russian drifting stations “north pole” in 2003-201 2
DESCRIPTION
Utilization of Observations at the Russian Drifting Stations “North Pole” for Improved Description of Air–Sea-Ice-Ocean Interactions in the Arctic Ocean A. Makshtas, Sokolov V. , S. Shutilin, V. Kustov, N. Zinoviev, Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, Saint Petersburg, Russia, - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Utilization of Observations at the Russian Drifting Stations “North Pole” for Improved Description of Air–Sea-Ice-Ocean Interactions
in the Arctic Ocean
A. Makshtas, Sokolov V., S. Shutilin, V. Kustov, N. Zinoviev,
Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, Saint Petersburg, Russia,
Presented byOla Persson
CIRES/NOAA/ESRLBoulder, Colorado USA
Russian drifting stations “North Pole” in 2003-2012
Barents Sea
Greenland
Spitsbergen
Wrangell Is.
Chukchi Sea
Canada Basin
Tiksi
Barrow
Pevek
Science Issues Being Studied with “North Pole” station data
AtmosphericCryospheric
OceanicGreenhouse Gas
Lidar
Radiation
MAWS-420
Unmanned plane
Radiosound
aerostat
Inlets of ozone,carbon dioxide, methane and radioactivity analyzers
Precipitation gauge
Weather shed
Carbon dioxide flux measurements
GPS and GLONAS systems for ice drift calculations
Polygon 80x100 m for mass balance and dynamic studies
Ice thickness measurements
Snow height
Total ozone
Spectrometer “Ramses”IMB buoy Transmitter IMB
Thermo chain IMB
Ice thickness submersible vehicleLong ranger ADCP
WH LP 757ADCP WHS 300
Echo-sounder
Echo-sounder emitter
2 SBE 37SM MicroCat 3 SBE 19 profilers Current meter RCM Grid Juday
Overview of observations, organized at drifting station “North Pole – 39” and future “North Pole” stations
Atmospheric Science Issues
1) characterizing low-level inversions
2) cloud characteristics (cloud fraction, height; measurement technique variability)
3) atmospheric boundary layer thermal structure – variability processes
4) atmospheric O3
- surface-layer/boundary layer- stratosphere – Arctic “ozone holes”
5) measurement techniques (e.g., clouds, skin temperature)
6) validation of models: mesoscale (WRF), RCMs and reanalyses - T, Td, cloud fraction, BL thermal & kinematic structure- surface characteristics
7) parameterization validations- downwelling SW and LW radiation, incl. impact of clouds- turbulent fluxes in stable boundary layer- atmospheric boundary layer, for forcing sea-ice models
W ithout c louds.
-32 -30 -28 -26 -24 -22 -20 -18 -16
T , 0C
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
z, m
M e as ure m e nts Hirham Ecmwf
W ith clouds.
-32 -30 -28 -26 -24 -22 -20 -18 -16
T , 0C
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
z, m
M e as ure m e nts Hirham Ecmwf
Monthly mean profiles (April 2008; NP-36) of air temperature from radiosoundings and calculated by HIRHAM4 (AWI Regional Climate Model) and ECMWF (ERA-Interim Reanalysis?)
Clear skies
Cloudy Skies
He
igh
t (m
)
He
igh
t (m
)
T (deg C)
T (deg C)
radiosondes
HIRHAM
ECMWF
radiosondes
ECMWF
HIRHAM
Clear SkiesObservations: surface-based inversionModels: shallow mixed layers, too warm Ts
Cloudy SkiesObservations: surface mixed layerModels: surface mixed layers, too warm ML,
inversions too weak & too deep
Detailed atmospheric boundary-layer processes: New approach with microwave 56.7 GHz temperature profiler at “North Pole 39”
(April 2012)
Hei
ght
(m)
Hour surface-based inversionmixed layer to 300 m
Descent of inversion top
Case 1Case 5
Case 9Case 13
Case 17Case 21
Case 25Case 29
Case 33Case 37
Case 41Case 45
Case 49Case 53
Case 57
Day of observations
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Conce
ntr
atio
n o
f ozo
ne,
mkg
/ì3
Ozone sound Ozonometer
Ozone studies at “North Pole” drifting stations (March 2011, NP-38)
Evidence of “Ozone hole” in the Central Arctic (March 2011)Ozone concentration in atmospheric surface layer in spring
Total cloudiness (in tenths), from ceilometer data and visual observations (Nov. 2008, NP-36)
visualNOAAceilometer
Season T mean NP Т mean NCEP Correlation NCEP-NP
NP-35 (2007-2008)
Winter -29.4 -30.9 0.84 -1.5
Spring -15.3 -13.2 0.97 2.1
Summer -1.2 0.5 0.60 1.7
Autumn -15.3 -18.1 0.89 -2.8
NP-36 (2008)
Autumn -17.7 -19.6 0.89 -1.9
Season N mean NP N mean NCEP Correlation NCEP-NP
NP-35 (2007-2008)
Winter 4.2 4.0 0.48 -0.2
Spring 7.5 2.7 0.15 -4.8
Summer 9.4 4.2 0.30 -5.2
Autumn 7.9 5.0 0.34 -2.9
NP-36 (2008)
Autumn 4.6 5.1 0.24 0.5
Comparison air surface temperature (T) and total cloudiness (N) between NP and NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis data for 2007-2008
Cryospheric Science Issues
1)spatial and temporal variability of spectral albedo of snow/ice – transects of snow depth, density, morphology, spectral albedo (e.g., every 2nd day)
2)spatial and temporal variability of sea-ice surface characteristics (e.g., leads, meltponds, etc)
3)spatial and temporal variability of ice thickness
4)sub-surface ice structure
5)validation of modeled snow depth and ice thickness distributions
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210
Julian Day (NP-36)
400
600
800
Wa
ve le
ng
th, n
m
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190
Julian Day (NP-35)
400
600
800
Wa
ve le
ng
th, n
m
Transect average spectral albedo for day 98 to 215 (NP-36)and day 115 – 191 (NP 35)
Ice floe characteristics near drifting station “North Pole 38” in winter
October
DecemberApril
UAS – the new instrument for study of sea ice cover
Weight – 3.5 kg, wingspan – 1.4 m, range of flight speed 60 - 100 km/h, altitudes - 50 - 3000 m.
June 19 June 29
July 16 August 30
Ice floe characterization of summer melt - “North Pole 38”
Manual ice thickness measurements (NP-36)
-40 -20 0 20 40
р ас сто я н и е , м
0
20
40
60
80
100
-40 -20 0 20 40
р ассто я н и е , м
0
20
40
60
80
100
расс
тоян
ие, м
л ед о м ер н ая съ ем к а 3 0 .0 9 .2 0 0 8 г . л ед о м ер н ая съ ем к а 2 7 .0 5 .2 0 0 9 г .
0,00
0,50
1,00
1,50
2,00
2,50
3,00
05.09.0
8
30.09.0
8
13.10.0
8
22.10.0
8
02.11.
08
12.11.
08
25.11.
08
05.12.0
8
16.12.0
8
23.12.0
8
31.12.0
8
09.01.0
9
19.01.0
9
28.01.0
9
09.02.0
9
25.02.0
9
10.03.0
9
17.03.0
9
25.03.0
9
07.04.0
9
12.04.0
9
29.04.0
9
12.05.0
9
27.05.0
9
10.06.0
9
21.06.0
9
30.06.0
9
08.07.0
9
19.07.0
9
30.07.0
9
08.08.0
9
17.08.0
9
дата
толщ
ин
а ль
да, с
м
средняя толщина льда минимальная толщина льда максимальная толщина льда
Distance (m) Distance (m)
Dis
tan
ce (
m)
80 x 100 m grid of 35 pointsSeptember 30, 2008 May 27, 2009
max ~ 131 cm
min ~ 78 cm
min ~ 195 cm
max ~ 236 cm
Ice
th
ickn
ess
(m
)
Mean thickness Minimum thickness Maximum thicknessDate
- mean growth of 1.3 m - thickness range decreased during winter from 63 cm to 41 cm (thinner ice regions grew faster)
Comparison of measured and modeled snow and ice thickness evolutions- AARI dynamic-thermodynamic sea-ice model (Makshtas et al., 2003; JGR) with observational
external forcing
NP-35
NP-36
SnowIce
Sn
ow
de
pth
(m
)S
no
w d
ep
th (
m)
Ice
th
ickn
ess
(m
)Ic
e t
hic
kne
ss (
m)
model
model
model
model
measurements
measurements
measurements
measurements
Year Day Year Day
Year Day Year Day
Oceanic Science Issues
1)Temporal variability of solar radiation penetration of sea ice
2)Spectral and depth redistribution of solar radiation
-20
-10
0
Ap
ril
0.1
-40
-20
0
De
pth
, m
Ma
y
0.1
0.1
0.5
400 500 600 700 800 900
Wave length, nm
-40
-20
0
Jun
e
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
400 500 600 700 800 900
Wave length, nm
-40
-20
0
Depth
, m
0
2
4
6
8
Solar energy penetration of sea-ice and redistribution in upper ocean as function of wavelength and month
mW/(m2 nm)
mW/(m2 nm)
April
May
June
July
Dep
th (
m)
Dep
th (
m)
Wavelength (nm)
.02-.09 W m-2
2.2 - 7.2 W m-2
Greenhouse Gas Science Issues
1) Understanding greenhouse gas concentrations and fluxes – CO2
9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Months 2007 - 2008 and 2008 - 2009
350
360
370
380
390
400
410
420
430
Con
cent
ratio
n C
O2, p
pm
NP35 NP36 Barrow Alert
9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Months 2007 - 2008 and 2008 - 2009
0,00
0,01
0,02
0,03
0,04
0,05
0,06
0,07
0,08
0,09
Sea
sona
l rel
ativ
e va
riabi
lity
CO
2 (m
sd/m
ean)
NP35 NP36 Barrow Alert
Comparison of seasonal variability of CO2 concentration at drifting stations NP-35, NP-36 and Observatories in Barrow and Alert
Direct measurements of CO2 flux with automatic chamber
Monthly relative CO2 variability ()
Monthly mean CO2 concentration
Question: what is the net role of sea ice in modulating or otherwise affecting this CO2 exchange?
(Makshtas et al 2011; AMS Conf. on Polar Meteor. & Ocean.)
a) during summer and early autumn, ice-free Arctic shelf seas serve as a sink for atmospheric CO2. b) in late autumn and winter, cooling seawater is CO2 source to atmosphere.
Scope of Future Work at Russian North Pole Stations
1. Study of polar cloudiness
2. Detailed investigations of atmospheric surface and boundary layers- studies of stable boundary layers- improve/validate parameterizations of BL for forcing sea-ice models- improve/validate mesoscale models, esp. surface characteristics
3. Investigate spatial characteristics and radiative properties of sea ice cover
4. Comprehensive study of atmospheric ozone (from surface to stratosphere)
5. Study of greenhouse gas concentrations and ice/ocean fluxes