russian solar energetics

RRuuss ss ii aannEE nn ee rr gg ee tt ii cc ssSS oo ll aa rr

Riga, Latvia 2015,© D.J. Kravchenko ISBN 9789934144707

email: [email protected]

1st edition

++ 880000 %%

Permission is granted for the distribution of the 1 st edition of this book.

R u s s i a n S o l a r E n e r g e t i c s

o r

H o w t o I n c r e a s e T h e E f f i c i e n c y o f

a S o l a r P o w e r S t a t i o n H U N D R E D S

O F T I M E S !

Riga, Latvia 2015, © D.J. Kravchenko ISBN 9789934144707


1st edition




…I value a single experiment more,

than thousands of opinions,

created by imagination only.

…A lazy man in his dishonorable peace

is similar to motionless swamp water,

which produces nothing

but stench and despicable vermin.

…If you do something good with hard work,

hardship will pass, but good deeds remain,

but if you make evil with delight,

delight will pass, but evil remain.

…Science is a clear cognition of the truth,

Enlightenment ofmind, immaculate jollification

of life,

Praising of youth, supporter of the senility, builder

of the cities,

regiments, stability of success in misfortune,

in happiness – the embellishment, always loyal

inalienable companion.

Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov

In the immense Space, among billions of other worlds, among infinite numbers of different planets,

elapses our tiny, defenseless, but glorious planet Earth.

People that live on planet Earth, such as me and you, are not only lucky residents of this small and

gorgeous planet, but also the inhabitants of the great Space.

Adequately, this fact of belonging to the great Space lays on us the amount of certain responsibilities,

towards not only our close people and ourselves, but towards the planet and the whole Space community.

At all times, the best representatives of the humanity were trying to relieve and lighten the terrestrial,

physical human life. Only those, who were putting this noble goal as the main priority, were able to make

scientific discoveries that brought benefit to the humankind and the surrounding environment. Only by virtue

of these brightest and greatest minds, modern humanity, without thinking much about the initial origins of

things, in the daily routine easily uses plumbing, electricity, telephony, television, etc.

Indeed, it becomes impossible to reveal something precious and valuable to a person, who puts the need

for material welfare on the pedestal of his life. That is what the history ofmankind is proving and

demonstrating to us. In truth, it is physically impossible that a certain person with only physical needs in his

life, who is in the constant pursuit of the material well-being, ignoring his close people, his planet and even the




Space, would have a lively mind capable of scientific discoveries beneficial to the whole human race.

However, the deal is completely different with the best representatives of the humankind. Not for even a

single day they stop their scientifically-creative practice in various spheres of life, in order to discover

something new, or to improve already existing things for the sake ofmankind, the planet and most certainly the

Space.

One of these spheres of life is energetics. It is safe to say that energetics is the integral part of the very

basis of life.

Truly, human being is using energy since the ancient times up to the present days.

The fire was used from the beginning, and later on new possibilities were discovered. Finally, nowadays

the main type of energy used by man – is the electrical energy. Electricity is essential even for coal mining and

refining, as well as oil and gas production.

Not a single educated individual will have doubts about the vitality of electrical energy, and the fact that

without it, our modern life would be impossible. Furthermore, year after year the need of the electrical energy

is continuously growing. Only in the last fifty years, the consumption of the electrical energy has increased

fourfold.

That is the reason why in this field the constant scientifically creative research takes place, in order to find

new innovative solutions not only for satisfying the growing demands of the humanity, but also for natural and

ecological safety. Nature herself daily reminds us about the importance of the ecological safety, and

unobtrusively shows us the right way to the development of clean and safe energetics.

One of these ecologically pure and renewable directions of energetics is the one that is called solar power,

or precisely – pphhoottoovvoollttaaiiccss – the solar power stations.

Solar power stations consist of solar batteries, accumulators, inverters and other necessary equipment.

SSoollaarr bbaatttteerryy – is the combination of several photoelectric cells that directly convert solar energy into

electric current.

PPhhoottoovvoollttaaiiccss – is the method of electrical energy production, by using photosensitive elements for the

direct conversion of solar energy to electricity.

PPhhoottooeelleeccttrriicc cceellll (photocell) - electronic device, which directly converts photon energy to electrical

power.




ARussian physicist – Alexander Grigorievich Stoletov, created the first photoelectric cell based on the

external photoelectric effect, in the end of the 19-th century.

So far, there are several variations of solar power stations that are being developed:

Individual (private) solar power stations of low capacity.

Commercial solar power stations of low and medium capacity.

Industrial solar power stations.

In contrast to other ecological and renewable trends, solar energetics has a significant advantage, as it is

quite mobile. This means that every person possessing his own solar power station that covers one man’s needs

in energy, can easily pack it up and relocate to any other place of choice.

Another important advantages of solar energetics that are worth mentioning, are its complete quietness

(there are no moving mechanisms), and of course its aesthetic exterior.

Yet another notional advantage in addition to everything mentioned before, is that only a small percentage

of all the sunny days is enough for providing an amount if energy for the whole year. The main point here is to

properly collect and preserve the energy. The use of only 0.0125% of the solar energy, could procure all current

needs and demands of global energetics.

By having a solar battery, practically every individual can obtain his personal and independent source of

electrical energy. The attachment of the accumulator to the solar battery creates possibilities of amassing the

surpluses of energy, ensuring the household with electrical power during the nighttime and rainy days. By

adding the inverter to the scheme, the direct electrical energy produced by the solar elements can be converted

into alternating energy. Accordingly, by purchasing solar panels, accumulators and an inventor, we obtain a

very real private solar power station.

Moreover, we get a power station that can provide us with two types of electrical energy at once: both

with direct and with alternating current.

This fact is also one of the most important advantages of solar power stations. For instance, we can use

direct current electricity straight for heating, which considerably reduces the costs of this particular need, since

it eliminates the necessity of additional electrical devices.

Efficiency of the solar power station depends mostly on two technical factors (ifwe are not taking into

account the environmental factors, as it was mentioned above):

The first factor is the ability to receive and convert solar energy to electrical energy.

The second factor is the ability of properly containing the received and converted solar energy.




With reference to the first technical factor – the ability of receiving and converting solar energy, so far

nowadays the efficiency of solar panels (photovoltaic elements) lies within the range of 25%.

Official science reports:

The maximal flow of the solar radiation on equator is only 1020 W/m2. Average daily rates will be even lower

(approximately three times lower), due to the fact that there is a change between day and night, as well as

because of the changes in the inclination angle of the solar flow. During the wintertime these indicators are

reduced even more, in about two or three times.

Let us divide the rate of 1020 W/m2 by three (the change of night and day) and we will get 340 W/m2 in

a sunny day.

Ifwe divide this number by three again, then we will receive 11 3 W/m2 during a winter day.

The number seem to be not that large, especially in comparison with the wind energetics. However, do

not hesitate with the conclusions. Precisely in this place on the level of receiving the energy, I have made a new

scientific discovery and created a new invention, which allows to raise the efficiency of solar power stations

several times, and to reduce their sizes significantly. More detailed information on that aspect will come later.

In regards to the second factor of proper energy contain, everything seems to be much better. Better, but

not ideal. That is why, working in this direction as well, another new invention had been created by myself that

can help improving the factor of appropriate energy storage.

Economic efficiency of the solar power station can be measured by the volt-ampere characteristics, i.e.

how many kilowatts of electrical energy does it produce, and how much funds should be spent on its purchase.

Right here in this place starts the most interesting part.

We have already been acquainted with the official science report on the matter.

Now, let us conduct a practical experiment.

We will take one solar element made from monocrystalline silicon. Its standard properties, i.e. what it is

capable of, are as following:

Volts – 0.5

Amperes – 5.2

Watts – 2.6

Size – 12.5 cm x 12.5 cm

(a square with sloping angles, as shown on the picture below)




During a sunny summer day with a light cloudiness, I have took the measurements and here are the

results:

Volts – 0.5

Amperes – 3.4

Watts – 1 .7

Therefore, on the area of 156.25 (12.5 x 12.5) square centimeters we get 1 .7 watts.

One square meter is 10000 (ten thousand) square centimeters.

Accordingly, from one square meter we would get: 1 0000 divided by 156.25 = 64.

64 x 1 .7 = 108.8 watts.

Afterwards I took another solar element.

Its properties are:

Volts – 5.0

Amperes – 45 mA

Watts – 0.225

Size – 6 cm x 4 cm or 24 square centimeters.

The received results:

Volts – 5

Amperes – 45 mA

Watts – 0.225

From one square meter we will get: 1 0000 divided by 24 = 416 x 0.225 = 93.6 watts.

It appears to be completely correct and everything is in order.

But!

These results become possible when we are using purely mathematical approach, without taking into

consideration the real conditions.

What happens in reality?

In reality we have volts and amperes, from which we obtain watts.

Let us try measuring once again, but this time in the correct way.

Ergo, on 156.25 square centimeters we obtain 0.5 volts and 3.4 amperes. On one square meter of the similar

elements will fit about: 1 00 divided by 12.5 = 8. 8 x 8 = 64 pieces.

EACH ONE of these 64 elements produces 0.5 volts and 3.4 amperes.




Ifwe connect all solar elements in series or parallel, we would still get the amount of 105.8 watts.

Now let us break one big element into smaller pieces and measure the indicators of these broken parts.

The number of pieces after the arbitrary breaking of the solar element is not relevant to the case.

When we randomly break one of the elements, we will get an amount of smaller pieces that differ in size.

After measuring the performance of these smaller pieces, it is possible to see that all of them have different

ampere indexes and equal volt indexes. All the pieces, regardless of their size, will show 0.5 volts.

Thereby, from this practical experiment we see that every square centimeter produces 0.5 volts. I did not

break the elements into even tinier pieces, which is why this value will remain basic for now. One square meter

has 10000 square centimeters.

This means that by connecting the elements in series, from the surface of one square meter, practically, it

becomes possible to receive 10000 x 0.5 = 5000 volts.

Remember this value of 5000 (five thousand) volts.

The question is how many amperes can we possibly get from the surface of one square meter?

In order to check it, we do not have to break anything.

Why not?

This is because when we were taking measurements from the broken small parts, the smaller the part was

the less amperes it was producing. Consequently, the smaller the actual area is, the less amperes we receive.

Thus, we need to take the basic value of 5.2 amperes of one solar element with the size of 12.5 cm x 12.5

cm.

One square meter of these elements contains 100 cm, divided by 12.5 cm = 8; multiply the value by 8 =

64. One square meter of solar elements with the dimensions of 12.5 cm, will contain 64 pieces.

The next step is to multiply 64 pieces by 5.2 amperes, and we will get an approximate value of 332.8 amperes.

Voila!

Thereby, in practice, we see that ifwe connect the solar elements parallel, we will be able to get an

approximate value of 332.8 amperes from one square meter.

So how much electrical energy converted from the solar energy, can we realistically rather than

mathematically, get from one square meter?

In order to find an answer for this question, we need to take half of a square meter with volts, which has a

value of 2500 volts, and half a square meter with amperes, which will have a value of 166.4 amperes. The next

step is to multiply 2500 volts by 166.4 amperes, and we will get 416 kW*h.




Ergo, realistically rather than hypothetically and mathematically, from one square meter we can get the

approximate amount of 416 (four hundred sixteen) kilowatt per hour!

At the same time, this is only 25% of all possibly produced energy due to the low efficiency of solar

element. However, technologies are developing and constantly moving forward.

So is 25% too much or too little?

In comparison, I will point that my monthly consumption of electrical energy is about 300 – 350 kW.

Therefore, my daily consumption is: 300 divided by 30 days = 10 kW. My hourly consumption is: 1 0 kW

divided by 24 hours = 0.416 kW*h. It is understandable that this consumption is occurring irregularly, but this

is already a completely different question.

It is not too little after all!

Just in one hour from one square meter, although under the ideal conditions, it is possible to get more

energy than I consume in one month period!

Next, let us substitute the numbers with those obtained from the actual measurement.

So, we will still get 2500 volts. As to the amperes: we had 3.4; multiply 3.4 by 64 = 217.6; divide by 2 =

108.8 amperes. Then we multiply 2500 volts by 108.8 amperes = 272 kW*h.

Consequently, in one hour on a sunny summer day, we have actually received the amount of 272 kW*h;

this is just a little bit less then the amount I consume in one month!

It is not too little after all!

- How is it even possible? – one might ask.

- I don’t know!

This is all that I can answer you at this point. May be those people, who were measuring, did not know how to

use measuring devices in the first place, or they just do not know simple mathematics? I am reluctant to believe

that this is just another primitive scientific fraud…

You can easily check my results by yourself. In order to do so, you will need one solar element and one

multimeter. This is it. This is very easy and can be checked simply. Moreover, this is a real, live fact!

Next. Specialist, of course, had a skeptical smile on their faces, as they know that my results are utterly

true, however, there is always a “but”!

Not a single one of the three existing electronic circuits – parallel, series and mixed – will not allow

receiving this amount ofwatts from one square meter in practice.




For sure, we can get this amount of volts from one square meter in a series circuit of the solar elements.

For sure, we can get this amount of amperes from one square meter in a parallel circuit of the solar

elements.

However, ifwe try practically rather than mathematically to connect volts with amperes, in order to get

watts, we will definitely not succeed.

Even ifwe apply the mixed circuit to the connection of solar element, we will not be able to get the

amount ofwatts that we obtained during the actual index measurement.

That is why all the specialists smile skeptically when they are looking at my measurements.

Now let us look practically at all known electrical circuits.

This is the series circuit.

With its help we can get all the volts, which the devices produce (it is not that important which devices

specifically); in our case these are the solar elements.

This is the parallel circuit.

With its help we can get all the amperes, which the devices produce (it is not that important which

devices specifically); in our case these are the solar elements.




This is the mixed circuit.

With it help…

What does logic tell us?

Correct!

Logic tells us that if this type of circuit is called the mixed circuit, this means that with the help of this

connection we are able to get both volts and amperes.

But!

In practice, we will not get the addition of volts and amperes in the real conditions, and in present

practical terms such as adding 2 + 2 equals 4!

Why are we not able to get them? We are taught that this in fact is the real mixed circuit.

It is true what we are taught in high school. Although, it is also true that by using this particular

connection, in real conditions, we will not be able to add volts and amperes.

This is the main reason why all the specialists are skeptically smiling.

The have their truth, as they know and are able to do things they were taught to do!

Probably, they are just lazy from thinking… After studies, most likely, they mechanically perform their

work duties; otherwise, they would have seen this illusion.

However, I have my truth too, as I know and I am able to do what these specialists and scientists cannot!




Did you manage to guess?

Correct, I have discovered a new type of connection, which allows us to connect volts with amperes! If

we speak in scientific terms, I have created the real way of the mixed circuit connection.

Are you ashamed, field specialists?

Are you ashamed, scientists?

Ordinary Russian creative person not connected to physics in any way (I am a restorer by profession, and

now also an inventor), have revealed the scientific delusion and found a new type and way of connection?

Fair enough that people say that discoveries are done only by geniuses (I do not argue with this

presumption), but practically each specialist educated in this field should see the substitution, and I am not even

talking about scientists and academics!

Otherwise, how can we even allowed to speak about the reliability of technical decisions and

constructions?

Therefore, the type of connection, which nowadays is called the mixed circuit, is nothing more than a

scientific trick with the substitution of concept.

Let us look deeper into the problem.

This is the scheme of a mixed circuit

connection, as it is called today.

Look at it carefully with the aim of understanding why in real conditions this way of connection does not

allow to add volts and amperes together.

Imagine that each of these four elements produces 1 volt and 1 ampere. This means that each element

produces 1 watt. Altogether, we have 4 elements, so we have the total amount of 4 watts. However,

mathematics is insistently telling us yet another thing: if at first we totalize the amount of volts – we will get 4

volts. Secondly, ifwe totalize the amperes, we will get 4 amperes. Finally, ifwe multiply volts and amperes, we

will get the higher result of 16 watts, and not 4 watts as it was calculated before!

Therefore, by connecting these four elements in the correct way we can get the total amount of 16 watts.

Now, let us apply the practical approach.


Ifwe adapt the series circuit, practically, we can get 4 volts and 1 ampere. It will be 4 watts. We lose three

amperes, and receive for 12 watts less. It is a pity. Not that I am a greedy person, but it is truly a pity…

Ifwe adapt the parallel circuit, practically, we can get 1 volt and 4 amperes. The result remains

unchanged – we get the same amount of 4 watts. In this case, we also lose three amperes, and receive for 12

watts less. It is a pity…

Finally, let us try adapting the so-called mixed circuit. Here, practically, we will be able to get 2 volts and

2 amperes. As in both cases above, the result remains unchanged – total amount of 4 watts in the end. We

receive for 2 volts, 2 amperes and 12 watts less. It is a pity…

At this point, I have to make a clarification. When I talk about “losing watts”, I mean that we are not able

to connect any device or mechanism, which consumes 16 watts at once. We can attach and connect only those

devices and mechanisms, which consume 4 watts. The rest 1 2 watts are not lost, of course, merely, their

production is delayed in time.

However, in our case with the solar elements, these watts become lost and lost irreversibly.

Ergo, let us return to the mixed circuit.

By looking closely on the so-called mixed circuit, we are able to see that there are two types of connection

present – the series circuit and the parallel circuit.

There is no third option!

First of all, two element are connected with the parallel circuit; secondly, two already combined elements

are connected in series.

Voila! Twist of the wrist and no fraud!

Nevertheless, scientifically speaking, this is a pure concept substitution!

Still do not believe me?

Then I will give you the simplest evidence, which you can practically verify yourself.

You can see four elements on the pictures.

Now, in practice, take only two elements.

Practically, you can perform only two types of connections with two existing elements: the parallel circuit

and the series circuit!

By no means will you be able to connect two elements with a mixed circuit!




Why not?

As there is no such a notion as a mixed circuit!

That is all!

If the connection that nowadays is called a mixed circuit would actually exist, you would be able to

connect two elements between themselves in the same manner as you perform parallel circuit and circuit in

series, using only two elements.

Thereby, I have a question to ask: do these people that call themselves scientists have the right to have

academic degrees, if they do not understand such simple things? Can a scientist be so narrow-minded and have

no understanding? Is a scientist just a small, inattentive, impatient and uneducated child?! What are their

academic degrees worth?!

The question then remains, how does really a mixed circuit look like?

Let us pay attention to the photo report. In the report, for extra clarity I have took two solar elements. One

of the elements – the large one – produces few volts, but quite a number of amperes. The second element, on

the contrary, produces more volts, but few amperes.

P.S.

Please, do not pay attention to the quality ofmy solar elements. As I have never done this before, this is my

first worker-pilot experimental version; that is why the elements have cracks and few burns.

The first two pictures show: solar element with the dimensions of 0.5 volts and 5.2 amperes; solar

element with the dimensions of 5 volts and 45 mA (one ampere consists of 1000 miliamperes, and this element

has only 45 miliamperes); matchbox for the caliber comparison; device that I have invented myself

(accumulator).




Since the sunlight flow is constantly changing, all the measurements are taken under a regular table

electric lamp, in order for them to be permanent.

On this picture, we can see how many miliamperes the large solar element produces under an electrical

lamp. This is the amount of 68 mA (68 miliamperes).



On this picture, we can see how many volts the large solar element produces: total amount of 0.44 volts.

On this picture, we see how many volts thesmaller solar element produces: the total amountof 4.54 volts.

13


On this picture, we see how many amperes the small solar element produces: the total amount of 1 .49 mA

(1 .49 miliamperes).



On this picture, we seen how many volts the invented accumulator produces: the total amount of 0.87

volts.

On this picture, we see how many amperes the

invented accumulator produces: total amount of 2.69

mA (2.69 miliamperes).

14


On this picture, in real conditions we see the action result of a real mixed circuit. The chain consists of a

large and small solar elements (two as a total) connected together with the invented accumulator.

The result out of the invented accumulator is equal with 71 .5 mA (71 .5 miliamperes).

Ifwe add the amperes from all three involved elements separately, we will get the following result: 2.69 +

1 .49 + 68 = 72.1 8 mA (72.1 8 miliamperes).

By all means, it is not that bad!

This what a real mixed circuit looks like!



On the following picture in the real conditions,

we see the action result of a real mixed circuit. The

chain consists of a large and small solar elements (two

as a total) connected together with the invented

accumulator.

The result out of the invented accumulator is

equal with 2.5 volts.

Ifwe add the amperes from all three involved

elements separately, we will get the following result:

0.44 + 4.54 + 0.87 = 5.85

By all means, it is not that bad!

This what a real mixed circuit looks like!

However, it is obvious that we have lost the half

of the volts.

It is not as simple as it looks, as you can see that

I have connected the light-emitting diode, which took

these volts. The light-emitting diode is lighted up.

15


This part of the experiment is made in the daylight. The multimeter shows the measurements of 410 mA

or 0.41 amperes.



This is made in the daylight as well. The multimeter shows the measurements of 4.57 volts.

Thereby, now we can really get the expected amount of the solar energy from one square meter!

Nowadays, the best field specialists with the best solar batteries in the ideal conditions are receiving 500

watts from one square meter.

My own discovery and personal invention allow me to receive the amount of 416 kW*h in the ideal

conditions, using the most basic solar batteries.

One kilowatt has one thousand watts. It means that 500 watts is 0.5 of a kilowatt. Divide 416 kilowatts by

0.05 and receive 832 times.

16


Already today my discovery and own invention has increased the solar power efficiency in the ideal

conditions 832 times!

Thereby, in order to receive the equal amount of energy, my method of the mixed circuit reduces the

space taken by the solar batteries, as well as the number of the batteries themselves, than any other existing

type of solar battery connection!

Most likely, it is not the revolution in the field of solar energetics, although it is clearly a great advantage!

However, the manufacturers of the solar elements should not worry. Despite the seeming reduction in

demand for the solar elements, the consumption will definitely increase in numbers. The increase occurs, as it

will become profitable for many people to have an individual solar power station.

In addition, I would like to highlight that those solar panels – panels, not solar elements, which are widely

produced today by various manufacturers worldwide, are not suitable for the properly designed solar power

station. This is the main reason why I make them myself.

The second edition of this book will include the detailed report on the creation and performance of

individual solar power station. This power station is designed to meet the needs for electrical power of one

family living in a city in the regular sleeping quarter. The power station will be placed on the outside part of the

balcony, i.e. without any specially designed inclines or tracking of the solar activity. If necessary, the power

station will be transported outside the city border: to the country house, trip to the nature, etc. Its area is only

three square meters. Even though the area of the power station is relatively small, it is capable of covering the

monthly needs in electrical energy in the amount of 300 kilowatts. Likewise, I will try to present various

private power stations custom-made for different needs. Probably, I will also reveal a secret of a mixed circuit,

if by that time the registration of the patent documentation will be finished.

If you are willing to support this project financially, do not deny yourself in this noble deed.

Together we can make the world a better place!

With the help of payment system PayPal, you can transfer the desired amount ofmoney.

PayPal for the - [email protected]

I am thankful to everybody who up until this moment supported and continues to support the development of

this project, and I thank you for reading this book.

We will meet next time!

Wish you a lot of light and warmth!

Wish you fruitful discoveries and new inventions!




russian solar energetics

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