The Russian The Russian RevolutionRevolution

I. Pre-Revolutionary RussiaI. Pre-Revolutionary Russia Last absolute Last absolute

kingking No democratic No democratic

govgov Nicholas II Nicholas II

became Tsar in became Tsar in 18841884– Divine rightDivine right

II. The Revolution of 1905II. The Revolution of 1905 ““Peace, Land, & Peace, Land, &

Bread!”Bread!”– Workers Workers

Bloody SundayBloody Sunday– Peaceful protestPeaceful protest– Soldiers open fireSoldiers open fire

Tsar can’t ignore Tsar can’t ignore problemsproblems– Forms Duma: legislative Forms Duma: legislative

bodybody Tsar basically ignoresTsar basically ignores

IV. Alexandra: The Power IV. Alexandra: The Power Behind the ThroneBehind the Throne

Wife of TsarWife of Tsar Alexis: Son with Alexis: Son with

Hemophilia Hemophilia – Believes Rasputin Believes Rasputin

has power to heal has power to heal himhim

– Scandals around Scandals around Rasputin discredits Rasputin discredits TsarTsar

V. World War I: “The Last V. World War I: “The Last Straw”Straw”

Broke Russia Broke Russia economyeconomy

Shows weakness Shows weakness of Tsarof Tsar

Kills thousandsKills thousands People upsetPeople upset

VI. The Collapse of the VI. The Collapse of the Imperial GovernmentImperial Government

Alexandra and Alexandra and Rasputin throw the Rasputin throw the government into government into chaoschaos

Rasputin is Rasputin is assassinated assassinated

VII. The Two Revolutions of VII. The Two Revolutions of 19171917

Food strikesFood strikes The March Revolution The March Revolution

(March 12)(March 12) The November The November

Revolution (November Revolution (November 6)6)

Lenin in chargeLenin in charge– Communist revolutionCommunist revolution– Class Struggle Class Struggle – Redistribution of landRedistribution of land

Overthrow the TsarOverthrow the Tsar

October (Bolshevik) October (Bolshevik) Revolution-1917Revolution-1917

Lead by VI Lenin “Peace, Land, and Lead by VI Lenin “Peace, Land, and Bread”Bread”

Won support of people (especially Won support of people (especially peasants)peasants)

October (Bolshevik) October (Bolshevik) Revolution-1917Revolution-1917

Lead by VI Lenin “Peace, Land, and Lead by VI Lenin “Peace, Land, and Bread”Bread”

Won support of people (especially Won support of people (especially peasants)peasants)

19181918 1918 March The Bolsheviks accept 1918 March The Bolsheviks accept

the peace of Brest‑Litovsk, ending the peace of Brest‑Litovsk, ending WWI with Germany.WWI with Germany.

1919-19201919-1920

1919 White Armies (Royal and 1919 White Armies (Royal and Menshevik troops) attack the Reds Menshevik troops) attack the Reds (Bolsheviks) from all directions. (Bolsheviks) from all directions.

1920- Reds defeat Whites1920- Reds defeat Whites

Rule of Lenin 1920-1924Rule of Lenin 1920-1924

Economic Reforms included the Economic Reforms included the New Economic Plan (NEP)New Economic Plan (NEP)-moderate mix of capitalism and -moderate mix of capitalism and socialismsocialism

Political ReformsPolitical Reforms-Bolshevik party became -Bolshevik party became Communist PartyCommunist Party-Russia becomes the United -Russia becomes the United Soviet Socialist RepublicsSoviet Socialist Republics

CommunismCommunism A Form of SocialismA Form of Socialism

– Central Planning of the Economy by the Central Planning of the Economy by the StateState

Gov’t (Communist Party) makes Gov’t (Communist Party) makes decisions on individual jobs and paydecisions on individual jobs and pay

19241924

Lenin DiesLenin Dies Power VaccuumPower Vaccuum Leon Trotsky vs. Joseph StalinLeon Trotsky vs. Joseph Stalin Stalin takes controlStalin takes control Now must decide how he will Now must decide how he will

maintain powermaintain power Decides to create a totalitarian Decides to create a totalitarian

statestate

STALINSTALIN

Totalitarian StateTotalitarian StateA A government government that takes that takes total, central total, central state control state control over every over every aspect of aspect of public and public and private lifeprivate life

Characteristics of a Characteristics of a Totalitarian StateTotalitarian State

Dictatorship-Dictatorship- Absolute Authority Absolute Authority Dynamic Leader-Dynamic Leader- Vision for the nation Vision for the nation State Control Over All Sectors of SocietyState Control Over All Sectors of Society

– Business, Family Life, Labor, youth groups, Business, Family Life, Labor, youth groups, housing, religion, education, the artshousing, religion, education, the arts

State Control Over the IndividualState Control Over the Individual– ObedienceObedience– Denies basic libertiesDenies basic liberties

Organized ViolenceOrganized Violence– Uses force to crush oppositionUses force to crush opposition

Stalin’s Totalitarian StateStalin’s Totalitarian State State Control of the EconomyState Control of the Economy

– 5 year plan, collective farms5 year plan, collective farms Police TerrorPolice Terror

– Great Purge, crush oppositionGreat Purge, crush opposition Religious PersecutionReligious Persecution

– Control of the individualControl of the individual Propaganda (socialist realism)Propaganda (socialist realism)

– Molding peoples mindsMolding peoples minds EducationEducation

– Controlled by the governmentControlled by the government

Control MethodsControl Methods The Great PurgeThe Great Purge: campaign of terror : campaign of terror

against enemies who threatened his against enemies who threatened his powerpower– Killed or sent to Gulags (death camps)Killed or sent to Gulags (death camps)

Est between 8-13 million deaths Est between 8-13 million deaths

PropagandaPropaganda Controlled all newspapers, radio, Controlled all newspapers, radio,

movies, and information movies, and information Glorified the achievements of Stalin Glorified the achievements of Stalin

& communism & communism

Religious PersecutionReligious Persecution Replace Orthodox teachings with Replace Orthodox teachings with

communist teachingscommunist teachings Destroyed churches & synagoguesDestroyed churches & synagogues

Industrial PoliciesIndustrial Policies Command EconomyCommand Economy: Government : Government

makes all economic decisionsmakes all economic decisions Five-Year PlansFive-Year Plans: high quotas (goals) for : high quotas (goals) for

output of steel, coal, oil, & electricityoutput of steel, coal, oil, & electricity– Limited consumer productionLimited consumer production– People faced shortages of housing, food, People faced shortages of housing, food,

clothing, & other goodsclothing, & other goods Made some industrial gainsMade some industrial gains

Agricultural PoliciesAgricultural Policies Collective FarmsCollective Farms: Seized all private : Seized all private

farms and combined them into large, farms and combined them into large, government owned farmsgovernment owned farms– Hoped to boost food productionHoped to boost food production– Resistance among “kulaks”, wealthy Resistance among “kulaks”, wealthy

farm ownersfarm owners In Ukraine, Stalin forced a famine by In Ukraine, Stalin forced a famine by

confiscating all food from kulaksconfiscating all food from kulaks

EducationEducation Goal: build a stricter society that Goal: build a stricter society that

adhered to creating a much more adhered to creating a much more communist statecommunist state

Education law of 1935: allowed Education law of 1935: allowed teachers to use strict methods of teachers to use strict methods of disciplinediscipline

Communist History taught Communist History taught Girls allowed in schoolsGirls allowed in schools