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“The only difference between me and a madman is that I’m not mad.” – Salvador Dali

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“I put the bottle down, winning the war was more important than Jack Daniels” – Ulysses S. Grant

Cost of Living-Ten pounds of sugar cost $0.20-One acre in a tract of land of over 400 acres cost $2.00-One bushel (35.2 liters) of potatoes cost $0.12-One set of blue china cost $8.00-One cow cost $12.00-One Pound of Coffee Cost $0.17-One bottle of port cost $0.11-One piano cost $195-A routine doctor’s visit cost $2-A new home in Brooklyn, NY cost $2,500-A necktie “designed to supersede all other methods for fastening the bow to a turndown collar” cost $0.10-A dozen pairs of Levi Strauss blue jeans cost $13.50-One pair of shoes cost $0.98-One suit cost $10.00-One opera ticket for “The Marriage of Figaro” cost $1

-One pound of Coffee cost

$0.25Most professions required a 60 hour work week, which paid anywhere between $1.60 per day (a fireman in Massachusetts) to $4.64 per day (a glassblower in New Jersey.)

Political eventsThe American Civil War ends, President Lincoln dies by an assassin’s hand, and a 12-year era of Reconstruction begins in the South with state legislatures run by “carpetbaggers” and “scalawags.”

Union forces under Connecticut-born Brig. Gen. of Volunters Alfred H. (Howe) Terry, 37, capture Fort Fisher at Wilmington, North Carolina, January 15; Union forces occupy Columbia, South Carolina, February 17, and Charleston falls to a Union fleet February 18.

President Lincoln delivers his second inaugural address March 4, stating that the nation’s postwar posture should be “with malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right.”

Petersburg, Virginia, surrenders April 3 and Grant takes Richmond the same day with help from local Yankee sympathizer Elizabeth Van Lew, who has brought supplies to imprisoned Union officers and helped many to escape (see 1862). Affecting peculiar dress and behavior in order to divert suspicion, “Crazy Bet” has maintained five relay stations between the Confederate capitol and

America will never be destroyed from the outside. If we falter and lose our freedoms, it will be because we destroyed ourselves. – Abraham Lincoln

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“Duty is the most sublime word in our language. Do your duty in all things. You cannot do more. You should never wish to do less.” – Robert E. Lee

“Without slavery, the rebellion could never have existed. Without slavery, it could not continue.” – Abraham Lincoln, December 1, 1862, Message to Congresss

Grant’s headquarters.

Confederate secretary of state Ju-dah P. Benjamin disguises himself as a clergyman and escapes to the West Indies following the fall of Richmond April 3. Now 54, he sails for England, will be admitted to the bar at London next year, and in 1869 will become Queen’s Counsel.

The War of the Rebellion ends April 9 with General Lee’s surrender at Appo-mattox Court House in Virginia. “Let us have peace,” says General Grant. The 4-year Civil War has cost the coun-try 620,000 lives: the Union has lost 360,222 men (110,000 of them in bat-tle), the Confederacy 258,000 (94,000 in battle), with 471,427 wounded on both sides. Men with missing arms and legs are everywhere to be seen, the na-tion is full of widows and orphans, and marriageable young women have trou-ble finding husbands.

Confederate secretary of war John C. Breckenridge flees south with oth-er high-ranking officials, escapes to Cuba, and makes his way to England, where he will remain until 1868, when an amnesty proclamation will permit him to return to Lexington, Kentucky.

The end of the Civil War makes it pos-sible for President Lincoln to ship arms and clothing across the border to Mexico, where supporters of exiled President Juárez put them to good use against French forces of the emperor Maximilian (see 1864; 1866).

Former Confederate president Jeffer-son Davis is captured at dawn May 10 near Irwinville, Georgia, and placed in leg-irons at Fort Monroe, Virginia, where he is confined in a damp case-mate. News of his treatment produc-es a wave of outrage in the North, and he is transferred to more comfortable quarters, but he will be held under guard until May 1867.

Assassin John Wilke Booth’s alleged conspirators go on trial beginning May 12; all are found guilty, including Mrs. Surratt, and hanged July 7.

Confederate guerilla leader William C. Quantrill dies in a Louisville, Ken-tucky, prison June 6 at age 27;The “carpetbaggers” who move into the South are so called with con-tempt by Southerners, who say that the newcomers can put all they own in the common hand luggage called carpetbags. Some become state legislators and U.S. con-

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gressmen, some are missionaries sent to help the freedmen, who are helped in some cases also by “scalawags”—Southerners who join with the ex-slaves to establish a new order in the South.

human rights, social justiceNews that the war is over and the slaves freed reaches Texas June 19 when a U.S. Army ship arrives at Galveston; the state’s 250,000 slaves were freed in 1863 by the Emancipa-tion Proclamation but Texans never heard about it. Many will celebrate “Juneteenth” in years to come.

The Ku Klux Klan organized at Pulas-ki, Tennessee, is a secret social club

of young men who hope to recapture the comradeship and excitement of the war. Headed by former Confeder-ate general Nathan Bedford Forrest, its name comes from the Greek “Kuk-los” meaning circle. Gen. Forrest is its “Grand Wizard.” The group adopts elaborate rituals, and its members soon discover that their curious uni-form terrorizes superstitious blacks. A majority of Southern whites will join in the next few years as the KKK tries to return local and state government to white, Democratic Party control, but the Klan will disband in 1869 (see 1915; White Camelia, 1867).

The commandant of the Confederate prison camp at Andersonville, Geor-gia, is convicted of “murder, in viola-tion of the laws and customs of war” and hanged November 10 in Washing-ton’s Old Capitol Prison at the foot of

Capitol Hill.

The Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution that takes effect Decem-ber 18 prohibits slavery or any other denial of liberty “without due process of law.”

President Lincoln signs a bill April 14 (his final act as president) creat-ing the Secret Service, a branch of the Treasury Department whose mission is to combat counterfeiting of U.S. currency .

The first safe-deposit vault opens at New York June 5; depositors pay $1.50 per year for each $1,000 stored in the vault.

scienceChemist F. A. Kekulé von Stradon-itz explains the structure of aromatic compounds, setting forth a doctrine of the linking of carbon atoms and origi-nating the ring (closed-chain) theory of the benzene molecule’s constitu-tion (see 1858).

“A Dynamical Theory of the Electro-magnetic Field” by physicist James Clerk Maxwell unifies laws of elec-tricity and magnetism (see Maxwell, 1859). Light, he concludes, is an elec-tromagnetic wave, but his theory fails to explain why atoms do not lose all

their energy when they radiate light, a question that will remain unresolved until the development of quantum theory.

medicineCholera strikes Paris in September, the daily death toll reaches 200, and sulfur is burned to combat the “mi-asma” in the air that is held responsi-ble despite John Snow’s observations at London in 1853. Louis Pasteur’s in-fant daughter Camille dies in the epi-demic.

everyday lifeThe Stetson “ten-gallon” hat is cre-ated by Philadelphia hat maker John Batterson Stetson, 35, whose high-crowned “Boss of the Plains” is a mod-ified Mexican sombrero with a four-inch crown, a four-inch brim that can carry 10 “galions” (ribbons), and a leather strap hatband. The $5 hat has a look of importance and is destined for fame on the Western plains (a Stet-son made from better materials will sell for $10, one made from pure bea-ver or nutria felt for $30).

Boston City Hall is completed to de-signs by architects Gridley J. Fox Bry-an and Arthur Gilman.

Oregon’s Mount Hood in the Cascade Range erupts for the last time and be-comes extinct.

Anheuser-Busch has its beginnings at St. Louis, where German-born brewer Adolphus Busch, 26, marries Lily An-heuser and goes into business with her German-born father, Eberhard Anheuser.

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