rural radio in agricultural extension: the example of vernacular radio programmes on soil and water...
TRANSCRIPT
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RURAL RADIO IN AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION: THE EXAMPLE OF
VERNACULAR RADIO PROGRAMMES ON SOIL AND WATER
CONSERVATION IN N. GHANARobert Chapman, Roger Blench, Gordana Kranjac-Berisavljevic’
and A.B.T. Zakariah
Week 4 Lecture NotesCSE 590F
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Contents
• Background• Case Study• Conclusions
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Radio in the developing world
• Rich history in developing world– Experiments began in 1940s– Rural radio in 1960s (centrally managed)– Community radio in late 1980s
• Established benefits in many domains– Health, education, politics, entertainment
• Cheap, widely available
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Difficulties with community radio projects
• Requires donor or government subsidies• Media often tightly controlled by government– Licenses can be difficult or impossible to obtain
• Administration of station can get bogged down in local politics– Choice of language, staffing, location, etc
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Community Audio Tower System (CATS)
• ‘narrowcasting’ technology - karaoke equipment and an amplifier with microphones in a studio linked to a metallic tower with all-weather loudspeakers.
• Works well in dense rural areas– Receivers not needed
• Cost is about $2000• Case studies demonstrate effectiveness
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Discussion
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of radio as a means of sharing information?
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of radio in terms of scalability?
• How can other ICTs be combined with radio to make it better?
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Major Trends in Agricultural Extension in the Developing World
• Shift to a more advisory and facilitation-based approach (Roling, 1995).– Requires understanding of community perspective
• Innovations in communication to improve the points of interaction between research, extension and farmer to encourage a greater sharing of information. – Replace one-way technology transfer approach– Requires ICT improvements
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Discussion
• Is radio a good choice for addressing these two challenges of agricultural extension?
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Experience with rural radio and agricultural extension
• Can generally demonstrate good results• Cost can be relatively high– $1000/person for multimedia rural radio campaign in
SE Asia, – $0.07/person for comparable mass media campaign– Room for improvement with partnerships
• Creating content requires greater effort– Local language– Hearing voice of friends and neighbors– Dramas, music, other entertaining formats– Must appeal to men and women
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Discussion
• What lessons can we learn from these experience with rural radio?
• Can we achieve similar results with other technologies?
• Is it cost effective?• How can partnerships improve cost and
effectiveness?
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Ghana case study
• Set up rural radio stations covering 18 rural villages, 6 local languages, combined population of 90,000
• Programming centered around a drama centered around agricultural themes, followed by discussion
• 3 surveys– One before program to asses knowledge and attitudes– One after to assess comprehension– One at harvest to assess compliance
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Results• For the most part farmers were already following the
advice of the radio program• About 75% of participants understood the content very
well• All of the farmers remembered that burning was bad
– Belief was reinforced, not influenced by radio• 61% did not cut trees on their farms, 31% did
– 94% said radio influenced their decision• Farmers enjoyed the program
– Especially drama and discussions• Generally improved understanding of agricultural principles
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Discussion
• Was this a well-conducted study?• How could it have been improved?
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Conclusions
• Need policies that make rural radio easier to implement
• “Rural radio should represent the sort of legitimate low-cost, high-impact expenditure that governments and donors continue to support.”
• Potential for improvement when combined with other ICTs
• Good approach for agricultural extension, but many challenges to implementing it well
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Discussion
• Any other conclusions?