Rubenstein Ch. 3

Migration

Key Issues

• Why do people migrate?

• Where are migrants distributed?

• Why do migrants face obstacles?

• Why do people migrate within a country?

Immigration vs. Emigration

• Migration – a permanent move to a new location

• Emigration – migration FROM a location

• Immigration – migration TO a location

• Net Migration – difference between number of immigrants and number of emigrants

• Immigrants > Emigrants = Net In-Migration

• Emigrants > Immigrants = Net Out-Migration

Why Do People Migrate?

• Reasons for Migration

– Push/Pull Factors

(Economic, Cultural,

and Environmental)

• Distance of Migrants

– Internal vs.

International

• Characteristics

– Gender

– Family Status

Vietnamese Migration

Push and Pull Factors

• Push Factor – induces people

to move out of their current

location

• Pull Factor – induces people to

move into a new location

• To migrate people either feel

negatively about their place of

residence and feel pushed

away, or view another place

positively and feel pulled

toward it

• Can both a push and a pull

factor exist during migration?

Economic Push & Pull Factors

Would United Arab Emirates have an economic push or pull factor? Explain.What is pulling people to immigrate to the UAE?

Cultural Push & Pull Factors

Refugee – people forced to migrate from their homes and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, political opinion, etc.

What current events in the countries above are the direct causes of refugees?

Environmental Push & Pull Factors

Immigration Around the World

Analyze the map above and think like a Human Geographer….what can we learn from the map?

DISTANCE OF MIGRATION

INTERNAL MIGRATION

INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION

INTERREGIONAL MIGRATION

INTRAREGIONAL MIGRATION

VOLUNTARY MIGRATION

FORCED MIGRATION

Migration Patterns• 3% of World’s Population

are International Migrants

• United States has largest number of immigrants (30-35 Million)

• UAE has highest percentage of immigrants (74%)

• Global Scale: Asia, Africa, and Latin American have Net Out-Migration, while North America, Europe, and Oceania have Net In-Migration (LDCs-MDCs)

• Economic factors dominate reasons for migration to MDCs

Migration to U.S

U.S. Immigration History

Migration to U.S. from Asia

Migration to U.S. from Latin America

Impact of Immigration on U.S.

• Migration has shaped

American culture

• Melting Pot can lead to

internal conflict

• Undocumented

Immigration

• Over 50% of immigrants

distributed in only 4

States: California, Texas,

Florida, and New York

• Security Issues

Google Earth Coordinate Ques.

• U.S./Canada Border

– 49 N, 122 W

– 49 N, 115 W

– 49 N, 97 W

– 45 N, 72 W

U.S./Mexico Border

- 27.5 N, 99.5 W

- 28.34 N, 110.31 W

- 31.75 N, 106.75 W

- 31.5 N, 111.6 W

- 32.54 N, 117 W

QUESTIONS:

a.) Would it be possible to

truly secure either border?

b.) Which would be more

difficult to secure?

c.) What are the implications

of observations on

immigration policy?

Where Illegal Immigrants Go

Obstacles Migrants Face

• International Immigration Policies

– Quota Laws

– Temporary Migration

– Time-Contract Workers

– Economic Emigrants vs. Refugees

• Cultural Problems

– Attitudes towards Immigrants

– Attitudes towards Guest Workers

Quota Laws

• Some countries have

adopted quota laws,

limiting the number of

migrations able to enter the

country

• U.S. Current Law = 620,000

(no more than 7% from one

country)

• Refugees and Direct Family

members of U.S. citizens

automatically admitted

• Level of education leads to

Brain Drain???

Temporary Migration for Work

• Also known as “guest workers”

• Take low-skilled, low paying jobs that locals don’t want, yet are essential to the economy

• Native Country Gains: reduce own unemployment, $$$$ returns to native country, injection of foreign currency

• Largest Number of Guest Workers = Turks working in Germany

Immigrants working in Russia

Guest Workers in Europe

Economic Migrants or Refugees?

E.G. Ravenstein’s Migration Laws

1.) Most people migrate for economic reasons

2.) Cultural and Environmental factors also induce migration, although not as frequently

3.) Most migrants relocate a short distance within the same country

4.) Long-Distance migrants to other countries head for major centers of economic development

5.) Most long-distance migrants are male, short-distance migrants are female

6.) Most long-distance migrants are adults, rather than families or children

7.) Rural dwellers are more migratory than urban dwellers

8.) Migrants follow patterns: core periphery, distance decay, and chain migration

Migration within a Country

• Migrations between Regions within a

Country

– Migration between Regions in U.S

– Migration between Regions in Other Countries

• Migration within one Region

– Rural to Urban Migration

– Urban to Suburban Migration

– Urban to Rural Migration

Center of US Population

- What trends can you determine about domestic American migration throughout the past 200+ years?- How will this change in the next 10, 50, or 100 years?

U.S. Interregional Migration

Migration by State

Migration within One Region• Rural to Urban

– Most prominent type of intraregional migration

– 5% lived in urban areas in 1800; compared to 75% today

– Rapid migration in Asia, Africa, and Latin America

– Causes of Urban Migration????

Sao Paulo, BrazilApprox. 300,000 Rural to Urban Migrants per year

Population Distribution in China

Migration within One Region• Urban to Suburban

– Most prominent type of intraregional migration in MDCs

– Urban population decreasing; Suburban Population

increasing

– U.S., Canada, United Kingdom, and Western Europe

– Causes of Suburban Migration????

2010:- Pop. of St. Louis City(354,000)

- Pop. of St. Louis Co.(991,000)

- Pop. of St. Charles Co.(350,000)

1980:- Pop. of St. Louis City(452,000)

- Pop. of St. Louis Co.(974,000)

- Pop. of St. Charles Co.(144,000)

Migration within One Region• Urban to Rural

– Net Migration from Urban to Rural (counterurbanization)

– Urban population decreasing; Suburban/Rural Population increasing

– Trend beginning to end – equal migration levels between urban to rural & rural to urban

– Causes of Counterurbanization Migration????

U.S. Intraregional Migration Patterns