russia, the former soviet union & eastern europe a slavic czarship until the democratic...

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Russia, Russia, The Former Soviet Union The Former Soviet Union & Eastern Europe & Eastern Europe A Slavic Czarship Until A Slavic Czarship Until the Democratic Revolution the Democratic Revolution

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Page 1: Russia, The Former Soviet Union & Eastern Europe A Slavic Czarship Until the Democratic Revolution

Russia,Russia,The Former Soviet UnionThe Former Soviet Union

& Eastern Europe& Eastern Europe

A Slavic Czarship Until the A Slavic Czarship Until the Democratic RevolutionDemocratic Revolution

Page 2: Russia, The Former Soviet Union & Eastern Europe A Slavic Czarship Until the Democratic Revolution

Super SizedSuper Sized World largest country geographically World largest country geographically

(even with the end of the USSR—(even with the end of the USSR—which was coincidentally nearly 2x which was coincidentally nearly 2x the size of the US)the size of the US)

Fewer people than the United StatesFewer people than the United States– Problem is a lot of the land is Problem is a lot of the land is

inhospitableinhospitable So big it spans 11 time zonesSo big it spans 11 time zones

– Creates very difficult administrative Creates very difficult administrative problemsproblems

Page 3: Russia, The Former Soviet Union & Eastern Europe A Slavic Czarship Until the Democratic Revolution

GeographyGeography

Straddles Europe and AsiaStraddles Europe and Asia– Also been confused if they’re an European or Asian Also been confused if they’re an European or Asian

powerpower– Never firmly decided to be purely European—Russia Never firmly decided to be purely European—Russia

historically has been isolated from Europe and has historically has been isolated from Europe and has lagged behind in terms of major developments and lagged behind in terms of major developments and innovations that served to modernize Europeinnovations that served to modernize Europe

Tons of natural resourcesTons of natural resources– Petroleum (one of the world’s leading exporters), Petroleum (one of the world’s leading exporters),

natural gas, gold, timber, etc.natural gas, gold, timber, etc. Very little exposure to Western ideas of Very little exposure to Western ideas of

development, entrepreneurship, and private development, entrepreneurship, and private enterpriseenterprise

Horrible managerial mistakes have led to a poor Horrible managerial mistakes have led to a poor economyeconomy

Page 4: Russia, The Former Soviet Union & Eastern Europe A Slavic Czarship Until the Democratic Revolution

IsolationIsolation GeographicallyGeographically

– Balkan Mountains serve as a Balkan Mountains serve as a barrierbarrier

LinguisticallyLinguistically– Adopted a different alphabet Adopted a different alphabet

than European nations (use than European nations (use Cyrillic, not Latin)Cyrillic, not Latin)

ReligiouslyReligiously– Deviated from main European Deviated from main European

religionsreligions– About 1000 AD, broke from the About 1000 AD, broke from the

Roman Catholic Church and Roman Catholic Church and converted to Eastern converted to Eastern OrthodoxyOrthodoxy

**Served to isolate Russia from the major transformative phenomenon that helped to modernize Europe (like the Renaissance

and the Reformation)

Page 5: Russia, The Former Soviet Union & Eastern Europe A Slavic Czarship Until the Democratic Revolution

Mix It UpMix It Up

Quite heterogeneousQuite heterogeneous– Russian is the dominant language, ethnicity Russian is the dominant language, ethnicity

and orthodoxy is the dominant religion, but and orthodoxy is the dominant religion, but there are dozens of other ethnicities scattered there are dozens of other ethnicities scattered across Russiaacross Russia

– Find virtually every major religionFind virtually every major religion– Over 100 different language are spoken Over 100 different language are spoken

Page 6: Russia, The Former Soviet Union & Eastern Europe A Slavic Czarship Until the Democratic Revolution

Old NewsOld News Invaded by the Mongols in the early 13Invaded by the Mongols in the early 13thth

centurycentury Established the “Golden Horde” and ruled for Established the “Golden Horde” and ruled for

the next 200 yearsthe next 200 years Defeated by Ivan III (Ivan the Great) and under Defeated by Ivan III (Ivan the Great) and under

him, Russia began to gradually expand and him, Russia began to gradually expand and not isolatenot isolate

Page 7: Russia, The Former Soviet Union & Eastern Europe A Slavic Czarship Until the Democratic Revolution

Ivan the Terrible (Ivan IV)Ivan the Terrible (Ivan IV)

1530-15841530-1584 Crown himself czar (the Russian Crown himself czar (the Russian

variation of Caesar)variation of Caesar) When he asserts his power, the When he asserts his power, the

Russian nobility revoltRussian nobility revolt– Key development: Ivan crushes the Key development: Ivan crushes the

nobilitynobility– From here on out, they play no role in From here on out, they play no role in

Russian politics—just follow the czarRussian politics—just follow the czar

Page 8: Russia, The Former Soviet Union & Eastern Europe A Slavic Czarship Until the Democratic Revolution

Absolute PowerAbsolute Power CaesaropapsimCaesaropapsim

– When 1 person rules When 1 person rules politically and religiouspolitically and religious

– Makes himself head of Makes himself head of the Orthodox Church the Orthodox Church and has the church and has the church teach its followers that teach its followers that Ivan is infallibleIvan is infallible

With this power, Ivan With this power, Ivan rules ruthlessly, earning rules ruthlessly, earning his namehis name– Even kills his own son!Even kills his own son!

Bad News

Page 9: Russia, The Former Soviet Union & Eastern Europe A Slavic Czarship Until the Democratic Revolution

LegacyLegacy No political force emerges in Russia to No political force emerges in Russia to

moderate or oppose the political force of the moderate or oppose the political force of the czarczar

Expands Russia to more or less its present Expands Russia to more or less its present day sizeday size– Adds riches and land and in doing so, sets Adds riches and land and in doing so, sets

the standard that a good czar is a ruthless the standard that a good czar is a ruthless czarczar

– For Russia to be great, the czar must be For Russia to be great, the czar must be powerful and use that power—its what powerful and use that power—its what Russia needsRussia needs

– This is reinforced by the “Times of Trouble” This is reinforced by the “Times of Trouble” that followed Ivan’s deaththat followed Ivan’s death Anarchy and chaosAnarchy and chaos

Page 10: Russia, The Former Soviet Union & Eastern Europe A Slavic Czarship Until the Democratic Revolution

Peter The GreatPeter The Great

1682-17251682-1725 Determined to modernize Russia and get it Determined to modernize Russia and get it

caught up to Europe (whether Russia caught up to Europe (whether Russia wanted it or not)wanted it or not)

Built new city as close to Europe as he Built new city as close to Europe as he could to open up Russia to Europecould to open up Russia to Europe– Made it the new capital cityMade it the new capital city– Called St. PetersburgCalled St. Petersburg– Known as Russia’s “window to the west”Known as Russia’s “window to the west”

Page 11: Russia, The Former Soviet Union & Eastern Europe A Slavic Czarship Until the Democratic Revolution

Western ReformsWestern Reforms Created a large Created a large

civil servicecivil service Required every Required every

male in mobility to male in mobility to serve in the civil serve in the civil service or the service or the militarymilitary– Made the nobility Made the nobility

even more even more subservient to the subservient to the czar and generated czar and generated a deed tradition of a deed tradition of dependence on the dependence on the Russian stateRussian state

Page 12: Russia, The Former Soviet Union & Eastern Europe A Slavic Czarship Until the Democratic Revolution

Deep DivisionsDeep Divisions When Peter dies, he partly When Peter dies, he partly

succeededsucceeded– Russia was more modern Russia was more modern

and better off BUT there was and better off BUT there was a deep rift on Russian a deep rift on Russian societysociety

– Brought to the forefront Brought to the forefront whether Russia is European whether Russia is European or Asianor Asian

– Westerners (like Peter) vs. Westerners (like Peter) vs. Slavophiles (believed the Slavophiles (believed the Westernizers were Westernizers were corrupting the Russian corrupting the Russian essenceessence

– Grows violent throughout the Grows violent throughout the rest of the 18rest of the 18thth century century

Page 13: Russia, The Former Soviet Union & Eastern Europe A Slavic Czarship Until the Democratic Revolution

It’s Been a Long DecemberIt’s Been a Long December

Decembrist Revolt: 1825Decembrist Revolt: 1825 Military officers demanded Russia adopt Military officers demanded Russia adopt

Western political reformsWestern political reforms Brutally suppressed and any idea of Brutally suppressed and any idea of

democracy disappears from Russia (with 1 democracy disappears from Russia (with 1 exception: Alexander II adopts a limited form exception: Alexander II adopts a limited form of democracy)of democracy)

Page 14: Russia, The Former Soviet Union & Eastern Europe A Slavic Czarship Until the Democratic Revolution

Edict of EmancipationEdict of Emancipation

18611861 Frees the serfs (peasants) as a way Frees the serfs (peasants) as a way

to try and modernize Russian to try and modernize Russian agricultureagriculture

Economy reforms a little, but not Economy reforms a little, but not politicallypolitically

Politics in Russia turn more and more Politics in Russia turn more and more violentviolent

Page 15: Russia, The Former Soviet Union & Eastern Europe A Slavic Czarship Until the Democratic Revolution

Sunday, Bloody SundaySunday, Bloody Sunday

January 22January 22ndnd, 1905, 1905 Czar’s forces open fire on a protest Czar’s forces open fire on a protest

over the Russo-Japanese Warover the Russo-Japanese War Backlash from the massacre was so Backlash from the massacre was so

extreme that Czar Nicholas II offered extreme that Czar Nicholas II offered some political reformssome political reforms– Created a national legislature called the Created a national legislature called the

Duma and allowed direct elections to itDuma and allowed direct elections to it– Stopped protests until World War IStopped protests until World War I

Page 16: Russia, The Former Soviet Union & Eastern Europe A Slavic Czarship Until the Democratic Revolution

World War IWorld War I At first, war was At first, war was

popularpopular Russia suffered Russia suffered

enormous casualties enormous casualties and the effects of and the effects of those losses those losses combined with the combined with the general economic general economic hardship any war hardship any war create reignited create reignited opposition and opposition and protestsprotests

February 1917: February 1917: Nicholas II forced to Nicholas II forced to leave and a leave and a democratic democratic government startedgovernment started

Page 17: Russia, The Former Soviet Union & Eastern Europe A Slavic Czarship Until the Democratic Revolution

While the new While the new government was a good government was a good idea, matters had gotten idea, matters had gotten far too radical in Russia far too radical in Russia for the government to for the government to

succeed—so what would succeed—so what would be good for Russia?be good for Russia?