Ruminants Anatomy

In Hinduism, the cow is a symbol of wealth, strength, abundance, selfless giving and fully earthy life

Objectives – Chapter 10• Zoological classification of Bovine• Terminology of Bovine• TPR: Bovine• Prominent anatomical or physiological

properties of the species.– Joints– Dentition

• Identify and describe characteristics of common breeds.

• GI anatomy• Reproductive anatomy

Big Bertha• Holds 2 Guinness World Records• One for longest lifespan

• She lived 48 years!• 1945-1993

• Only 3 months shy of her 49th birthday• Even one of her calves lived to be 35

• The other for longest time breeding• She gave birth to 39 calves

• She helped raise $75,000 for cancer research

Courtesy Joy Hornaday Tannies 2012

Taxonomy/ Zoological Classification

• Kingdom: Animalia• Phylum: Chordata• Class: Mammalia• Order: Artiodactyla

– Even – toed ungulate• Family: Bovidae• Genus: Bos• Species: B. tarus

B. indicus

Courtesy Joy Hornaday Tannies 2012

Terminology• Cow: Mature female• Bull: Mature male• Steer: Castrated male• Heifer: Immature female• Calf: Neonate• Heifer calf: Neonate female less than one year

of age. Can be called first, second, third or fourth calf heifers.

• Bull calf: Neonate male younger than 1 year of age

• Calving: The act of parturition

Physiological Data• Temperature

– 100º F to 102.5º F• Pulse rate

– 40 to 80 per minute• Respiration rate

– 10 to 30 per minute• Adult weight

– Varies by breed

Anatomical Terms

Types - boneshumerus, radius, femur, tibia,metacarpals, and metatarsals

carpal andtarsal bones

sternum, ribs, scapula,and certain skull bones

vertebraeand certain facial bones

patella,and proximal and distal sesamoid bones of thedigits.

Bovine Skeleton 7, 13, 6, 5 (fused), 18-20: Olecranon; Ligamentum nuchae

Comparative VertebraeCervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Coccyge

al

Canine/ Feline

7 13 7 3 6-23

Equine 7 18 7 5 15 - 21

Bovine 7 13 6 5 18 - 20

Porcine 7 14 - 15 6 - 7 4 20 - 23

Ovine 7 13 6 – 7 4 16 - 18

types of vertebrae

• NAME--------REGION---------BEEF--------------LAMB • Cervical--------Neck------------------7-----------------------7 • Thoracic-------Ribcage---------------13---------------------13 to 14 • Lumbar--------Loin--------------------6----------------------6 to 7 • Sacral ---------Sirloin------------------5----------------------4 • Caudal---------Tail--------------------18 to 20--------------16 to 18

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foot (Dyce)foot (Dyce) dewclaw (hoof dewclaw (hoof only)only)

claws (hoof)claws (hoof)

digits ordigits ortoestoes

fetlock jt.fetlock jt.

pastern jt.pastern jt.

coffin jt.coffin jt.

bulb (heel)bulb (heel) solesole wallwall

Foot, Digits, Claws and Dewclaws

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Common and Lateral Digital Extensor TendonsNote: “just like” the Note: “just like” the horse, but double horse, but double because 2 digits. because 2 digits.

LL MM

lateral digital extensorlateral digital extensor lateral headlateral head

medial head medial head

Dorsal view:Dorsal view:

common digital common digital extensor:extensor:

IIIIIIIVIV

Note: Note: threethree palpable extensor palpable extensor tendons, rather tendons, rather than two as in the than two as in the horse.horse.

Cloven (split) hoof: Cattle/ goat/ sheep2 digits: III and IV with 3 phalanges. Digits II and V: vestiges

Weight bearing: front medial and hind lateral

Erosion on the foot caused by FMD or Vesicular Stomatitis which are grossly indistinguishable from one another.

• Coronoid process is located medially to the zygomatic archProcess allows muscle leverage to be exerted onto the

mandibleMandibular condyle: joint between the skull and the lowerIn cattle and sheep, the mandibular condyle is relatively flat and allows considerable movement in a horizontal plane.

Lateral movement is important in animals whose teeth work with a grinding action.

Did You Know??Instead of upper incisors, they have a build-up of tissue called a dental pad.

Courtesy Joy Hornaday Tannies 2012

Dental Pad• Ruminants such

as cattle, sheep and goats

• "dental pad", as shown in the image to the right of a goat.

DENTAL FORMULASpecies Dental Formula Total # teethCanine - puppy 313

31328 (NO MOLARS)

Canine - adult 31423143

42 (EXTRA MOLAR ON MANDIBLE)

Feline - kitten 313312

26

Feline - adult 31313121

30 (EXTRA PRE-MOLAR ON MAXILLA)

Equine - adult 3133314/33

40 0r 42

Porcine - adult 31433143

44

Bovine adult 00333133

32 (NO UPPER INCSORS – DENTAL PAD)

Dental Formulae - Ruminants

0 0 3 3 1 3

0 0 3 3 3 1 3 3

Some authors prefer to state that they have 4 incisors, with the canine tooth referred to as the fourth or corner

incisor.• Llamas*

=10Deciduous

=16Permanent

Eruption – Permanent teethTeeth Age at eruptionI 1 1.5 – 2 yr.I 2 2 – 2.5 yr.I 3 3 – 3.5 yr.I4 or C 3.5 – 4 yr.1st cheek tooth PM2 2 – 2.5 yr.PM3 second cheek tooth 1.5 – 2.5 yr.PM4 third cheek tooth 2.5 – 3 yr.M1 (4th cheek tooth) 5 – 6 monthsM2 fifth cheek tooth 1 – 1.5 yr.

M3 sixth cheek tooth 2 – 2.5 yrs

1 = How old?

•Teeth are longer and narrower•Not touching at upper corner•15 – 18 months

Rostral Rostral - lateral

2. How old?

Eruption of one or more central incisors1.5 – 2 years

4. How old?

I3: 3 – 3.5 yr.I4: 3.5 – 4 yr.

Peg teeth

Llama and Alpacas

• Maxillary teeth : the third incisor and canine: I3 and C1• Mandibular teeth shown are I1-I4. • Fighting teeth are the upper third incisors, upper canines, and lower

fourth incisors (six total teeth).• The fighting teeth Courtesy of Dr. Bradford B. Smith and Dr. Karen I.

Timm

Maxillary Arcade • Note the lack of

incisors

Maxillary Arcade(Lateral view)

Mandibular Arcade

Mandibular Arcade(Lateral view)

The wide gap: diastema

• Atlanto – occipital: nodding head• Atlanto – axial: rotation• The ligamentum nuchae is a

very strong elastic ligament

Plan of neck in beef, showing:1, ligamentum nuch; 2, atlas; and 3, axis. The ligamentum nuchae is pale yellow

Ribcage

• The cage formed by thoracic vertebrae, ribs and sternum is an essential component of the respiratory system.

• Thoracic vertebrae are distinguished by their tall dorsal spines, many of which point towards the hindquarter and are known as the feather bones.

The structure of the ribcage is rather variable in lamb carcasses

BEEF----------LAMB Total pairs of ribs-------------13--------------13 to 14 Pairs of sternal ribs-----------8----------------8 Pairs of asternal ribs----------5---------------5 to 6 Number of sternebrae--------7---------------6 to 7

Pelvis• The left pubis

is separated from the right pubis by fibrocartilage – In parturition, softens

Plan of the pelvis in a hanging beef carcass showing:1, lesser sciatic notch; 2, ischiatic spine; 3, greater sciatic notch; 4, psoas tubercle; 5, obturator foramen; 6, symphysis pubis;7, ischium; and 8, ilium.

V

Pubic

Another plan of the both sides of the pelvis in a hanging carcass showing: 1, tuber coxae; 2, acetabulum; 3, acetabular ramus of ischium; 4, tuber ischii; 5, symphysis pubis; 6, ilium; 7, pubis; and 8, ischium

The tuber coxae forms the basis of the point of the hip (hooks)

OS COXAE - PELVIS

The pelvic girdle comprised of the illium, ishium, and pubis. This is the largest of the the flat bones

Ilium – Ischium - Pubis

• The largest and most anterior of the three parts of the pelvic girdle

• Hip bone/ Pin bone

• Smallest of the three parts of the pelvic girdle

Aitch bone – Body of shaft of Ischium

• The aitch bone is curved in steer and bull carcasses, is moderately curved in heifers, but is straight in cow carcasses

Forelimb skeleton -Scapula• The scapula is not fused to

the vertebral column (like the pelvis in the hindlimb), and this allows muscles that hold the scapula to the ribcage to function as shock absorbers during locomotion.

• The scapula has a distal socket joint for the next bone in the forelimb, the humerus.

• This socket of the glenohumeral joint is called the glenoid cavity . – The glenoid cavity is wide and

shallow, unlike the ball and socket joint in the hindlimb which is narrow and deep.

ACROMION• On the lateral face

of the scapula is a prominent ridge of bone called the spine of the scapula. – In beef (OX)

carcasses, the scapular spine is extended distally as a prominent acromion process.

Humerus – “Arm bone / clod bone”

• Proceeding distally down the forelimb, the bone that articulates with the scapula is the humerus.

• Proximally, the humerus has a relatively flat knob or head to fit into the glenoid cavity of the scapula. Two well defined condyles on the distal end of the humerus contribute to the hinge joint at the elbow.

Radius & Ulna: (‘Foreshank bone’)

• The radius is joined to the ulna and is the shorter and more anterior bone of the pair

Beef shankbones showing: 1, distal end of humerus; 2, olecranon fossa; 3, olecranon process;, 4,radius; 5, ulna; and 6, carpal bones.

Femur – ‘Round bone or leg bone’

• The proximal bone of the hindlimb is the femur or round bone. The articular head of the femur is deeply rounded and it bears a round ligament that holds it into the acetabulum.

• Another distinctive feature of the femur is the broad groove between the two trochlear ridges located distally. The patella or knee cap slides in this groove

Tibia – ‘hind shank – hock bone’• In beef and lamb

carcasses there is a single major bone, the tibia or shank bone, located distally to the femur.

• Tibia and fibula 1, medial condyle, 2, lateral condyle; 3, tibia, and 4, fibula.

References• http://w3.vet.cornell.edu/virtualvet/bovine/

tissue_lesions.aspx?Tis=37• http://bovine.unl.edu/bovine3D/eng/nIntro.jsp• http://studentvet.wordpress.com/2010/07/29/bovine-

forelimb/#Humerus• McBride Douglas, Learning Veterinary terminology, 2002• http://vetmed.illinois.edu/courses/imaging_anatomy/

bovine/hindlimb/foot/ex01/ex01.html• K Holtgrew-Bohling , Large Animal Clinical

Procedures for Veterinary Technicians, 2nd Edition, Mosby, 2012

• www.vet.k-state.edu/depts/ap/faculty/klimek/.../B-P248-268.ppt