results on next slide
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2013 Presidential Election
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Legislature
• Unicameral• Majles• Asymmetric
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Majles• Arabic term for “assembly”• Iranian Parliament• Regular elections every 4 years
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Majles
• 290 Seats• “represent the nation”• Qanuns (statutes)
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Guardian Council
• Committee created in Iranian constitution to oversee Majles
• 12 members (all male)• Shari’a (divine law)
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Powers of Majles
• Making/changing laws• Supervising affairs of state• Approving/Ousting cabinet ministers• Choosing half of GC• Many powers but must be approved by GC
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Powers of GC
• Represent theocratic principles• Review bills passed by Majles• Decides who can compete in elections
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Expediency Council
• Committee set up in Iran to resolve differences between the Majles (parliament) and the Guardian Council
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Electoral System
• Plurality, winner-take-all• ONLY for Majles• 2 rounds of elections– 1st round narrows down to 2 candidates– Run-offs
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Recent Election
• “Fair Elections”• Guardian Council approves candidates before
voting• 2004: conservatives win but lowest voter
turnout• 2009: more voter turnout but controversial
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2012 Election
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Policymaking
• Highly complex• Constitution vs. ruling clergy– Many amendments
• Maslahat– “reasons of state”
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Political Parties• Not competitive• No huge role in politics• Coalitions and groups• Interest groups vs political parties
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Major Political Parties
• Islamic Iran Participation Front• Islamic Labor Party– Formed by Khatami reformist supporters
• Servants of Reconstruction– Formed by Rafsanjani– Centrist
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Leadership and Elite Recruitment
• Elites• Clergy
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Interest Groups
• Islamic Association of Women• Green Coalition• Workers' House
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Bureaucracy
• Role in Policy Making• Clergy• Ministers• Major Ministries
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Military
• Clergy• Military• Revolutionary guard• Law Enforcement Forces of Islamic Republic of
Iran(Gendarmerie)• VEVAK
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Judiciary
• Court system• Retained the Shahs court structure.
• “Independent”• Constitution• Head of the Judiciary is appointed by the Leader• The clergy are regarded as the ultimate interpreters
of the Shari'a• Law• The Penal Code• Judicial Review
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Iran: Day 2
Political and Economic Trends
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Islamic Revolution 1979
• Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini• Dominant ideology was religion instead of
communism• Theocracy • Islamic Fundamentalism
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Iraq-Iran War of 1980
• Saddam Hussein lead Iraq• Officially began with an Iraqi land and air invasion of
western Iran • War over disputed territory
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Social Movements
• Jurist’s Guardianship – Intermingling of politics with religion
• Dual society society and economy are sharply divided
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Social Movements
• Cultural Revolution – Purify the country
• White Revolution Fight against Communism
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Influences on Modern Political System
• People of the Book– Monotheistic people who subjected their lives to
the holy scripture.• Majles (Legislature)• Guardian Council
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Pahlavis
• White Revolution – Focused on land reform– Encourage farmers to be modern entrepreneurs
• Import Substitution Industrialization
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Pahlavis
• Transformed Iran into a rentier state– Heavily supported by state expenditures, while
receiving rent from other countries– Income from exporting oil and leasing out oil fields– No longer had to rely on internal taxes
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Effects of Rentier State
• Transformed Iran into a one product economy• Creation of a divide in the society• Brought Globalization
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Islamic Revolution and the Republic 1979-present
• Fundamentalism • Jurist Guardianship • Assembly of Religious Experts–73-man assembly of clerics elected directly
by the people
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Islamic Republic
• “Economics is For Donkeys” – Khomeini’s response to questions about the economy– Said to be the reason for Iran’s inchoate economy
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Islamic Republic
• Reformers v. Conservatives – Debate about the merits of a theocracy v. a
democracy • Statists v. Free-marketers– Debate about command economy v. market
economy
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Globalization
• OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)
• Major trade between developed countries in the west.
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Political Culture
• Government has maintained legitimacy among its people
• Requests for reforms• Iranian citizens feel oppressed compared to
other countries
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Political Socialization
• Education system • Military conscription • The media
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Cleavages
• Religion – Shiite vs Sunni• Ethnicity• Social class• Large differences in political views
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Political Participation
• There are multiple political parties that range in the spectrum and fall under categories named above. Including – Islamic Society of Engineers– Front of Islamic Revolution Stability – Moderation and Development Party – Combatant Clergy Association – Islamic Coalition Party
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Political Violence Examples
• Protests over drop in currency value • Hunger strikes led by Dervishes
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Women in Politics
• Access to education • Lack of decision making abilities • There are 9 women currently in the Iranian
Cabinet– The most there have been is 13
• Protests and revolts • Shirin Ebadi
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Influences on Public Policy
• Supreme leader has final say in every decision• President sets policy but parliament can
propose policy• Guardian Council
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Supranational Influence
• UN• Observer of WTO• OPEC
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Economic Performance
• 10% unemployment rate• Projected 35% inflation rate at end of year
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Social Welfare
• Education reformed significantly since 1979• Islamic influence• Large increase in literacy rate
• Constitutional right to healthcare• 14 million below poverty line• Mostly Urban
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Civil Liberties
• Violate international human rights norms– Harsh penalties for crimes and punishment of
victimless crimes• Restrictions on freedom of speech and the
press• Restrictions on freedom of religion and gender
equality• Capital punishment (high death penalty)
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Environment
• Lots of air pollution• Tehran is one of the most polluted cities in the
world• Polluted Water• Garbage disposal problems
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Migration
• Abundant flows of emigration and immigration
• Brain drain• Refugee haven, mainly for Afghans and Iraqis• Steep urban growth rates
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Terrorism
• Cinema Rex fire (1978)• “Chain murders” – 1998• Various bombings: Mashhad & Zanedan • Jundallah - terrorist organization
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Corruption
• Low government transparency • Ahmadinejad proposed to investigate
members of the legislature• Exploded during the Ahmadinejad years
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Other Issues
• Nuclear power• Dramatic rise in HIV• Drug use
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