CURRENT NUCLEAR

POWER ISSUES IN

RUSSIA

Valerii Korobeinikov

State Scientific Center

Institute of Physics and Power Engineering

Technical Meeting on the Country Nuclear Power Profiles

10 to 13 May 2016 / Vienna 1

Contents

About Russia

National Energy Strategy

Structure of Nuclear Industry

Nuclear Power operation and Production

Reactors under construction

Advance in Reactor technologies

Expectation for INPRO methodology

2

The total area of Russia is about 17 125 407км². The

country consists of a large number of administrative units:

regions (provinces) and republics.

Population: 146 267 000

GDP: 62 356 900 000 000 RUR

The regions of the country differ widely in territory, natural

conditions, the structure and national composition of the

population, and economic development.

The climate of country is marked by very wide regional

variations.

1. General Information

3

4

Natural energy resources

Russia one of the world's two energy superpowers

is rich in natural energy resources. It has the

largest known natural gas reserves of any state on

earth along with the second largest coal reserves/

and the eighth largest oil reserves.

Russia is the world fourth largest electricity

producer after the USA China and India. Russia is

the world’s leading net energy exporter and a

major supplier to the European Union.

5

2.National Energy Strategy

The energy strategy document defines the

main priority of Russian energy strategy as

an increase in energy efficiency (meaning

decreasing of energy intensity in production

and energy supply expenditures) reducing

impact on the environment sustainable

development energy development and

technological development as well as an

improvement of effectiveness and

competitiveness.

6

2.National Energy Strategy(cont.)

1. The Energy policy of Russia is contained in an

Energy Strategy document which sets out

policy for the period up to 2020. The idea of a

Russian national energy policy was approved

by the government of Russia in 1992.

2. The main objective of Russian energy strategy

is defined to be the determination of ways of

reaching a better quality of fuel and energy mix

and enhancing the competitive ability of

Russian energy production and services in the

world market. 7

Electricity Generation Structure: Russian

Power Plants

2010 2013 2015

Electricity generation in the

Russian Federation (TW·h) 1009 1024 1063

including:

Thermal power plants 677.8 676.8 687

Hydro power plants 158.2 174.7 170

Nuclear power plants 170 172.0

195 8

The Russian nuclear industry is an undisputed

leader in advanced nuclear technologies

providing innovative engineering and

construction solutions for nuclear reactors and

production of nuclear fuel. Since 1954 when the

world’s first nuclear power plant was launched in

Obninsk ROSATOM has accumulated a wealth

of experience and acquired extensive

competencies in large-scale nuclear projects.

3. The Russian nuclear industry

http://www.rosatom.ru/en/nuclear_industry/russian_nuclear_industry/

9

State Atomic Energy Corporation

ROSATOM

The mission of the State Atomic Energy

Corporation ROSATOM (ROSATOM) is to

deal with governmental tasks of the nuclear

and radiation safety public acceptable of

production of nuclear electricity and global

technological leadership in the nuclear

science and advanced technology.

10

• State Atomic Energy Corporation ROSATOM

incorporates more than 250 enterprises and

scientific institutions, including all of Russia's

nuclear industry nuclear facilities, research

organizations and only nuclear-propelled fleet

in the world.

• ROSATOM is also tasked to fulfill Russia's

international obligations in the field of the

peaceful uses of atomic energy and nuclear

nonproliferation regime.

11

• ROSATOM is the largest utility in Russia which

produces more than 40 % of electricity in the

country’s European part.

• ROSATOM holds leading positions in the world

market of nuclear technologies being the 2-nd

in uranium reserves and 5-th in uranium mining;

4-th in nuclear electricity generation while

providing 40% of the world uranium enrichment

services and 17% of the world nuclear fuel

market.

12

•http://www.rosatom.ru/en/nuclear_industry/Industry_structure/

13

Structure of Nuclear Industry

14

Structure of Nuclear Industry (cont.)

Atomenergoprom is the part of Rosatom State Nuclear Power Corporation. Atomenergoprom produces a wide range of nuclear and non-nuclear products as well as provides full service in the area of nuclear power engineering. In particular the company provides design and turn-key construction of a NPP fuel supplies for the whole operation life of NPP upgrading and maintenance as well as personnel training.

15

Structure of Nuclear Industry (cont.)

• The company structure consists of divisions formed according to the basic segments of the nuclear fuel cycle:

• uranium production

• uranium conversion and enrichment

• nuclear fuel production

• nuclear and power machine engineering

• design, engineering and construction of nuclear power plants

• power generation at nuclear power plants

16

Structure of Nuclear Industry (cont.)

• Besides Atomenergoprom structure includes enterprises offering products and services in the following areas:

• nuclear power plant maintenance and upgrading

• nuclear power plant personnel training

• isotopes

• scientific and research companies and design offices

• non-nuclear products and services 17

4.Nuclear Power Operation and

Production

•Nuclear power plants play significant role in

Russia economy. For Russia with its climate

and necessity of economic growth

development of electrical power is vital

important task.

•Powerful and efficient nuclear power plants

situated in key points of power transmission

net and operating in base load provide the

stable work for all power system of Russia. 18

4. Nuclear Power operation and

Production (cont).

Map of Russian Nuclear Power Plants

19

BN-800

The world’s first 5 MW(e) nuclear power plant/

was started June/ 27/ 1954 in Obninsk.

20

BALAKOVO NPP

BELOYARSK NPP

http://www.rosenergoatom.ru/wps/wcm/conne

ct/rosenergoatom_copy/site_en/NPP/balnpp/

21

BILIBINO NPP

Kalinin NPP

http://www.rosenergoatom.ru/wps/wcm/connect/r

osenergoatom_copy/site_en/NPP/balnpp/

22

Kola NPP

Kola NPP

Kursk NPP

http://www.rosenergoatom.ru/wps/wcm/con

nect/rosenergoatom_copy/site_en/NPP/bal

npp/

23

Leningrad NPP

Novovoronezh NPP

http://www.rosenergoatom.ru/wps/wcm/con

nect/rosenergoatom_copy/site_en/NPP/bal

npp/

24

Rostov NPP

ото АЭС

Smolensk NPP

http://www.rosenergoatom.ru/wps/wcm/con

nect/rosenergoatom_copy/site_en/NPP/bal

npp/

25

4. Nuclear Power Operation and

Production ( cont.)

Russia's nuclear plants with 35 operating reactors

totalling 26,2 MWe comprise:

•4 early VVER-440/230 pressurised water

reactors

•2 later VVER-440/213 pressurised water

reactors

•12 current-generation VVER-1000 pressurised

water reactors with a full containment

structure mostly V-320 types

•11 RBMK light water graphite reactors

•4 small graphite-moderated BWR reactors in

eastern Siberia

•BN-600 and BN-800 - fast reactors.

26

4. Nuclear Power Operation and

Production ( cont.)

27

0.00

200.00

400.00

600.00

800.00

1000.00

1200.00

1400.00

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2010

2011

2012

2015

119

98

99

109

108

104

120

129

135

140

149

153

148

155

160

162

170

173

177

195

TOTAL

NPP

YEAR

TWh

Power rectors in operation

28

Reactor Type

V=PWR

MWe net/

each

Commercial

operation

Scheduled

close

Balakovo 1 V-320 988 5/86 2045

Balakovo 2 V-320 1028 1/88 2033

Balakovo 3 V-320 988 4/89 2034

Balakovo 4 V-320 988 12/93 2023?

Beloyarsk 3 BN-600

FBR

560 11/81 2025

Beloyarsk 4 BN-800

FBR

789 2015

Bilibino 1-4 LWGR

EGP-6

11 4/74-1/77 2019-22

Kalinin 1 V-338 950 6/85 2025?

Kalinin 2 V-338 950 3/87 2032

Power rectors in operation (cont.)

Reactor Type

V=PWR

MWe net/

each

Commercial

operation

Scheduled

close

Kalinin 3 V-320 988 11/2005 2034

Kalinin 4 V-320 950 9/2012 2042

Kola 1 V-230 432 12/73 2018 or 2033

Kola 2 V-320 411 2/75 2020

Kola 3 V-213 411 12/82 2026

Kola 4 V-213 411 12/84 2039

Kursk 1 RBMK 1020 10/77 2022

Kursk 2 RBMK 971 8/79 2024

Kursk 3 RBMK 971 3/84 2029

29

Power rectors in operation (cont.)

30

Kursk 4 RBMK 925 2/86 2030

Leningrad 1 RBMK 925 11/74 2019

Leningrad 2 RBMK 971 2/76 2021

Leningrad 3 RBMK 971 6/8 2025

Leningrad 4 RBMK 925 8/81 2026

Novovoronezh 3 V-179 385 6/72 2016?

Novovoronezh 4 V-179 385 3/73 2017?

Novovoronezh 5 V-187 950 2/81 2035 potential

Smolensk 1 RBMK 925 9/83 2028

Smolensk 2 RBMK 925 7/85 2030

Smolensk 3 RBMK 925 1/9 2034

Rostov 1 V-320 990 3/2001 2030?

Rostov 2 V-320 990 10/201 2040

Rostov 3 V-320 1011 9/2015 2045

Total: 35 26053 MW

Operational Facts in 2014

31

NPP

Electricity

Generation.

106 kW·h

Load Factor.

%

Balakovo 29819.5 88.50

Beloyarsk 4523.6 86.1

Bilibino 220.2 52.4

Kalinin 28331.9 80.9

Kola 10361.4 67.2

Kursk 29223.95 83.4

Leningrad 25373.4 72.4

Novovoronezh 13242.9 82.4

Rostov 15704.9 89.5

Smolensk 23673.7 90.1

Total 180475.45 81.6

Operational Facts in 2015

32

NPP

Electricity

Generation.

106 kW·h

Load Factor.

%

Balakovo 33040,8 94,8

Beloyarsk 4455,9 74,9

Bilibino 181,4 45,2

Kalinin 33441,0 95,2

Kola 9148,7 62,7

Kursk 31255,0 84,9

Leningrad 26808,4 78,9

Novovoronezh 12634,4 80.0

Rostov 20453,8 89,1

Smolensk 23794,2 92,9

Total 195213,6 87,3

5. Reactors under construction

• By July 2012 30.5 GWe nuclear was projected

for 2020. This was confirmed in a January 2015

‘roadmap’ with an average of one reactor per

year commissioned to 2025 including the first

three TOI units and excluding the Baltic plant.

From 2028 to 2035 there are two 1200 MWe-

class additions per year.

33

Major Power Reactors under Construction/ Planned

and officially Proposed

34

Plant Reactor Type MWe gross (net

expected)

Status/ start

construction

Start or commercial op'n

Rostov 4 VVER-

1000/V-320

1100 (1011) Const 1983/ first

new concrete 6/10

6/2017 or 2019

Floating NPP 1

for Pevek

KLT-40S 35x2 (32x2) Const 5/09 2017-2018

Novovoronezh II-

1

VVER-

1200/V-392M

1200 (1114) Const 6/08 Start up early 2016/ grid

conn 6/2016/ comm

12/2016

Leningrad II-1 VVER-

1200/V-491

1170 (1085) Const 10/08 Grid conn 6/2017/ comm

1/2018

Novovoronezh II-

2

VVER-

1200/V-392M

1200 (1114) Const 7/09 Grid conn 10/2018/

comm 1/2019

Leningrad II-2 VVER-

1200/V-491

1170 (1085) Const 4/10 Grid conn 11/2019/

comm 2/2020

Baltic 1

(Kaliningrad)

VVER-

1200/V-491

1194 (1109) Const 4/12/

suspended 6/13

??

Subtotal of 8 under

construction

7104 MWe gross/ 6582 net*

35

6. Advance in Reactor Technologies

The principal scheme of innovative nuclear power

for Russia based on new technology platform

envisages full recycling of fuel/ balancing thermal

and fast reactors/ so that 100 GWe of total capacity

requires only about 100 tonnes of input per year/

from enrichment tails/ natural uranium and thorium/

with minor actinides being burned. About 100 t/yr of

fission product wastes will go to a geological

repository. The BN-series fast reactor plans are part

of Rosatom's so-called Proryv/ or "Breakthrough/"

project/ to develop fast reactors with a closed fuel

cycle whose mixed-oxide (MOX) fuel will be

reprocessed and recycled. 36

Coal - 8.7%

U-238 – 86.7%

Oil - 0.8%

U-235 – 0.4%

Gas - 3.4%

(Data source:

for proven resources of fossil fuel – British Petrolium «Statistic review of world energy 2005»:

oil – 9/9 billion tons/ gas – 48 trillion m3/ coal – 157 billion tons ;

for proven resources of Unat - Federal Subsoil Resource Use Agency data - 615 thousand tons )

Relative energy potential of

natural resources of Russia.

37

Scheme of innovative nuclear power of Russia

(installed capacity 100 GW(e) as an example)

38

BR-5/10 in 1959

BOR-60 in 1969

BN-350 in 1973

BN-600 in 1980

BN-800 Construction - by 2015

BN-1200 design

Experimental

reactors

Power reactors

Experience in BN technology development

39

BN-800 Fast Reactor

1.Reactor vessel

2.Guard vessel

3.Reactor core

4.Pressure chamber

5.Core catcher

6.Reactor vault

7.Main circulation pump

8.Top fixed shielding

9.Large rotating plug

10.Central rotating plug

11.Protection hood

12.Refuelling machine

13.Small rotating plug

14.Intermediate heat

exchanger 40

BN-800 Fast Reactor

• On the 9th of February, 2016 Unit 4 of Beloyarsk nuclear power plant with BN-800 reactor completed all tests under the first power program. The integral tests were successfully completed for the reactor unit operation at 50% power during 72 hours. All design criteria of the unit operation were confirmed by test results. The reactor unit continues operating at this power level. In the coming time, Rostechnadzor is expected to grant a permit for the start of a new power build-up stage, i.e. the pilot commercial operation, during which power will be gradually raised up to 100% of the rated value. Then, the reactor unit will be commissioned for the commercial operation. It is planned that during 2016 the new reactor unit with BN-800 will produce about 3,500 million kWh of electricity.

41

BN-1200

OKBM Afrikantov is developing a BN-1200

reactor/ and the design is expected to be

complete by 2014. OKBM expects to

commission the first unit with MOX fuel in

2020/ then eight more to 2030.

Rosatom's Science and Technology Council

has approved the BN-1200 reactor for

Beloyarsk as unit 5, possibly to be

operational about 2020. 42

BN-1200 fast reactor

43

Fuel cycle:

•fuel – mixed oxide or nitride;

•low power density in the core;

•external fuel cycle duration - 3 years;

•BR – 1.2 (oxide) -1.3 (nitride, BRcore

~1) ;

•MA utilization in the basic fuel;

Safety:

•2 types of passive control rods;

•flattened core, sodium plenum;

•integration of all primary sodium

systems in the reactor vessel to

eliminate radioactive sodium leaks.

Economical characteristics:

•optimization of layout approaches

•increase of load factor by transition to

one-year refuelling interval

•increase of the fuel burn-up.

1 - intermediate heat exchanger,

2 - reactor vessel,

3 - guard vessel, 4 - silo, 5 - core

diagrid, 6 - core catcher, 7 -

reactor core, 8 – pump nozzle, 9

– main sodium pump, 10 – cold

trap, 11 – control rod drives, 12 –

rotating plug

SVBR-100

A pilot 100 MWe SVBR-

100 unit is to be built at

RIIAR Dimitrovgrad by

AKME-Engineering. This is

a modular lead-bismuth

cooled fast neutron reactor

design from OKB

Gidropress/ and is intended

to meet regional needs in

Russia and abroad. 44

MBIR Program

In September 2010

Rosatom said that the

MBIR program at the

Research Institute of

Atomic Reactors (RIAR or

NIIAR) in Dimitrovgrad

would be open to foreign

collaboration/ in

connection with the IAEA

INPRO program. The 150

MWt MBIR unit is

expected to be built by

2019. 45

Closing of the nuclear fuel cycle is a strategic line

of nuclear power development in Russia, which

will ensure more efficient use of natural nuclear

fuel and artificial fissile materials produced by

reactors (e.g., plutonium)/ will minimize radwaste

from fuel reprocessing and will help approach a

radiation equivalence between the buried waste

and the mined natural fuel.

Strategy of Nuclear

Power Development

In Russia in the first

half of the 21st century

NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE

46

MODEL of IDEAL NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE

NUCLEAR FUEL SPENT NUCLEAR

FUEL

Fusion Products

(Sr/ Cs/ Tc/ I)

GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS

47

7. Expectation for INPRO

methodology

48

The objective of INPRO is to support

the safe, sustainable,

economic and proliferation-resistant

use of nuclear technology to meet the

global energy needs of the 21st

century

49

Expectation for INPRO

Methodology

To help selecting of development paths for future nuclear energy systems

To provide a tool to identify necessary components of nuclear power structure

To facilitate and to help to organize research work

To allow for regional and other specific requirements

Must create an important opportunity for cooperative

international RD&D on INS

50

INPRO Today

• An international project/ with growing membership/

jointly implemented by the IAEA and INPRO members.

• Of clear interest to MS/ including both developed and

developing countries.

• Has produced a holistic methodology

– to assess capabilities of innovative nuclear energy

systems (INSs) and

– to identify improvements to be achieved via RD&D .

• Creates an important opportunity for cooperative

international RD&D on INSs.

51

52

CNPP can be used for INPRO objectives

INS

ASSESSMENT

INPRO

METODOLOGY

CUNTRY

PROFILE

DATA

BASE_No

DATA

BASE_3

DATA

BASE_2

DATA

BASE_1

53

Thank You!

54

Export of nuclear reactors

• At 2015 Atomexpo it was announced that

at the start of the year Rosatom’s foreign

portfolio of orders totaled US$ 101.4

billion, of which $66 billion was reactors,

$21.8 billion was the contracted sales of

EUP and SWU, and the remaining $13.6

billion was attributable to the sales of

fabricated fuel assemblies and uranium.

55

Export of nuclear reactors

• The total at the end of 2015 was over

$110 billion. Rosatom’s goal is to gain half

its total revenue from exported goods and

services by 2030, and half its reactor

revenue from overseas projects in 2017.

• Early in 2016 Rosatom said that Russia’s

GDP gained two roubles for every one

rouble invested in building nuclear power

plants abroad, as well as enhanced trade 56

Export of nuclear reactors

• Atomstroyexport (ASE) has three reactor

construction projects abroad/ all involving

VVER-1000 units. First/ it took over

building a reactor for Iran at the Bushehr

power plant/ a project commenced by

Siemens KWU but then aborted. That

plant is now operating.

57

Export of nuclear reactors

• CHINA:ASE sold two large new AES-91

power plants to China for Jiangsu Tianwan

at Lianyungang (both now operating)

• INDIA:two AES-92 units to India for

Kudankulam (under construction)

• It is likely that ASE will build a second unit

at Bushehr and agreements have been

signed for two more at Tianwan in China. 58

Export of nuclear reactors

• In 2007 a memorandum of understanding

was signed to build four VVER-1200 units

at Kudankulam (reaffirmed since). In 2009

four more were confirmed for Haripur in

West Bengal. Construction of the Akkuyu

plant in Turkey on BOO basis is due to

start in 2013.

59

Export of nuclear reactors

• Russia's policy for building nuclear power

plants in non-nuclear weapons states is to

deliver on a turnkey basis including supply

of all fuel and repatriation of used fuel for

the life of the plant. The fuel is to be

reprocessed in Russia and the separated

wastes returned to the client country

eventually.

60

Export of nuclear reactors

• From 2010 Russia plans to provide full or

partial credits for nuclear construction in at

least five countries: Ukraine (Khmelnitsky

3 & 4)/ Belarus (Ostrovets 1 & 2)/ India

(Kudankulam 3 & 4)/ China (Tianwan 3 &

4)/ Turkey (Akkuyu 1-4) and Vietnam

(Ninh Thuan 1-2). Bangladesh may also

rely on Russia to finance nuclear

construction.

61

Export of nuclear reactors

• Since 2006 Rosatom has actively pursued

cooperation deals in South Africa/

Namibia/ Chile and Morocco as well as

with Egypt/ Algeria/ Vietnam/ Bangladesh

and Kuwait.

62