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    Introduction To R

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    What is R?

    The R statistical programming language is a freeopen source package based on the S languagedeveloped by Bell Labs.

    The language is very powerful for writing programs.Many statistical functions are already built in.Contributed packages expand the functionality tocutting edge research.Since it is a programming language, generatingcomputer code to complete tasks is required.

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    Getting Started

    Where to get R?Go to www.r-project.org Downloads: CRANSet your Mirror: Anyone in the USA is fine.

    Select Windows 95 or later.Select base.Select R-2.4.1-win32.exe

    The others are if you are a developer and wish to changethe source code.

    UNT course website for R:http://www.unt.edu/rss/SPLUSclasslinks.html

    http://www.r-project.org/http://www.biometrics.mtu.edu/CRAN/bin/windows/base/R-2.4.1-win32.exehttp://www.unt.edu/rss/SPLUSclasslinks.htmlhttp://www.unt.edu/rss/SPLUSclasslinks.htmlhttp://www.biometrics.mtu.edu/CRAN/bin/windows/base/R-2.4.1-win32.exehttp://www.biometrics.mtu.edu/CRAN/bin/windows/base/R-2.4.1-win32.exehttp://www.biometrics.mtu.edu/CRAN/bin/windows/base/R-2.4.1-win32.exehttp://www.biometrics.mtu.edu/CRAN/bin/windows/base/R-2.4.1-win32.exehttp://www.biometrics.mtu.edu/CRAN/bin/windows/base/R-2.4.1-win32.exehttp://www.r-project.org/http://www.r-project.org/http://www.r-project.org/

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    Getting Started

    The R GUI?

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    Getting Started

    Opening a script.This gives you a script window.

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    Getting Started

    Basic assignment and operations. Arithmetic Operations:

    +, -, *, /, ^ are the standard arithmetic operators.

    Matrix Arithmetic.* is element wise multiplication%*% is matrix multiplication

    AssignmentTo assign a value to a variable use < -

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    Getting Started

    How to use help in R?R has a very good help system built in.If you know which function you want help withsimply use ?_______ with the function in theblank.Ex: ?hist.If you dont know which function to use, then usehelp.search(_______). Ex: help.search(histogram).

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    Importing Data

    How do we get data into R?Remember we have no point and click First make sure your data is in an easy toread format such as CSV (Comma SeparatedValues).Use code:

    D

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    Working with data.

    Subsetting data.Use a logical operator to do this.

    ==, >,

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    Basic Graphics

    Histogramhist(D$wg)

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    Basic Graphics

    Add a title The main statementwill give the plot an

    overall heading.hist(D$wg ,main=Weight Gain )

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    Basic Graphics

    Adding axis labels Use xlab and ylabto label the X and Yaxes, respectively.hist(D$wg ,main=WeightGain ,xlab=WeightGain , ylab=Frequency )

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    Basic Graphics

    Changing colors Use the col statement.

    ?colors will give you

    help on the colors.Common colors maysimply put in using thename.hist(D$wg,

    main=WeightGain,xlab=WeightGain, ylab=Frequency,col=blue)

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    Basic Graphics Colors

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    Boxplots

    Change it!boxplot(D$wg,main='Weight Gain',ylab='WeightGain (lbs)')

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    Box-Plots - Groupings

    What if we want several box plots side byside to be able to compare them.First Subset the Data into separate variables.

    wg.m

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    Boxplots Groupings

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    Boxplots - Groupings

    boxplot(wg.m$wg, wg.f$wg, main='Weight Gain (lbs)',ylab='Weight Gain', names = c('Male','Female'))

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    Boxplot Groupings

    Do it by shiftwg.7a

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    Boxplots Groupings

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    Scatter Plots

    Suppose we have two variables and we wishto see the relationship between them.

    A scatter plot works very well.R code:

    plot(x,y)

    Exampleplot(D$metmin,D$wg)

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    Scatterplots

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    Scatterplots

    plot(D$metmin,D$wg,main='Met Minutes vs. Weight Gain',xlab='Mets (min)',ylab='Weight Gain (lbs)')

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    Scatterplots

    plot(D$metmin,D$wg,main='Met Minutes vs. Weight Gain',

    xlab='Mets (min)',ylab='Weight Gain (lbs)', pch=2 )

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    Line Plots

    Often data comes through time.Consider Dell stock

    D2

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    Line Plots

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    Line Plots

    plot(t1,D2$DELL,type="l",main='Dell Closing Stock Price',xlab='Time',ylab='Price $'))

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    Overlaying Plots

    Often we have more than one variablemeasured against the same predictor (X).

    plot(t1,D2$DELL,type="l",main='Dell ClosingStock Price',xlab='Time',ylab='Price $'))

    lines(t1,D2$Intel)

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    Overlaying Graphs

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    Overlaying Graphs

    lines(t1,D2$Intel, lty=2 )

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    Overlaying Graphs

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    Adding a Legend

    Adding a legend is a bit tricky in R.Syntaxlegend( x, y, names, line types)

    X

    coordinateY

    coordinate

    Names of series incolumnformat

    Correspondingline types

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    Adding a Legend

    legend(60,45,c('Intel','Dell'),lty=c(1,2))

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    Paneling Graphics

    Suppose we want more than one graphic ona panel.We can partition the graphics panel to give usa framework in which to panel our plots.par(mfrow = c( nrow, ncol))

    Number of rows

    Number of columns

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    Paneling Graphics

    Consider the followingpar(mfrow=c(2,2))hist(D$wg, main='Histogram',xlab='Weight Gain',ylab ='Frequency', col=heat.colors(14))boxplot(wg.7a$wg, wg.8a$wg, wg.9a$wg, wg.10a$wg,wg.11a$wg, wg.12p$wg, main='Weight Gain',ylab='Weight Gain (lbs)',xlab='Shift', names =c('7am','8am','9am','10am','11am','12pm'))plot(D$metmin,D$wg,main='Met Minutes vs. WeightGain', xlab='Mets (min)',ylab='Weight Gain(lbs)',pch=2)plot(t1,D2$Intel,type="l",main='Closing StockPrices',xlab='Time',ylab='Price $')lines(t1,D2$DELL,lty=2)

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    Paneling Graphics

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    Quality - ExcelClosing Stock Prices

    0

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    1 / 2 / 2 0 0 1

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    1 0 / 2 / 2 0 0 1

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    4 / 2 / 2 0 0 2

    7 / 2 / 2 0 0 2

    1 0 / 2 / 2 0 0 2

    1 / 2 / 2 0 0 3

    4 / 2 / 2 0 0 3

    7 / 2 / 2 0 0 3

    1 0 / 2 / 2 0 0 3

    1 / 2 / 2 0 0 4

    4 / 2 / 2 0 0 4

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    4 / 2 / 2 0 0 5

    7 / 2 / 2 0 0 5

    1 0 / 2 / 2 0 0 5

    1 / 2 / 2 0 0 6

    4 / 2 / 2 0 0 6

    7 / 2 / 2 0 0 6

    1 0 / 2 / 2 0 0 6

    1 / 2 / 2 0 0 7

    Time

    P r i c e

    $

    DELL

    Intel

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    Summary

    All of the R code and files can be found at:http://www.cran.r-project.org/

    http://www.cran.r-project.org/http://www.cran.r-project.org/http://www.cran.r-project.org/http://www.cran.r-project.org/

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2013-14 Annual Statistical Release Rail Finance · 2019-02-05 · 2013-14 Annual Statistical Release . Rail Finance . Responsible Statistician: Faz Dar . 020 7282 3705 . [email protected]