With only 450 feet of

'runway,' one of sixteen

Army B-25 Mitchell

bombers takes off from

the deck of the USS

HORNET on its way to

take part in the Doolittle

Raid, the first U.S.

bombing raid on Japan.

The all volunteer strike

force, trained and led

by Lt. Col. James

Doolittle, flew 800 miles

Doolittle’s Raid

Doolittle, flew 800 miles

then bombed Tokyo and

3 other cities without

opposition. The raid

inflicted little damage

but gave a big boost to

Allied morale in the face

of the seemingly

unstoppable Japanese.

April 18, 1942.

Major Events Review

1936 Germany and Italy form Axis Powers.

Civil war erupts in Spain.

1938 Germany annexes Austria (think the Sound of Music - true story.)

Britain and France allow Germany to annex the Sudetenland in the Munich Agreement.Britain and France allow Germany to annex the Sudetenland in the Munich Agreement.

1939 Germany invades Czechoslovakia.

Germany signs nonaggression pact with the Soviet Union.

Germany invades Poland, Sept. 1, 1939.

Britain and France declare war on Germany, Sept. 3

1940 Japan joins the Axis Powers

Germany invades France.

Battle of Britain fought.

1941 Germany invades the Soviet Union.

December 7 - Japan attacks United December 7 - Japan attacks United

States at Pearl Harbor.

The United States enters the war.

1941 June - British stop Axis advance in Africa at

the Battle of El Alamein.

September - Germans attack Soviet Union city

of Stalingrad.

November - American forces join tlhe Allies

in North Africa.

• February Soviets win the Battle of

Stalingrad.

War in Africa and

Europe

Section 2

The Allies defeated the

Axis Powers in Europe

and in Africa.

During World War II, the

United States assumed a

leading role in world affairs

that continues today.

Terms to Know:

1.Dwight D. Eisenhower – U.S. general who led

the Allied Forces in Europe.

2.D-Day – Allied invasion of France in June 1944

to liberate Europe.

3.Battle of the Bulge – Germany’s last major

attack.attack.

4.Yalta Conference – Meeting of Allied leaders to

discuss the end of the war plans.

5.Holocaust – Systematic murder of millions of

Jews and other people in Europe by the Nazis.

6.Anti-Semitism – hostility or discrimination

against Jews.

6. Anti-Semitism – hostility or discrimination against

Jews.

7.Persecute – to continuously treat others in a way

meant to be cruel and harmful.

8.Genocide – the deliberate destruction of a racial,

political, or cultural group.

9.The Holocaust – complete destruction of life on 9.The Holocaust – complete destruction of life on

purpose – usually by fire. This term refers to the

murder of 6 million Jews and 5 million others by

the Nazis in WWII.

10.The Final Solution – Hitler’s plan to exterminate

“inferior” people such as Jews, the handicapped,

political enemies, and others that did not conform.

Operation Torch North African Campaign

Purposes:•Drive Axis powers out of North Africa and Middle East•Divert German forces from Russian Front

Strategy: Sandwich Afrikan Corp between British in East and Allied forces (including US) in West

The Panzer IV was the mainstayof the Afrika Corpsand were needed in greatnumbers in theWestern Desert

Erwin Rommel

Commander of the Nazi forces in North Africa

July - August 1943, Operation "Husky": Allied forces invade Sicily, Italy.This Operation was the greatest Airborne-Amphibious

Operation of WWII until D-DAY3.000 ships and landing-craft with 160,000 men

(8 Divisions), 14,000 vehicles, 600 tanks and 1800 guns. Operation continues in Sicily and Italy 1943-1945

Operation Husky

Invasion

of Italy

First Allied attacks on Monte Cassino

of Italy

Landing on the beach was difficult.

1. Surprise attack

2. Poor weather conditions

3. German fortifications

Landing on Omaha BeachLanding on Omaha Beach

13 June, 1944 - till 20 June, 13 June, 1944 - till 20 June, V-1 named "Vergeltungswaffe". Germany launches its

first V-1 rocket attack on England,

•8000 V-1's fired to London.•Up to 100 V-1s fell every hour on London.•Over an 80 day period, more than 6,000 persons were killed.

Those witnessing the event cannot explain the cause of the explosion because the speed of the projectile is such that it arrives before the sound of its passage is

Launched a V-2 rocket.8 September 1944,

sound of its passage is heard.

7 November 1944,

Franklin D. Roosevelt is elected to an unprecedented fourth

term as President of the United States.

"The Battle of the Bulge” December 1944 - January 1945

Last major offensive German action.

Yalta Conference•FDR, Stalin, Churchill

•Meet to decide what happens next in Europe

•Stalin wants complete control of eastern Europe.

•FDR and Churchill refuse!

•Agree to divide Germany into occupied zones

•Agree to set up the United Nations

12 April 1945,

U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt dies; he is

succeeded by his Vice-president, Harry S. Truman.

• April 1945, "United Nations" formed in

San Francisco.

• 28 April 1945, Benito Mussolini, and

sixteen of Mussolini's body-guards are

assassinated in the village of Giulino di

Messegra, on Lake Como, Italy.Messegra, on Lake Como, Italy.

• 30 April 1945, Adolf Hitler, Eva Braun,

Goebbels and his wife commit suicide in

the bunker under the Reich Chancellery

in Berlin, Germany

Germany Surrenders!

Victory in EuropeEurope

8 May 1945, V-E Day -

Victory in Europe is celebrated.

Concentration Camps

January 1945 - Red Army liberates Auschwitz, finds convincing

evidence of SS atrocities of the Holocaust.

Section 3 After early losses, the Allies

defeated the Japanese in the Pacific.

Section 3 Terms to Know

1. Bataan Death March – Forced march of captured Americans and Filipinos in the Philippines.

2. Island hopping – Strategy of invading Japanese – held islands and moving ever closer to Japan.

3. General Douglas MacArthur – “I shall return,” are his words after FDR orders him to withdraw from the Philippines in March 1942. (same guy – drove out the WWI Bonus Army.)March 1942. (same guy – drove out the WWI Bonus Army.)

4. Battle of Coral Sea – 1st time in Naval history, enemy ships fought a battle without seeing each other – aircraft carriers’ war planes fought the battle. No clear victory for either side but America blocks their path to Australia. (May 1942)

5. Battle of Midway – naval battle between American and Japanese forces – won by Americans. (June 1942)

6. Battle for Guadalcanal – After 6 months of fierce

fighting, the US wins first major land victory against

the Japanese. ( Feb. 1943)

7. Navajo Code Talkers – Navajo Indians were

trained to used their native language to communicate

coded messages so the Japanese couldn’t decode our

messages.

8. March 1945 – MacArthur returns and liberates 8. March 1945 – MacArthur returns and liberates

Manila, Philippines.

9. Kamikaze – Japanese suicide pilot

10. Iwo Jima and Okinawa – Fiercely fought battles for

these two islands places Americans close enough to

begin major bombings of Japan.

11. Manhattan Project – Secret program to build an atomic bomb. Led by American scientist, J. Robert Oppenheimer. Worked for 3 years to develop and test the world’s first atomic bomb.

12. Enola Gay – the name of the B-29 bomber that dropped the atomic bomb.

13. Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan – The US dropped bombs on these two cities after issuing a warning to surrender or face complete destruction.

14. September 2, 1945 – Japan signed the official letter of surrender, ending the war.

Map of the Japanese Empire at its height in 1942.

Allied POWs with hands tied behind their backs pause during the

Bataan Death March. About 76,000 prisoners including 12,000

Americans were forced on the 60 mile march under a blazing sun

without food or water toward a new POW camp in the Philippines. April,

1942.

Island hopping was the

Pacific strategy

GIs waded ashore on islands with strange names.

Like Tarawa and Bougainville

Every island posed new

dangers.

The Army Air Corps needed airfields within range of the Japanese.

USN Ships Sunk and Damaged

By Kamikazes

• Kamikazes did

extreme damage to US

shipsships

– They sunk a total of

34 ships

– They damaged a total

of 288 ships

Letters home

were sent by

“V MAIL”

The “V”The “V”

was for

VICTORY.

Marines of the 5th Division inch their way up a slope on Red Beach No.

1 toward Mount Suribachi on Iwo Jima, defended by seven Japanese

Battalions. By nightfall, 566 Marines were killed and 1,854 wounded.

February 19, 1945.

19 February 1945, (till 26 March). •US Marines divisions land on Iwo JimaIn the Pacific Iwo Jima is strategically and politically important to both sides. The Americans need the island as a fighter base (Mustangs P-51 fighters) for their Japanese raids (B-29's) and a relief base for damaged bombers.

•On the first day some 30,000 marines landed on the 8 square mile island. About 23,000 Japanese soldiers had prepared defences but allowed the landing to take place prepared defences but allowed the landing to take place before opening fire. The Japanese had prepared for the invasion with a system of underground tunnels, bunkers, and pillboxes, designed to entrap and decimate the Americans.

•Over the next 36 days - 6,281 US soldiers are killed (in the first 2 days, 4000 US soldiers died), and 21,865 are wounded in capturing the island from 23,000 defenders.21,000 Japanese soldiers died.

23 February 1945,

U.S. Marines plant a U.S. flag

on Mount Suribachi, Iwo

Jima.Jima.The flag raising

photo and subsequent

statue came to symbolize being a

Marine.

26 May 1945, Tokyo, Japan is fire bombed by American bombers.

The city burns, uncontrolled, for two days.

•26 June 1945,

Fifty nations meet in San Francisco, California (USA)

and sign the World Security Charter formally establishing

the United Nations.

•4 July 1945,

General Douglas MacArthur announces the liberation of

the Philippines.

•21 July 1945, •21 July 1945,

The U.S. delivers a final ultimatum to the Japanese, quit

the war or face total destruction.

•24 July 1945,

• At the Potsdam Conference in defeated Germany,

President Truman told Stalin only that the U.S. "had a new

weapon of unusual destructive force."

Col. Paul W. Tibbets, pilot of

the B-29 Superfortress ENOLA

GAY, drops the world's first

atomic bomb, Little Boy, on

Hiroshima.

The 9,000 lb. bomb was

dropped from 31,600 feet and

detonated at 8:15 a.m., August

6, 1945, about 1,900 feet

above the center of Hiroshima.

Enola Gay

above the center of Hiroshima.

A blinding light, tremendous

explosion and dark gray cloud

enveloped the city, followed by

a rising mushroom shaped

cloud.

The Japanese estimated

72,000 were killed and 70,000

out of 76,000 buildings in the

city were destroyed.

At the time of the bombing, Hiroshima was a prosperous city of nearly 320,000. The bomb exploded almost directly over the center of the city. Two square miles of the city miles of the city were completely leveled by the bomb, and the intense heat generated by the explosion started fires as far as two milesfrom ground zero.

About one hour after the bombing on

6 August 1945.

A Roman Catholic cathedral on a hill is all that remains in this section of Nagasaki following the dropping of the second Atomic Bomb from a B-29 flown by Major Charles W. Sweeney, August 9, 1945. The Japanese estimated 25,680 were killed and 44 percent of the city was destroyed.

•8 August 1945, The Soviet Union declares war on Japan. Soviet

forces invade Manchuria and North-Korea.

•9 August 1945, The world's second (and last) atomic bomb

(Plutonium), Fat Man, is dropped on Nagasaki, Japan.

One minute after explosion 39,000 were killed and 25,000

wounded.

•14 August 1945, Emperor Hirohito announces the Japan defeat to

his people. Japan accepts an unconditional surrender. Thehis people. Japan accepts an unconditional surrender. The

fear of more atomic weapon attacks and the certainty of land

defeat by the Soviets have combined to secure the

complete surrender.

•2 September 1945, Japanese Foreign Minister Mamoru

Shigemitsu signs the instrument of surrender aboard the battleship

U.S.S. Missouri in Tokyo Bay, Japan.

End of World War II.

Gen. Douglas MacArthur signs as Supreme Allied Commander during formal surrender ceremonies on the USS MISSOURI in Tokyo Bay. September 2, 1945.

Sept 2, 1945

Japanese sign surrender

agreement

Gen. Douglas MacArthur signs as

Supreme Allied Commander during

formal surrender ceremonies on the USS

MISSOURI in Tokyo Bay.