rural and regional settlement issues paper€¦ · rural and regional settlement issues paper...

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Rural and Regional Settlement

Issues Paper

Submitted to the Department of

Immigration and Citizenship

April 2012

Federation of Ethnic Communities’ Councils of

Australia (FECCA)

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Table of Contents

1. Executive Summary .................................................................................................... 3

2. Employment .............................................................................................................. 8

3. Healthcare .................................................................................................................11

4. Education ................................................................................................................. 13

5. Family and Child Services ........................................................................................ 15

6. Transport ................................................................................................................. 17

7. Policing and Safety ................................................................................................... 18

8. Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 20

9. References ................................................................................................................ 21

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1. Executive Summary

FECCA is the national peak body representing Australians from culturally and

linguistically diverse (CALD) backgrounds. FECCA provides advocacy, develops

policy and promotes issues on behalf of its constituency to government and the

broader community. FECCA supports multiculturalism, community harmony, social

justice and the rejection of all forms of discrimination and racism so as to build a

productive and culturally rich Australian society. FECCA’s policies are designed

around the concepts of empowerment and inclusion, and are formulated with the

common good of all Australians in mind.

FECCA welcomes this opportunity to submit to the Department of Immigration and

Citizenship (DIAC) an Issues Paper that presents and discusses the current barriers

to sustainable rural and regional settlement faced by migrant, refugees, and the wider

community. This paper also puts forward key and crucial recommendations premised

on fostering regional communities that are welcoming and supportive of, and as such

can benefit from and provide equal opportunities to, immigrants and refugees. With

new immigrants and refugees increasingly being settled in rural and regional areas

due to economic incentives and, at times, existing CALD ties in such areas, it is

imperative that structures, systems, and supports be put and kept in place to ensure

social cohesion and equality for all Australians in rural and regional areas.

In this Issues Paper, FECCA draws on the results of our annual consultations with

community members and workers as part of our Access and Equity reports, as well as

the themes and issues raised at FECCA’s 2011 National Conference Regional and

Rural Workshop. Furthermore, FECCA thanks its Rural and Regional Development

Advisory Committee for its valued input into this important paper. Our consultations

and research indicate that Australia’s rural and regional areas are currently facing

tough economic, environmental, and social issues and conditions, and that it is

thereby imperative that systems and structures be put in place to ensure that the

benefits of Australia’s cultural diversity are experienced by all.

Through focusing on the key areas of employment, healthcare, education, family and

child services, transport, and policing and safety, FECCA presents targeted

recommendations for the purpose of fostering rural and regional communities that

are welcoming of and are sustainable to immigrant and refugee settlement. To this

end, FECCA argues for more and better resourced support services in rural and

regional areas, the employment and training of culturally competent staff able to

assist new immigrants and refugees in such areas as initial and ongoing settlement,

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employment, health, education, and rights knowledge, greater levels of service

coordination at local, state, and national levels, and an across-the-board recognition

of the diversity of Australia’s growing population at policy and community levels.

These recommendations, when implemented at policy, service, and community

levels, will provide a strong framework for creating sustainable communities and

lifestyles for immigrants, refugees, and the general populace of rural and regional

areas.

FECCA would like to first present several key and overarching recommendations that

should be factored into any future strategies aimed at creating and maintaining

sustainable rural and regional communities.

FECCA recommends:

1. the sustainment and fostering of welcoming strategies, including volunteer

language assistance, particularly within the first 12 months of regional

settlement;

2. the provision of additional support to people with low English proficiency and

low literacy levels, especially in relation to interpreter access;

3. greater coordination of local services to achieve better, more timely and cost

effective outcomes for the community;

4. a move of the telecommunications industry towards a more culturally

competent approach to sales, gaining informed consent and information

provision and engaging in community outreach to ensure refugees and

immigrants in rural and regional settings are not disadvantaged through lack

of understanding of, for example, the upcoming NBN. Information regarding

the NBN must be provided in a multilingual format;

5. greater recognition of the different experiences and needs of immigrant and

refugee communities in regional Australia;

6. the establishment of a government population and multicultural research

body to address population, environment and sustainability;

7. the provision of rural and regional settlement services with sufficient prior

notification, adequate information and resources to accommodate new

arrivals in their area; and

8. higher levels of coordination and cooperation of services in rural and regional

areas, as this is crucial to both overall sustainability and the provision of

equitably services to all.

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The following recommendations relate to the Issues Paper’s following discrete

sections and focus areas. The discussion below provides further detail. FECCA

recommends that:

9. resourcing of JSA and other employment support services in rural and

regional areas be increased, including the employment of bilingual and

bicultural workers who can outreach to the smaller communities that often

exist in rural and regional areas. The provision of culturally sensitive and

linguistically appropriate interpreters and materials, as well as an emphasis

on upskilling, are critical issues in these areas;

10. CALD-specific education and training about employee rights, workplace

requirements and expectations, avenues for reporting racism and

discrimination, and the distinct benefits and obstacles related to employment

in rural and regional areas be developed and provided;

11. settlement service providers, regional ethno-specific organisations, JSA, and

employment contractors invested in relocating immigrants to rural and

regional areas work collaboratively to ensure that immigrants and refugees

who are settled in rural and regional areas are provided with sufficient

support to be welcomed by, find employment in, and contribute to, the

community;

12. rural and regional areas with a significant intake of refugees be resourced

with appropriate health services and professionals to cope with the complex

health conditions of these communities. This includes refugee health nurses

and trauma and torture counsellors;

13. cultural competence training be implemented as requisite throughout rural

and regional health services and health professions;

14. GP surgeries and specialist health services in rural and regional areas be

encouraged to utilise translating and interpreting services, such as TIS where

possible, to facilitate more productive healthcare for immigrants and

refugees. FECCA supports and recommends further implementation and use

of Telehealth’s video consultations to facilitate three-way interpreting services

in rural and regional areas for consultations between patients and GPs, aged

are services, specialist, physicians or psychiatrists;

15. settlement services coordinate with mental health services to ensure

appropriate support can be offered to refugees and immigrants in rural and

regional areas who may have suffered trauma in their pre-migration

experience;

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16. cultural competence training be implemented across the school system, with

particular emphasis given to rural and regional areas with geographic

dispersal of CALD communities;

17. non-European languages be taught based on the location of the school and

population context, with bilingualism supported as an educational base;

18. implementation and resourcing of specialist English language services for

students in rural and regional areas be increased;

19. education facilities be supported to become involved with local CALD

communities through outreach, providing language-appropriate information

to families with limited English proficiency, and engaging with community

members in the school setting;

20. English language education be supported beyond the initial settlement

period, with adult education taking a life course approach and recognising

that language acquisition involves understanding a new and often alien

culture, belief system, and customs;

21. new arrivals be able to commence schooling as soon as possible upon arriving

in the community, rather than being forced to wait for a new term to

commence;

22. more domestic violence prevention and support programs be offered in

regional areas, with women’s refuges and support service workers being

trained in cultural competence as well as offering on-site access to

interpreters for legal and health issues;

23. resourcing of cultural competence training be provided within child and

family services, as well as community outreach into CALD communities to

educate about the Australian legal system and norms relating to childcare;

24. support and funding be made available for research and data-building on

violence against CALD women in rural and regional areas, as well as rates and

causes of conflicts between CALD communities and Child Protection services,

in order to create an evidence base to facilitate prevention and culturally-

appropriate intervention;

25. funding and support be given to language and culturally appropriate driver

training programs in rural and regional areas, with particular consideration

given to the distinct time- and financial issues faced by CALD women who

may have to juggle employment, childcare, and care for older members of

their community with driver training;

26. public transport infrastructure be a key focus of town planning in rural and

regional areas;

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27. awareness-raising and education via community outreach about the role of

the police in Australian society, as well as the individual’s right interpreting

assistance during legal proceedings;

28. resourcing of interpreters and translators for court proceedings as well as

cultural competence training within the police force be increased.

29. culturally-appropriate and non-threatening engagement between CALD

communities and policy and emergency services be strengthened, to break

down barriers and myths between the two groups; and

30. funding and support for culturally-appropriate vocational education and

education opportunities for CALD youth in rural and regional areas, such as

in industrial and agricultural field which may offer sustainable and

economically-beneficial employment opportunities, be increased.

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2. Employment

Employment is a crucial factor in engendering the empowerment and successful

social integration of refugees and immigrants into broader Australian society and is,

thereby, one of the most effective means of creating social cohesion in Australia.

Employment is intrinsically tied to health and well-being, independence, dignity, the

ability to rent or own a home and subsequently settle into a local community, and it

also facilitates a sense of participation in and belonging to the community. In rural

and regional areas of Australia, where communities are often smaller and more

tightly-knit than in larger cities, it is acutely important that refugees and immigrants

be supported to contribute and belong through such means as steady employment.

Moreover, the participation in community life that employment enables can decrease

experiences of racism and exclusion, as racism often arises where social divisions

lead communities to focus on their differences rather than commonalities, while also

ignoring the economic and social benefits that accompany diversity.

Refugees and immigrants in rural and regional areas face distinct disadvantages in

the labour market, both in and beyond the initial settlement period. Significant

employment barriers include a lack of English language skills, lack of systems

knowledge, limited cultural competence in organisations aimed at helping job

seekers, discrimination and racism among employers, and a lack of available or

adequate support services in rural and regional areas which may not have, or not

previously have had, large enough numbers of CALD individuals in the area to

support full-time and culturally-competent workers.

FECCA’s consultations and research into employment issues that negatively affect the

ability of refugees and immigrants to fully participate and be welcomed in rural and

regional committees have found that several key problem areas are consistently

raised. These include limited employment options, particularly in skilled vocations,

for CALD jobseekers; limited training and professional development opportunities;

difficulty in engaging with local Job Services Australia (JSA) services; and inability of

local services to adequately cope with refugees and immigrants who have arrived

without warning as a result of secondary settlement.

Moreover, an increasingly problematic issue in rural and regional areas is the

relocation of CALD jobseekers to regional areas by employment companies that must

be repaid for airfares and expenses by the jobseekers, who often find themselves on

reduced rates of pay due to a percentage of their salary being paid to the employment

companies. This issue is intrinsically tied to CALD jobseekers’ lack of rights

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knowledge as well as language difficulties, as many do not fully understand the

details of the contracts they sign with employment companies. Awareness-raising

and education around the area of rights, as well as increased availability of

interpreters and translators for refugees and immigrants, are needed to ensure that

vulnerable immigrants and refugees are not taken advantage of in, or through being

relocated to, rural and regional communities that may not have the resources to

support them.

While some refugees require more intensive assistance in developing their

employability, other refugees and immigrants are strongly positioned to fill existing

workforce gaps in agricultural and related industries in rural and regional Australia1.

In many rural and regional areas, immigrants have proven instrumental in

establishing whole industries, while others, who may be lacking in English language

proficiency at initial settlement, contribute generously through accepting the hard

and physical labour that many Australian-born workers are not willing to do2. That

said, work must be rewarding and interesting as much as possible for all people,

including refugees and immigrants, which is why it is important for professional

training, upskilling, and recognition of overseas qualifications to be given primacy in

the employment sphere.

Many CALD communities, particularly refugees, have rural backgrounds in farming

and agriculture, which enable them to contribute strongly to the economic and social

life and growth of rural and regional areas. By channeling such experience into

related skilled employment positions, rural and regional areas will benefit

economically, jobseekers will have their skills validated, and the community itself will

experience the benefits of cultural diversity and thereby be more welcoming of rural

and regional settlement.

FECCA recommends that:

9. resourcing of JSA and other employment support services in rural and

regional areas be increased, including the employment of bilingual and

bicultural workers who can outreach to the smaller communities that often

exist in rural and regional areas. The provision of culturally sensitive and

linguistically appropriate interpreters and materials, as well as an emphasis

on upskilling, are critical issues in these areas;

1 FECCA (2011a) FECCA Submission to DIAC’s Inquiry into Australia’s Humanitarian Program 2011-2012 and Beyond, FECCA: Canberra, available at: http://fecca.org.au/images/stories/documents/Submissions/2011/submissions_2011012.pdf 2 Peter Ppiros (2011) Presentation at FECCA 2011 National Conference Regional and Rural Workshop

http://fecca.org.au/images/stories/documents/Submissions/2011/submissions_2011012.pdf

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10. CALD-specific education and training about employee rights, workplace

requirements and expectations, avenues for reporting racism and

discrimination, and the distinct benefits and obstacles related to employment

in rural and regional areas be developed and provided; and

11. settlement service providers, regional ethno-specific organisations, JSA, and

employment contractors invested in relocating immigrants to rural and

regional areas work collaboratively to ensure that immigrants and refugees

who are settled in rural and regional areas are provided with sufficient

support to be welcomed by, find employment in, and contribute to, the

community.

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3. Healthcare

Refugees and immigrants can face distinctive health issues that can be exacerbated

by inequity of access to health information and assessment services, limited English

language, lack of transport options to public health services, and being treated by

health professionals untrained in cultural sensitivity matters. Each of these barriers

to equal healthcare and, ultimately, good health, is further problematised by the

limited availability of specialist services in rural and regional areas, many of which

refuse to use translating and interpreting services. Other barriers include already-

overloaded GPs unable to take on new clients, difficulty in sourcing face-to-face

interpreters, particularly when confidentiality matters prohibit the use of interpreters

from within the community, lack of torture and trauma counselling services for

refugees, and lack of availability of or access to culturally-competence aged care

facilities for older refugees and immigrants.

Rural and regional areas also report facing distinct and significant shortages in

equitable and accessible CALD health service provision in the following areas:

dialysis, maternity, dentistry, and male and female sexual and reproductive services3.

Shortages of GPs and nurses overall also contribute to the lower rates of quality

healthcare available in rural and regional areas.

Ensuring that rural and regional areas have sufficient and culturally-competent

mental health services for immigrants and refugees is imperative not only because

pre-migration torture and trauma can significantly impact on individuals’ ability to

sustain employment and participate in the community, but because making a living

off the land is difficult and fraught with stress, particularly in today’s climate of

globalisation, cheap food imports cutting down on farmers’ profits, and

environmental instability4. With suicide amongst young men in rural and regional

areas higher than in cities, we must ensure that support is in place not only for

Australia-born individuals but refugees and immigrants who may face additional

stressors related to settlement barriers, discrimination, and financial security.


12. rural and regional areas with a significant intake of refugees be resourced

with appropriate health services and professionals to cope with the complex

3 FECCA (2011b) The Quest for ‘a Level Playing Field’: FECCA Access and Equity Report 2010-2011, FECCA: Canberra, available at: http://fecca.org.au/images/stories/documents/Submissions/2011/submissions_2011060.pdf 4 Peter Ppiros, op.cit.

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health conditions of these communities. This includes refugee health nurses

and trauma and torture counsellors;

13. cultural competence training be implemented as requisite throughout rural

and regional health services and health professions;

14. GP surgeries and specialist health services in rural and regional areas be

encouraged to utilise translating and interpreting services, such as TIS where

possible, to facilitate more productive healthcare for immigrants and

refugees. FECCA supports and recommends further implementation and use

of Telehealth’s video consultations to facilitate three-way interpreting services

in rural and regional areas for consultations between patients and GPs, aged

are services, specialist, physicians or psychiatrists; and

15. settlement services coordinate with mental health services to ensure

appropriate support can be offered to refugees and immigrants in rural and

regional areas who may have suffered trauma in their pre-migration

experience.

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4. Education

Education is not only instrumental in facilitating employment opportunities but, for

refugee and immigrant youth, plays a key role in fostering social inclusion. In order

for rural and regional areas to be welcoming of and supportive to refugees and

immigrants, schooling and the education system must be able to support and assist

CALD students to participate in and achieve throughout and beyond their academic

lives.

Refugees and immigrants often have literacy levels below that of their age from the

perspective of the Western schooling curriculum. If refugee youth are placed in class

according to their age rather than ability, they are more likely to fail, which leads to

higher rates of dropping-out and isolation from both their own and the wider

community. However, being placed in a class commensurate to their schooling level

but which is populated by younger students can lead refugee youth to feel humiliated.

This, again, can lead to acting out at school, dropping out, exclusion, and isolation5.

The complexities of this issue illustrate how important it is for teachers and staff at

schools to be trained in cultural competency, for the curriculum to involve cultural

awareness, and for support services to be in place to assist CALD students who may

be struggling with aspects of Western education. This should include specialist

English language classes for primary and high school students, which are frequently

lacking in regional areas.

English language training and other forms of training for adults in rural and regional

areas must also be resourced to ensure that refugees and immigrants are able to

participate fully in local community life. Such educational opportunities will also help

adult refugees and immigrants develop the skills to foster sustainable employment

opportunities.

FECCA’s Rural and Regional Development Advisory Committee has flagged the issue

of AMEP contracts not allowing new students to enroll more than two weeks into a

new school term. This can result in new arrivals being unable to commence education

for up to ten weeks after arriving in the community, which poses significant barriers

to social inclusion and cohesion from the perspective both of the new arrivals and the

established communities. Moreover, not being a student prohibits individuals from

gaining concession travel, can increase the cost of utilities as more family members

5 FECCA (2011c) Settlement is a Life-Long Process: Achieving social inclusion and participation for new and emerging communities beyond the immediate settlement period, FECCA: Canberra, available at: http://fecca.org.au/images/stories/documents/Submissions/2011/submissions_2011026.pdf


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are home during the day and, most significantly, delays settlement and increases

social isolation.


16. cultural competence training be implemented across the school system, with

particular emphasis given to rural and regional areas with geographic

dispersal of CALD communities;

17. non-European languages be taught based on the location of the school and

population context, with bilingualism supported as an educational base;

18. implementation and resourcing of specialist English language services for

students in rural and regional areas be increased;

19. education facilities be supported to become involved with local CALD

communities through outreach, providing language-appropriate information

to families with limited English proficiency, and engaging with community

members in the school setting;

20. English language education be supported beyond the initial settlement

period, with adult education taking a life course approach and recognising

that language acquisition involves understanding a new and often alien

culture, belief system, and customs; and

21. new arrivals be able to commence schooling as soon as possible upon arriving

in the community, rather than being forced to wait for a new term to

commence.

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5. Family and Child Services

It is important to note when discussing issues around the family, child protection,

and domestic violence that these are neither unique to refugees and immigrants nor

are they generalisable to all refugees and immigrants. However, problems and

difficulties in the domestic sphere can prove particularly problematic and damaging

within CALD communities in rural and regional areas, as barriers such as language

difficulties, stigma, lack of knowledge of or access to support services, and limited

availability of culturally competent support may be disproportionately prevalent and

damaging in rural and regional Australia.

It is therefore crucial that more domestic violence prevention and support programs

be offered in regional areas, with women’s refuges and support service workers being

trained in cultural competence. There must also be an increase in on-site access to

interpreters for legal and health issues. Lack of systems knowledge about rights and

support can inhibit refugees and immigrants in rural and regional areas from

reporting family violence or accessing support. Furthermore, in rural and regional

areas there is often limited or no culturally competent support to begin with, which

severely limits CALD women from knowing of or accessing support. Family and

domestic violence is intrinsically tied to isolation and exclusion both within and

beyond the immediate community, which can prove devastating in rural and regional

areas that may already offer limited social engagement opportunities to newly settled

women. The Department of Human Services (DHS) has been identified as providing

a range of support services to CALD women, with social workers, some of whom are

bicultural and/or bilingual, giving assistance to and linking refugees and immigrants

in rural and regional areas with special support payments and local agencies6.

FECCA recommends community outreach regarding family and domestic violence

issues, as well as increased collaboration between communities and Child Protection

Services to increase cultural understanding. Conflicts between culture, community

and individual rights, ideas of family, and the Australian legal system can cause

distress for new refugees and immigrants. Different cultural understandings of what

constitutes appropriate childcare has led to children being removed from their

families, intergenerational conflicts, isolation of people from their own communities

and intra familial distress, all of which are antithetical to social inclusion and

participation in the wider Australian community. In rural and regional areas, where

culturally competent support services and workers are few and far between, the

6 Sam Campisi, (2011) Presentation at FECCA 2011 National Conference Regional and Rural Workshop

16

experiences of such conflict and its consequences can be devastating. There must be a

focus on increasing child and family services’ awareness of cultural differences in

child care in rural and regional CALD communities, while information about and

systems knowledge of the Australian legal child protection system must in turn be

clearly conveyed to refugees and immigrants. In this way, cultural diversity will not

become a source of misunderstandings and conflict. We must all work together to

create communities based on mutual understanding and support.


22. more domestic violence prevention and support programs be offered in

regional areas, with women’s refuges and support service workers being

trained in cultural competence as well as offering on-site access to

interpreters for legal and health issues;

23. resourcing of cultural competence training be provided within child and

family services, as well as community outreach into CALD communities to

educate about the Australian legal system and norms relating to childcare;

and

24. support and funding be made available for research and data-building on

violence against CALD women in rural and regional areas, as well as rates and

causes of conflicts between CALD communities and Child Protection services,

in order to create an evidence base to facilitate prevention and culturally-

appropriate intervention.

17

6. Transport

Transport is intrinsically tied to employment opportunities and the ability of refugees

and immigrants to engage in social activities in all areas of Australia. However, ability

to drive and access to driver’s training is particularly significant in rural and regional

areas where public transport is limited or non-existent, and towns may be spread

across a wide geographical area. Many refugees and new immigrants, particularly

women, arrive in Australia without driving ability or training. This proves a

significant barrier to sustainable settlement in rural and regional areas, where

driving may be necessary to get to workplaces, childcare, or social events, particularly

where public transport options are lacking. Being able to drive is frequently identified

as a key means of participating fully in society and employment. Language, time, and

financial restrictions hinder refugee and immigrant women’s ability to take part in

driver training programs.


25. funding and support be given to language and culturally appropriate driver

training programs in rural and regional areas, with particular consideration

given to the distinct time- and financial issues faced by CALD women who

may have to juggle employment, childcare, and care for older members of

their community with driver training; and

26. public transport infrastructure be a key focus of town planning in rural and

regional areas.

18

7. Policing and Safety

Refugees and immigrants from countries experiencing internal political conflicts can

arrive in Australia with anxiety towards authority figures who, in country of origin,

may have been perpetrators of violence. This, along with cross-cultural conflict

perpetuated by negative stereotyping and community racism, can create significant

conflict between CALD individuals and the police in rural and regional areas, as well

as Australia overall. In regional areas, further difficulties between the legal system

and refugees and immigrants are compounded by a frequent lack of availability or

access to interpreters and translators during court proceedings or within court

support agencies. This relates both to a lack of available trained interpreters, and lack

of legal rights’ knowledge for many refugees and immigrants.

Negative interactions between CALD youth and the police have been linked to limited

vocation education and apprenticeship or employment opportunities for refugee and

immigrant youth. The latter is an increasing barrier in rural and regional areas,

where there is a noted lack of CALD-appropriate jobseeker support. To combat

involvement in crime and antisocial behaviour, and thereby contribute to social

cohesion in rural and regional communities, refugee and immigrant youth must be

supported to develop the tools, resources, and confidence necessary to becoming

contributing citizen of Australia. Emphasis needs to shift from punitive measures for

youth deviancy to rehabilitation, so that CALD youth can be supported in belonging

to, and being welcomed by, local communities.

On a more positive note, in some regional areas police and police and other

emergency services have engaged with CALD communities to break down barriers

and myths between the two groups. This has proven effective in strengthening the

relationship between refugees, immigrants, police, and emergency services.

FECCA recommends:

27. awareness-raising and education via community outreach about the role of

the police in Australian society, as well as the individual’s right interpreting

assistance during legal proceedings;

28. resourcing of interpreters and translators for court proceedings as well as

cultural competence training within the police force be increased.

29. culturally-appropriate and non-threatening engagement between CALD

communities and policy and emergency services be strengthened, to break

down barriers and myths between the two groups; and

19

30. funding and support for culturally-appropriate vocational education and

education opportunities for CALD youth in rural and regional areas, such as

in industrial and agricultural field which may offer sustainable and

economically-beneficial employment opportunities, be increased.

20

8. Conclusion

In this Issues Paper, FECCA provided a detailed discussion of and targeted

recommendations for the fostering of sustainable rural and regional communities

that are welcoming of and offer support to immigrants and refugees. Through both

overarching recommendations and specific points regarding employment, healthcare,

education, family and child services, transport, and policing and safety, FECCA

argued for stronger resourcing of support services, more cultural competence

training, education around employment and legal rights, greater access to healthcare

and family support, and a stronger recognition of the reality and benefits of

Australia’s growing cultural and linguistic diversity. These recommendations, when

implemented at policy, service, and community levels, will provide a strong

framework for creating sustainable communities and lifestyles for immigrants,

refugees, and the general populace of rural and regional areas.

21

9. References

Campisi, S (2011) Presentation at FECCA 2011 National Conference Regional and

Rural Workshop, Adelaide

FECCA (2011a) FECCA Submission to DIAC’s Inquiry into Australia’s Humanitarian

Program 2011-2012 and Beyond, FECCA: Canberra, available at:

http://fecca.org.au/images/stories/documents/Submissions/2011/submissions_201

1012.pdf

FECCA (2011b) The Quest for ‘a Level Playing Field’: FECCA Access and Equity

Report 2010-2011, FECCA: Canberra, available at:


1060.pdf

FECCA (2011c) Settlement is a Life-Long Process: Achieving social inclusion and

participation for new and emerging communities beyond the immediate settlement

period, FECCA: Canberra, available at:


1026.pdf

Ppiros, P. (2011) Presentation at FECCA 2011 National Conference Regional and

Rural Workshop, Adelaide







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