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RSA Student and EC Conference 2nd—3rd November 2017 Newcastle University #RSAEC
Regional Studies Association
Sussex Innovation Centre
Falmer, Brighton BN1 9SB UK
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Email: [email protected]
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Charting a Career Path: Sharing the Learning and Lessons
Conference Proceedings of the Regional Studies Association Student and Early Career Conference November 2017 Compiled by: Wanda Miczorek November 2017 ISBN No: 978-1-897721-64-3 Regional Studies Association Sussex Innovation Centre Falmer Brighton BN1 9SB United Kingdom
Regional Studies Association Student and Early Career Conference 2017
I
TABLE OF CONTENTS WORKSHOP ABSTRACTS PAGE THE ROLE OF LOCAL COMMUNITIES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN CITIES: URBAN CASE EXAMPLE Nor Harlina Abd Hamid
1
ORGANIZED CRIME IN IRELAND: THE EFFECT OF THE MOTORWAY NETWORK ON BURGLARY RATES Kerri Agnew
1
ENGAGEMENTS OF UNIVERSITIES FOR RURAL SME SECTOR EMPOWERMENT:LESSONS FROM UNIVERSITY - AGRO SME INTERACTIONS IN SRI LANKA Sidath Alwis
2
THE IMPACT OF EMPLOYMENT SKILLS SUPPORT AND INEQUALITIES AT WORK IN THE INCENTIVES TO MIGRATE: A CASE STUDY OF KOSOVO Vlora Berbatovci-Sojeva
2
WATER POVERTY, AUSTERITY AND CITIZEN VULNERABILITY IN THE UK WATER INDUSTRY Fiona Calder
3
THE DONUT OF DESPAIR: CULTURE-LED REGENERATION AND SPATIAL INEQUALITY IN A MID-SIZED POST-INDUSTRIAL UK CITY – A CASE STUDY Donna Carmichael
3
AGENCY AND STRUCTURE INTERACTIONS IN TRANSITIONAL REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT Camilla Chlebna
4
SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT IN THE GREATER DUBLIN REGION Sheila Convery
4
CREATIVE CLUSTER DEVELOPMENT AS A TOOL TO INCREASE COMPETITIVENESS OF CITIES: CASE STUDY SLOVAKIA Lukáš Danko
5
THE SUSTAINABILITY OF GREEN BELTS: CRITICAL ASPECTS AND ENABLING CONDITIONS IN THE RE-MAKING OF THE CITY-REGION RELATIONSHIP IN VITORIA-GASTEIZ, SPAIN Rebeca Dios Lema
5
KNOWLEDGE FLOWS IN CLUSTERS AS AN ADAPTATION FACTOR FOR FIRMS, SHAPING REGIONAL RESILIENCE IN TIMES OF CRISIS – A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF TWO FURNITURE DISTRICTS: IN POLAND AND ITALY Wojciech Dyba
6
JUDICIARY AND LITIGATION PROCESS IN THE TURKISH PLANNING PROCEDURE: A CASE STUDY OF THE ISTANBUL THIRD AIRPORT Ozge Erbas
6
II
TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL PATTERNS IN SPATIAL INEQUALITIES: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCES FROM A PANEL OF COUNTRIES Mihail Eva Ema Corodescu-Rosca Lucian Rosu Corneliu Iatu
7
CREATING NEW PATHS: THE CONVERSION AND DIVERSIFICATION OF NORTH SEA PORTS Lewis Evans
7
HOW CAN CHINESE PLANNERS DEAL WITH CONFLICTING RULES IN URBAN GROWTH? Xin Feng
8
WHAT’S NEW IN COHESION POLICY? IMPLICATIONS OF THE USE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS FOR POLICY GOVERNANCE Claudia Gloazzo
8
HOW URBAN DESIGN IS BEING HANDLED, MANAGED OR CONTROLLED WITHIN THE PLANNING PROCESSES OF ENGLAND AND GERMANY? CASE STUDY EXAMPLES OF LIVERPOOL ONE, WESTFIELD LONDON, MALL OF BERLIN AND THIER GALERIE DORTMUND. Adeleh Haghgoo
9
HACKATHONS, OPEN DATA, AND CLIMATE CHANGE Diogo Pereira Henriques
9
EU REGIONAL SPENDING IN ENGLAND AND WALES AND BREXIT Christopher Huggins
10
CAN THE REUSE OF REDUNDANT SPACES CONTRIBUTE TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN WEAK MARKET CITIES? Ian Jones
10
GLOBALIZATION OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AND THE CHANGE IN THE SPATIAL DIVISION OF LABOR OF JAPANESE CHEMICAL COMPANIES Natsuki Kamakura
10
A STUDY ON THE PRESENT CONDITION OF SHARED HERITAGE IN DALAT Keigo Kubishiro
11
WATER STEWARDSHIP BEYOND THE ‘FARM GATE’? DRIVING NEW GOVERNANCE STRUCTURES FOR A GREEN ECONOMY IN THE WESTERN CAPE’S COMMERCIAL HORTICULTURE INDUSTRY Nora Lanari
11
CHANGES IN UNIVERSITIES PERFORMANCE - CASE OF SLOVAKIA Alexandra Lešková Miroslav Šipikal
12
GLOCALISING INCLUSIVE AND EQUITABLE QUALITY EDUCATION: EXPLORING WITH TEACHERS THEIR CRAFT KNOWLEDGE OF INCLUSIVE PEDAGOGY Eddy K.W. Li
12
III
REGIONAL PUBLIC/PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS AS ENTREPRENEURIAL BRICOLAGE: THE CASE OF MARSEILLE John McArdle
13
ECONOMIC GROWTH BY DEMAND SATURATION AND DEMAND CREATION Hiroki Murakami
13
THE ROLE OF THE REGIONAL AIRPORT IN THE LOCAL AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT (THE CASE OF THE NEWCASTLE INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, THE UK) Alena Myshko
14
RETHINKING SEASONAL MIGRATION: THE CASE OF BOZCAADA, TURKEY Duygu Okumus
14
OVERVIEW OF RICE PRODUCTION & PRACTICES IN NEPAL AND FUTURE CHALLENGES Ishwar Pun Toshihiro Hattori Eiji Yamaji Baburam Niraula
15
WHY HAVE NEW PARADIGM REGIONAL POLICIES IN THE UK BEEN INEFFECTIVE? A LOOK AT THE POWER OF OLIGOPOLISTIC FIRMS Ivan Rajic
15
‘GETTING THE MEASURE OF FUEL POVERTY’: THE GEOGRAPHY OF FUEL POVERTY INDICATORS IN ENGLAND Caitlin Robinson
16
ARTIFICIAL LIGHT-AT-NIGHT HELPS TO IDENTIFY SPATIAL CONCENTRATIONS OF QUATERNARY INDUSTRIES IN EUROPE Nataliya Rybnikova Boris Portnov
16
THE IMPACT OF FOOD QUALITY SCHEMES ON LOCAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN THE EU Gosia Slusarczyk Ignazio Cabras
17
EMERGING ALTERNATIVES TO DEVELOPMENT – BETWEEN DEGROWTH AND BUEN VIVIR Jakob Sparn
17
BETWEEN ACTIVE CITIZENRY AND ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY: COMMUNITY WASTE MANAGEMENT IN SOUTH AFRICAN CITIES Kathleen Stokes
18
THE EVOLUTIONARY IMPACT OF FDI ON A LOCAL ECONOMY IN AN OLD INDUSTRIAL REGION Dzulfian Syafrian John Mawson Tony Chapman
18
IV
MIGRATION AND HOUSING MARKETS - EVIDENCE FROM SWEDEN Adam Tyrcha Maria Abreu Thies Lindenthal
19
JOB POLARISATION AND PROGRESSION FROM LOW PAY: AN ANALYSIS OF OCCUPATIONAL ADVANCEMENT IN BRITISH LOCAL LABOUR MARKETS Sanne Velthuis
19
THE ‘DUTY TO COOPERATE’ AND STRATEGIC SPATIAL PLANNING PRACTICE IN SHEFFIELD CITY REGION Kirsten Ward
20
FUNDING THE PUBLIC GOOD IN URBAN REGENERATION David Williams
20
BUILT ENVIRONMENT AS AN INTERCONNECTED SYSTEM – INTEGRATING URBAN AND BUILDING MORPHOLOGY IN THE STUDY OF THE URBAN INTERFACE IN NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE Agnieszka Wir-Konas Kyung Wook Seo
21
EVALUATING SMARTNESS OF NUTS2 REGIONS VIA USING NATIONAL STATISTICS: CASE OF TURKEY Burcu Yaşlak
21
THE URBAN BLOCK: REDEFINING INFORMALITY IN CAIRO, EGYPT Eman Zied Alice Vialard Ruth Conroy Dalton
22
1
WORKSHOP ABSTRACTS
THE ROLE OF LOCAL COMMUNITIES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN CITIES: URBAN CASE
EXAMPLE
Nor Harlina Abd Hamid, University of East London, United Kingdom
The broader concept of sustainability will specifically bring the local communities towards the
implementation. A community’s cognitive challenges for sustainability could include understanding
and managing the relations between human systems and the natural environment. It has yet to be
explored which human attitudes and behaviour may help building sustainable communities in line
with resilience or well-being.
The research will yield novel insights from empirical research of UK’s local communities. The aim of
the research is to understand sustainability activities that pose how the actors would interact within
local communities in different roles and different organisational contexts. This research pursues to
build explorative cases from expert interviews that come from decision makers to reveal the logics
and practices of the effective engagement within communities and other partners. Actors studied in
that local context are multinational firms, the local authorities, entrepreneurs and non-market actors
such as Charitable Organisations, Community-Interest companies, Business Improvement Districts,
and Citizen Association.
Based on the case studies, this research demonstrates few kinds of collaborations from the
organisation of sustainability and the process of engagement with the involved people through the
informal or formal procedure. The findings could conceptualise the relationship among the partners
in local community’s context, and it would contribute to the knowledge of communities on how
communities facilitate the same goals for environmental sustainability.
ORGANIZED CRIME IN IRELAND: THE EFFECT OF THE MOTORWAY NETWORK ON BURGLARY RATES
Kerri Agnew, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
A high quality road network promotes trade in an economy, but it may also facilitate illegal activities.
Media reports in Ireland describe how criminal gangs are using the motorway network to commit
burglaries. Criminals can abuse the high speed limit and lack of traffic barriers on motorways to avoid
detection by police forces. In a fixed effects framework, this study attempts to identify a causal link
between the number of burglaries in an area and motorway accessibility, by exploiting variations
across time and space. This paper contributes to our understanding of the spatialities of organised
crime. An annual panel dataset consisting of the layout of the motorways and crime rates in 563 sub
districts is assembled. Motorway accessibility is measured by the distance from sub district to the
nearest motorway exit, and by dummy variables indicating the presence of a motorway within a
certain radius. An optimal road network is constructed and used as an instrumental variable.
Preliminary results show that when an area becomes closer to a motorway exit, the area experiences
an increase in burglaries.
2
ENGAGEMENTS OF UNIVERSITIES FOR RURAL SME SECTOR EMPOWERMENT:LESSONS FROM
UNIVERSITY - AGRO SME INTERACTIONS IN SRI LANKA
Sidath Alwis, Finland
University engagement in regional economic development is not a process only limited to urban
regions but also it can bring vital benefits to rural regions and upgrade their economies competitively.
Although such engagements can provide crucial underpinnings for rural economic development of
developing and emerging countries, most of those countries still experience limited contribution from
universities. While university involvement is vital for those issues, it remains still unclear about diverse
potentials and possible pro-active and inducing approaches of universities of emerging countries.
Based on some specific initiatives implemented by a leading university in Sri Lanka (University of
Colombo), this study aims to examine how university can involve to empower rural SME sectors and
contribute for rural economic development through “Co-adaptive academic entrepreneurship”. In
particular it explores the background reasons on institute establishment, engagement approaches
taken by the institute, institutional level adaptations and inducements, commitments of rural sectors
and effectiveness of engagement approaches for the development of rural economy. The findings
reveals that as well the university internal environment should be adjusted considering the place-
based needs, their inducements on rural sectors are important to develop better interactions and
make promising economic impacts as well as social benefits to rural agribusinesses.
THE IMPACT OF EMPLOYMENT SKILLS SUPPORT AND INEQUALITIES AT WORK IN THE INCENTIVES
TO MIGRATE: A CASE STUDY OF KOSOVO
Vlora Berbatovci-Sojeva, London Metropolitan University, United Kingdom
Between 1969 and 2011, Kosovo lost 380, 826 (21.4%) of its total population through emigration. Main
official reasons for this migration are family reunification, war and study or work arrangements. Other
reasons emerged with the latest exodus from Kosovo of around 100,000 people during 2014-2015.
Studies suggest that this happened due to poverty, unemployment, and political instability.
Nevertheless, I believe there are also some other factors that influenced these migrations, such as the
employment skills support and inequalities at work.
To explore these factors, I focused my PhD research in two components: 1) migration and work
experience of migrants/return migrants and the dynamics of their decision to migrate and 2) how well
the employees’ rights are respected at work and the support provided to job seekers in their job hunt
process.
The interest to explore these dynamics leads to the following research questions: To what extent does
the lack of employment skills support and inequalities at work play a part in the incentives to migrate?
What are the employment laws and the efforts of government and other relevant institutions on its
effective implementation?
To answer these research questions, I conducted secondary research and 30 interviews with
migrants/return migrants, employees, employers, job seekers, labour inspector, trade union members
and analysts.
3
The preliminary results suggest that job seekers have difficulties to find a job and make a living in
Kosovo and many of those who are employed experience violation of their employment rights,
therefore they tend to migrate for a better living.
WATER POVERTY, AUSTERITY AND CITIZEN VULNERABILITY IN THE UK WATER INDUSTRY
Fiona Calder, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom
It is predicted that by 2033, 35% of households in England and Wales will be suffering from water
poverty. Water poverty is most commonly defined as spending more than 3% of a household’s net
income on paying the water bill. Austerity measures have increasingly impacted upon citizens’ ability
to pay, leading to issues such as hygiene poverty being on the rise; which disproportionately affects
women. In 2015 the Water Services Regulation Authority for England and Wales (Ofwat) introduced
criteria that require water companies in England and Wales to help ‘vulnerable’ customers. The
definition of what constitutes a vulnerable customer is varied and there is no set definition across the
sector. Experts have voiced their concern in the past about the efficacy of the schemes available being
able to assist those who are experiencing water poverty, believing that they have a narrow reach and
nineteenth century overtones. This research uses the case study of Northumbrian Water to investigate
more fully the plans, structures and mechanisms that are in place to help people in water poverty. The
case study, based at the company headquarters in North East England, is ethnographic, and will make
use of documentary analysis, open-ended interviews, observations and focus groups. This paper will
present the findings of the study so far, critiquing the schemes, which are in place to help ‘vulnerable’
customers.
THE DONUT OF DESPAIR: CULTURE-LED REGENERATION AND SPATIAL INEQUALITY IN A MID-SIZED
POST-INDUSTRIAL UK CITY – A CASE STUDY
Donna Carmichael, University of Birmingham (UK), Canada
According to a growing number of economic and social policy thinkers, inequality is one of the defining
issues of our times. The assumption that economic growth will lead to reductions in poverty and
income disparity between groups is now being seriously questioned, along with the underlying
fundamental assumptions of capitalism and neo-liberal policy. Culture-focused renewal strategies
have been embraced by declining post-industrial cities as an opportunity to regenerate and re-brand
cities ravaged by de-industrialization, with the expectation that physical, economic and social
revitalization can be achieved; however, some recent longitudinal studies examining the longer-term
impact of culture-based regeneration initiatives have indicated that, rather than reducing inequalities
and socio-economic polarization, such initiatives are actually exacerbating the problem of spatial and
income disparities in cities.
For example, a study by Arbaci & Tapada-Berteli (2012) of the longer-term impacts of culture-led
regeneration in Barcelona indicated an increase in socio-economic deprivation in the already most
deprived areas outside of the revitalized zones in the city. They concluded that the socio-economic
and spatial distance between the deprived communities and the wealthier populations has actually
increased, and thus the overall objective of reducing inequality and economic disparity has not been
achieved in Barcelona. The increasing wealth disparity based on spatial segregation has been
described as the ‘donut of despair’, wherein investment in regeneration occurs in the urban core,
while peripheral areas continue their historic slide into deeper socio-economic decline.
4
Dundee saw massive demolition of decrepit and overcrowded inner city housing in the 1950’s and
1960’s, and the moving of residents to the newly-built peripheral estates – which in the 1980’s and
1990’s became neighbourhoods of intense social and economic deprivation. The current culture-led
regeneration strategy, with the building of the V&A Museum of the Design on the revitalized
waterfront, and the pursuit of the 2023 European Capital of Culture title, has resulted in significant
investment and redevelopment in the urban core of Dundee; however, there is concern that the
massive deprivation in peripheral estates will not be addressed via the intense investment in the core
of the city, and that the ‘donut of despair’ in Dundee will only be exacerbated as a result of the culture-
led revitalization strategy. This paper will present a review of economic and spatial inequality in
Dundee, and the potential impact of the culture-led regeneration strategy on both core-city and
peripheral neighbourhoods.
AGENCY AND STRUCTURE INTERACTIONS IN TRANSITIONAL REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Camilla Chlebna, University of Vienna, United Kingdom
Recent accounts of transitional development have emphasised the importance of agents who are seen
as reflexive individuals who play multiple roles in processes of transformation and new path
development. The relationship between agents and institutions has been conceptualised as reciprocal
and continuously evolving. Agents are influenced by institutions but may also amend them if they feel
this is important. The aim of this paper is to develop a comprehensive understanding of the key actors
of change in sustainable transition processes. Such an agency focused approach inherently carries an
interest in local and regional dynamics as human agency does not stand in isolation from context.
Beyond cultural and social context, physical location and neighbours are important.
Academics have identified a research gap in our lack of understanding and conceptualisations of lower
level dynamics and inter-relationships, their spatial variation and their relation and influence on
‘higher level’ structures and processes. Therefore this paper offers a taxonomy of functions that key
actors of transitional change need to fulfil in varying spatial contexts. Agents are conceptualised not
merely as receptors for but as pro-active drivers, carriers and amplifiers of transitional development.
In addition the paper draws on existing taxonomies of institutional structures, seeks to deepen our
understanding of those structures relevant for transitional development, and then goes further to
offer a conceptualisation of processes of interaction between agency and structure in transitions.
SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT IN THE GREATER DUBLIN REGION
Sheila Convery, University College Dublin, Ireland
Extreme shifts in the fiscal context in Ireland in recent years have led to a stop-start pattern of
transport infrastructure investment and delivery. Following significant investment in the motorway
network and limited investment in public transport initiatives in the Dublin region the National
Transport Authority published a strategy for 2016-2035 but with no strict timeline for implementation
or confirmed budget availability. National debate continues therefore, as to what projects should be
prioritised and financed and outcomes are likely to be subject to the vagaries of the political decision-
making system.
The paper presents an overview of transport initiatives in the Greater Dublin Region, since the
publication in 2005 of ‘Transport 21’ a comprehensive transport investment programme for Ireland
5
which was subsequently shelved in 2011 due to the economic crisis. The elements of the programme
delivered in the Dublin City Region are analysed and travel behaviour trends are examined to assess
the effectiveness of this and subsequent policies on meeting the stated aims of promoting sustainable
transport and meeting ambitious targets for reductions in emissions from transport in the region.
Urban modelling approaches have been applied to look at potential scenarios of development in the
region and to examine the impacts of alternative settlement patterns. In this way, the paper examines
how urban and regional policy aspires to support sustainable transport initiatives. Included is the
presentation of empirical evidence from a household travel survey conducted in winter 2016. The
survey results suggest that the land use transport interface needs to be better supported to ensure
that sustainable transport targets are met, given the strong influence of land use transport
configurations on peoples’ everyday travel behaviour.
CREATIVE CLUSTER DEVELOPMENT AS A TOOL TO INCREASE COMPETITIVENESS OF CITIES: CASE
STUDY SLOVAKIA
Lukáš Danko, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Czech Republic
The concepts of cluster development and cluster policies are targets of various international initiatives
of regional development and increasing competitiveness of cities and regions. Support for cluster
development and creativity is a measure to support and spread innovation with spill-over effects that
go beyond the borders of administrative regions. Thus, the cultural and creative industries (CCI)
provide a progressive economic area, with high share of micro-enterprises and SMEs. Moreover, the
CCI there is an opportunity to increase competitiveness of cities and regions as a driver of innovation.
Therefore, a methodology is proposed to deliver recommendations for identifying natural clusters in
the CCI in Slovakia. The methods consist of Exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) with respect to
socio-economic conditions of the CCI. The quantitative analysis identified spatial patterns of natural
clusters that are associated with the regional development theories, and spatial distribution of
economic activities with respect to economic geography. Furthermore, empirical findings are linked
to the theoretical background of clusters as a tool for the development regions and cities focused on
the smart specialization. Main objective was to raise awareness and benefiting the discussion
regarding theoretical approach towards the CCI and city-regions development, within Slovakia as a
member of the Visegrád Four.
THE SUSTAINABILITY OF GREEN BELTS: CRITICAL ASPECTS AND ENABLING CONDITIONS IN THE RE-
MAKING OF THE CITY-REGION RELATIONSHIP IN VITORIA-GASTEIZ, SPAIN
Rebeca Dios Lema, University College London, United Kingdom
Green Belts have over a century of history as planning policies. Discourses around them have evolved
and travelled, being adapted and re-appropriated for different means across geographies and cultures
around the world. This paper looks at how the vision put forward to establish a Green Belt in Vitoria-
Gasteiz more than two decades ago, meant a fundamental shift in this intermediate Spanish city´s
trajectory towards its leadership in sustainability. Thus, the success in the introduction of socio-
ecological planning and environmental policies made it European Green Capital 2012. Through the
analysis of its implementation process, this research shows how and why the steady commitment to
the Green Belt vision has allowed to shape a whole new relationship of the city with its surrounding
region; and it does so by identifying the key enabling conditions and critical aspects that, it is argued,
6
have made this process possible. The combination of these factors at each stage, in terms of context,
strategy and viability, allows to define causal relations and lessons learned that may be replicated by
or useful for other cities elsewhere. Finally, this case study outlines an opportunity for a critical re-
evaluation of the potential role of Green Belts in sustainable planning today.
KNOWLEDGE FLOWS IN CLUSTERS AS AN ADAPTATION FACTOR FOR FIRMS, SHAPING REGIONAL
RESILIENCE IN TIMES OF CRISIS – A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF TWO FURNITURE DISTRICTS: IN
POLAND AND ITALY
Wojciech Dyba, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Poland
Knowledge is believed to flow (on purpose or spontaneously) in clusters – between firms and
institutions representing selected economic sectors. In time of crisis, knowledge flows patterns may
differ. Acquiring, using and developing knowledge (technological and business one, explicit and tacit)
– helps firms in adaptation to changes on the market and can therefore shape regional resilience.
To investigate that issue, empirical research was conducted among firms in two furniture districts:
Kępno located in Wielkopolska (Western Poland) and Livenza in Treviso and Pordenone (Northern
Italy). Surveys and interviews allowed to investigate how knowledge and its flows influence adaptation
of firms after crisis in the two clusters operating in different economic contexts: one renowned
worldwide, with long traditions of furniture production and the second – younger, growing, were firms
still seek for regular contractors and customers. At first, representatives of firms were asked to
compare situation before and after the crisis and then their answers were analysed using statistical
methods. Later on, some cluster agents, selected through the snowball method, were interviewed
about their knowledge management – and their answers served as an input to Social Network Analysis.
The research allowed to formulate two conceptual models of knowledge flows in clusters of different
history and characteristics. These included local and global sources of new technological and business
knowledge, mechanisms of knowledge flows (in the form of transfer and diffusion) between main
clusters’ agents, as well as knowledge externalities in the form of various adaptation patterns.
JUDICIARY AND LITIGATION PROCESS IN THE TURKISH PLANNING PROCEDURE: A CASE STUDY OF
THE ISTANBUL THIRD AIRPORT
Ozge Erbas, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
Through planning procedures, formal government mechanisms are supplemented by different check
mechanism such as semi-judicial inquiries, courts, etc. (Healey, 2010). As all democratic planning
procedures, the judicial system and court cases have a significant role in planning structure, in theory,
in the Turkish planning system. Taking a legal action is one of the objection methods for approved
plans, plan modifications or projects in the Turkish planning system. Moreover, chambers, NGOs or
public are able to appeal the approved plans or projects due to their concerns about them (Procedure
of Administrative Justice Act Act No. 2577, 1982; Development Law No. 3194, 1985). However, in
practice, the litigation process has dissimilarities which are the focal point of this research.
This research is divided into two stages, before proceeding to examine the lawsuits about the case
study project to understand the reasons of plaintiffs and final verdicts of the courts, it clarifies the
judiciary and litigation procedure in the Turkish planning system. Afterward, in order to comprehend
the divergences, it focuses relevant court cases of the case study project; The Third Airport in Istanbul,
7
Turkey. The research has been conducted with secondary and primary data collection. The secondary
data; laws related to the judicial system and litigation procedure, and the official documents of the
court cases are reached and the primary data is collected through semi-structured interviews.
TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL PATTERNS IN SPATIAL INEQUALITIES: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCES FROM A
PANEL OF COUNTRIES
Mihail Eva, University Francois-Rabelais of Tours, France
Ema Corodescu-Rosca, Francois-Rabelais University of Tours, France
Lucian Rosu, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Romania
Corneliu Iatu, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Romania
Recent decades have seen a good deal of theoretical and empirical studies concerning spatial
inequalities. However, despite the increasing interest, there is remarkably little systemic
documentation of what had happened over the past two decades. Moreover, studies including large
panels of countries are quite rare and almost entirely focused on modelling the temporal patterns of
spatial inequalities, ignoring thus their spatial morphology.
In response to these shortcomings, our approach produces systemic evidences and comparative
results for a panel of 20 countries for a period long enough to extract relevant empirical evidences
(1990-2015). The paper aims at making a step further in the understanding of the evolution of spatial
inequalities by addressing both their temporal and spatial patterns. Thereby, we firstly question the
manner spatial inequalities evolved during the last 25 years. This is done by studying σ-convergence
by means of 5 indexes: weighted coefficient of variation, Gini, Robin Hood, Atkinson and Theil. A
partial confrontation with the Kuznets/Williamson inverted-U-curve is conducted to test for empirical
evidences in its support. An assessment of the impact of economic crisis on spatial inequalities is also
conducted by comparing their evolution before and after the crisis. Finally, the paper describes the
spatial morphology of regional inequalities by employing inferential statistics in the form of global and
local spatial autocorrelation indexes. The results highlight significant changes for developing countries
largely opened to international markets.
CREATING NEW PATHS: THE CONVERSION AND DIVERSIFICATION OF NORTH SEA PORTS
Lewis Evans, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
Ports in the UK and Europe continue to play an important part in the functioning and growth of sub-
national and national economies. Interestingly, ports located on the Humber Estuary and in Northwest
Germany continue to play an important part in the functioning and future growth of their
corresponding sub-national and national economies.
The project aims to better understand how port authorities and associated local institutions deploy
particular port assets and related infrastructures, to connect to new or emerging market opportunities
and create new regional paths of growth. The empirical focus of the project is to gain a deeper
understanding of how two Humber ports (the Port of Hull and the Port of Grimsby) and a comparative
European port (the Port of Cuxhaven), adapt and diversity port-related assets to serve the offshore
wind industry.
Certain concepts situated within Evolutionary Economic Geography (path creation, diversification and
adaptation) are currently discussed in relation to the region. However, this project seeks to apply
8
these lines of analysis to the port as a key site of adaptation and diversification, and to the port
authority as a key actor, in relation to stimulating regional path creation. Moreover, port adaptation,
diversification and path creation processes are ultimately shaped by port governance models, external
institutional environments and policy settings. The adaptation and diversification of port-related
infrastructural assets enables ports to serve new or emerging industries, thus shaping regional path
creation.
HOW CAN CHINESE PLANNERS DEAL WITH CONFLICTING RULES IN URBAN GROWTH?
Xin Feng, The University of Sheffield, United Kingdom
China is an excellent example for researching how planning professionals deal with a transitional
context, because marketization and decentralization has taken place, empowering planning
professionals in ways they have never seen before. The question in this paper is: how changes in
institutional context influence planners’ practice? Semi-structured interviews were conducted with
planners between 2013 and 2014. These revealed that changing contexts forced planners in face of
conflicting rules in their practice. This presentation selected ‘rule of law’ ‘GDP-oriented urban growth’
and ‘giving legitimacy to local authorities’ to illustrate transition has brought Chinese planners
conflicting rules in their work.
WHAT’S NEW IN COHESION POLICY? IMPLICATIONS OF THE USE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS FOR
POLICY GOVERNANCE
Claudia Gloazzo, European Policies Research Centre, United Kingdom
Cohesion policy funding has traditionally been made available to citizens through (non-repayable)
grants. In the last three programming periods however, the share of the budget disbursed in repayable
form has increased. The European Commission promoted financial (engineering) instruments (FI) as a
sustainable, efficient and qualitatively better way to spend EU money. This strong push towards
repayable finance has not yet been accompanied by a reflection on the implications that such delivery
mode has for the governance of Cohesion policy. Whereas for Cohesion policy grants the entire
management of the funds is administered by public officials, in the case of financial instruments actors
of different nature (public, private, mixed) can take over decisive management and implementation
tasks. Moreover FI are implemented through more complex structures than those for grants.
This paper intends to shed light on the various types of governance arrangements used to achieve the
policy objectives and distribute the related funding. Applying a Principal-Agent approach, it also
intends to highlight how different governance arrangements cope with the Principal-Agent problem
of delegation of tasks and responsibilities from public officials to the other actors involved in the
management and implementation of the funds. By looking at three types of governance arrangements
(public/Germany, private/UK and mixed/Italy) and drawing on a mixed database of quantitative and
qualitative resources, the researcher describes how different typologies work in practice and how the
Principal-Agent problem is solved in different governance settings. Finally the researcher will sketch
out potential links between these governance arrangements and performance outcomes.
9
HOW URBAN DESIGN IS BEING HANDLED, MANAGED OR CONTROLLED WITHIN THE PLANNING
PROCESSES OF ENGLAND AND GERMANY? CASE STUDY EXAMPLES OF LIVERPOOL ONE, WESTFIELD
LONDON, MALL OF BERLIN AND THIER GALERIE DORTMUND.
Adeleh Haghgoo, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
Planning culture and its typically identified components of planning artefact, planning environment
and societal environment have been subject to many previous discussions and scholarly works. One
of the basic principles for the concept of planning culture is that it helps to understand the differences
between places in physical planning terms as well as in terms of the planning systems, planning
processes and the ways in which both systems and processes influence urban design of a certain place.
The aim of this work is to understand the concept of urban design within the planning processes and
respectively the planning systems of England and Germany by reflecting on the culturised planning
model which was developed by Othengrafen and Knieling (2009).
The finding of this paper indicate that by comparing the planning processes and planning systems in
England and Germany and by developing better understanding on how urban design in being handled
within these processes; two major things can be included in regards to both theory and practice. The
first finding indicate that despite the formal differences of planning systems in England and Germany,
in practice there are lots of similarities with regards to the outcome as well as the aims of urban design.
Therefore it can be concluded that although planning approaches may appear very different ‘in theory’
between one national setting and another, there may be many similarities in terms of how things work
‘in practice’. The second finding provides an insight that the ways in which urban design is categorised
and conceptualised within the planning practice is different in England and Germany. Thus this point
suggests that the things that might have been assumed as being rather the same ‘in theory’, in practice
were different.
HACKATHONS, OPEN DATA, AND CLIMATE CHANGE
Diogo Pereira Henriques, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, United
Kingdom
Open data can been seen as a paradigm of grassroots initiatives that aim to engage communities in
both awareness, digitisation, and participatory planning of urban and natural complex systems,
allowing the utilization of data sets previously only available to experts, researchers, institutions,
and/or corporations in closed silos. At the present stage, most of the open data initiatives, either
promoted by local institutions or by governments at a national and international level, are located
within Europe and North America regions.
Moreover, recent examples of ‘hackathons’ organised by some universities in the North America
region to save environmental information to private data infrastructures, thus protecting data sets
from new political policies that seem to be denying climate change effects, might be showing new
paths for research collaborations between private and public infrastructures and organisations.
We study some of these examples and argue that these initiatives can support creativity and
innovation within participatory planning for tomorrow’s cities, both for new generations of users,
planners, stakeholders and communities: sketching a collective vision to successfully navigate from
the past and present time to the near/far future, in a contemporary context of accelerating climate
and societal challenges for the 21s century
10
EU REGIONAL SPENDING IN ENGLAND AND WALES AND BREXIT
Christopher Huggins, Unviersity of Aberdeen, United Kingdom
Anecdotally, one puzzling outcome of UK’s referendum on EU membership was why areas which
received significant EU support voted to leave. This short paper offers an initial step towards exploring
this. It examines what relationship (if any) exists between EU regional spending and support for
‘Remain’ at the local level. This offers a timely contribution to emerging debates, both on the drivers
of the referendum outcome and the effectiveness of EU regional spending to foster EU support. This
is investigated through an analysis of a dataset compiled using 2000-2013 regional policy expenditures
and the EU referendum results, aggregated at the NUTS3 level. The analysis finds little evidence of a
relationship between EU regional spending and the outcome of the UK’s EU referendum. While this
confirms other analyses showing the referendum outcome was driven primarily the mobilization of
voter identity and political cues, rather than economic calculation, it also has implications for policy
practice. The EU has invested large sums in several UK regions, but this did not translate into EU
support and appears to have been ignored by voters. This raises significant questions about the
efficacy of EU regional spending to foster EU support, and how EU regional policy is perceived by
citizens.
CAN THE REUSE OF REDUNDANT SPACES CONTRIBUTE TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN WEAK
MARKET CITIES?
Ian Jones, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
A physical manifestation of the impact of deindustrialisation is the existence of abandoned buildings
and large tracts of brownfield land, which can remain idle for long periods of time and become
derelict. The continued existence of such spaces, if neglected, can have negative impacts on economic,
social and environmental aspects of the sites themselves and the wider city. Such blight may have
aesthetic impacts creating areas where it is difficult to entice investment or attract people to live, but
they can also have major health impacts, attract antisocial behaviour and have negative influences on
the reputation of the wider economy. Although such spaces offer the opportunity for new
developments or even the ability to reconfigure the urban environment, in areas where the financial
return is likely to be relatively poor, alternative arguments need to be made for their future.
Based on the literature review and preliminary site visits, undertaken as part of my PhD, I will outline
the mixed methods case study approach to be adopted in considering the reuse of redundant spaces
and how this might contribute to improving the sustainable development of post-industrial cities, with
an emphasis on the social dimension.
GLOBALIZATION OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AND THE CHANGE IN THE SPATIAL DIVISION
OF LABOR OF JAPANESE CHEMICAL COMPANIES
Natsuki Kamakura, University of Tokyo, Japan
An emphasis in manufacturing companies is on innovation that creates new value, and the acquisition
of excellent knowledge and skills is increasingly important all over the world. In this context, domestic
markets are expected to shrink, and, therefore, further development of overseas markets is of urgent
concern to Japanese companies. To deal with the related problems, it is necessary to reconsider the
role of domestic bases with concentrated research and development functions and to build a strategic
11
division of labor in Japan and overseas using the opportunities presented by the locational superiority
of the overseas bases.
This study analyzed three elements (organizational restructuring, location changes, and companies’
knowledge flows) that constitute a spatial division of research and development labor functions. These
three factors and their relationships were examined. For example, we assessed 16 major chemical
companies in Japan.
Although some research and development functions were conducted overseas, technology outflow
regarding the deepening of the enterprises’ core technologies was a major concern. In addition, it was
difficult for Japanese chemical companies to hire excellent workers overseas because these companies
are relatively small compared to the giants of the industry (with which they compete). Hence, the
concentration of research and development in Japan is unlikely to dramatically change. However,
when advancing the globalization of business, it is urgently important to learn the extents of changes
to the research and development functions moved overseas that are recognized by individual
companies.
A STUDY ON THE PRESENT CONDITION OF SHARED HERITAGE IN DALAT
Keigo Kubishiro, Tokyo University of Science, Japan
Despite the increased appreciation of the cultural and heritage value of cities and architecture
constructed by Western powers in former colonized countries in Asia and Africa in recent years, Hill
Stations constructed as summer resorts for the people of the suzerain authority during the colonial
period are rapidly developing and such heritages are being destroyed.
This study focusses on Dalat, Vietnam, a Hill Station constructed by the French colonizers. We clarify
the current degree of shared heritage as well as the level of development in current Dalat by
comparing the colonial period with the present through building type and year of building completion
as the city expanded.
Although the urban planning of Dalat began in 1906, it wasn’t until at least 1915 that buildings were
constructed and roads laid. In 1930 public buildings such as schools and station buildings were
constructed. In 1940 a residential district with many villas was built. A relatively high number of public
buildings remain and are still used today compared to only a few individual residences. Furthermore,
almost of these remaining individual residences were built after 1990. It is thought that this demolition
of old buildings can be attributed to the Doi Moi policy. Based on this, it has become clear that it is
urgent to investigate the preservation and clarify the cultural value of the mainly public buildings that
remain.
WATER STEWARDSHIP BEYOND THE ‘FARM GATE’? DRIVING NEW GOVERNANCE STRUCTURES
FOR A GREEN ECONOMY IN THE WESTERN CAPE’S COMMERCIAL HORTICULTURE INDUSTRY
Nora Lanari, Coventry University, United Kingdom
This paper examines the ways commercial agricultural companies in South Africa’s Western Cape
engage with water governance mechanisms in order to facilitate a transition towards a Green
Economy. The Western Cape’s export-oriented horticulture industry uses 42-87% of available
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freshwater for irrigation, putting substantial pressure on the region’s already stressed resources. In
the past decade, there has been a call for such water-intensive companies to participate proactively
in water governance in order to achieve a transformation ‘beyond efficiency’. This is exemplified
through the paradigm of water stewardship which refers to the contributions private (agricultural)
companies make towards water management within their own operations as well as beyond their
‘farm gate’. It is based on the assumption of ‘shared water risk’: companies face water risks when
inadequate water security due to wider catchment processes jeopardises their operations;
simultaneously, companies generate water risk when their operations jeopardise the water security
of the wider society. South Africa has translated discourses of the Green Economy into its post-
Apartheid constitution and water features prominently within that rhetoric. South Africa is also one
of the world leaders in terms of water stewardship initiatives. Through semi-structured interviews
with a variety of stakeholders engaged in water governance, such as commercial farmers, invested
NGOs, and different levels of government, this research investigates whether water stewardship in
the heart of the Western Cape’s horticulture industry has been translated into new and emerging
water governance structures that become pathways towards a Green Economy; or whether efforts
remain confined behind the ‘farm gate’ and thus stop short of a meaningful transformation.
CHANGES IN UNIVERSITIES PERFORMANCE - CASE OF SLOVAKIA
Alexandra Lešková, University of Economics in Bratislava, Slovakia
Miroslav Šipikal, University of Economics in Bratislava, Slovakia
Regional policy represents activities which goal is improving of regions that are less developed with
lower economic and social performance. A huge support within the regional policy comes from the
European Union resources with focus mostly on convergence regions so their potential can be fully
used. For the Central European countries were the EU sources crucial for further development and
the impact can be seen also in spatial performance of regions and the institutions located in these
regions. Among the institutions that are under the attention of regional policy belong universities
which are considered to be important players in regional development. In Slovakia - where the EU
sources are indeed decisive for further development - was universities support devoted mostly to the
institutions in convergence regions, especially to their assets. Additionally, universities were receivers
of other grants provided by research agencies. Thus the support should reflect itself in better
performance of these institutions. A main goal of this paper is to find out whether the relative
efficiency of Slovak universities in convergence regions has changed after the first entire programming
period of 2007 – 2013. A Data Envelopment Analysis is applied to measure relative efficiency of public
universities. The results show that universities in convergence regions in Slovakia indeed experienced
average growth of relative efficiency, especially in the area of research.
GLOCALISING INCLUSIVE AND EQUITABLE QUALITY EDUCATION: EXPLORING WITH TEACHERS
THEIR CRAFT KNOWLEDGE OF INCLUSIVE PEDAGOGY
Eddy K.W. Li, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
While one of the global Sustainable Development Goals (aka SDG4) has brought forth a paradigm shift
from access to quality in the universal education discourse (United Nations, 2015), teachers from
many national settings do not consider themselves as having the pedagogical knowledge and skills to
support the increasing diversity of learners (Forlin, 2012). To bridge this gap between global policy
13
and regional practice, this paper aims to propose a bottom-up approach to inclusive teacher
education. It will discuss the potential value of researching with in-service teachers their inclusive
pedagogy, and its theoretical, ethical, and methodological implications for glocalising inclusive and
equitable quality education internationally. It will also report on a pilot study conducted with six
practitioners in Hong Kong – as a contextual illustration of an inclusive methodological attempt (Seale,
Nind, & Parsons, 2014) that facilitates the transfer of teachers’ professional craft knowledge within
the wider Confucian-heritage Culture.
REGIONAL PUBLIC/PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS AS ENTREPRENEURIAL BRICOLAGE: THE CASE OF
MARSEILLE
John McArdle, Salem State University, United States
The nature of entrepreneurial ventures involves a substantial amount of risk taking. This is particularly
true in the context of capital-intensive land development. Often, acquisition and transaction costs
can be a substantial barrier to the financing and success of an entrepreneurial venture.
This especially holds true in the development of brownfield or environmentally compromised sites. In
the United States the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation,
and Liability Act of 1980 ("CERCLA", and often referred to as the Superfund statute) imposes liability
for environmental contamination to all parties with an ownership interest and/ora right to use
contaminated property. The law is different in the European context, where the E.U. has yet to adopt
a controlling international standard among member states. In France, management of brownfield or
contaminates sites is a regional activity, and there is no retroactive liability imposed.
As a result, the use of a public/private partnership or other intermediary agency in order to acquire
and remediate contaminated sites can be an effective way to reduce transaction costs and spur
regional economic development. This paper will explore this phenomenon by setting the context for
some challenges related to entrepreneurial land development; considering the current state of
environmental regulations; and, considering the specific example of the Euroméditerranée project
established in Marseille in 1995.
ECONOMIC GROWTH BY DEMAND SATURATION AND DEMAND CREATION
Hiroki Murakami, Chuo University, Japan
In this paper, we consider, in terms of the cost and benefit of research and development (R&D), the
effect on economic growth of demand creation induced by product innovation in the face of demand
saturation. First, we represent the phenomenon of demand saturation by regarding the time
derivative of a logistic function as the demand function. Second, we define the parameter that governs
the probability of product innovation as the "birth rate of a new product" and time series of it as an
R&D plan. Third, we derive the optimal R&D plan in terms of maximization of expected profits. Finally,
we calculate the growth rate of expected revenues along the optimal R&D plan. We then find that,
along the optimal R&D plan, the birth rate of a new product is constant over time and the growth rate
of expected revenues converges to it.
14
THE ROLE OF THE REGIONAL AIRPORT IN THE LOCAL AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT (THE CASE OF
THE NEWCASTLE INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, THE UK)
Alena Myshko, Gran Sasso Science Institute (GSSI), Italy
Cities and regions are being included in the global process by a variety of networks, including one of
the most important one – the transport. And, the status of the most important transport mean and
central nodes in transport networks were shifting throughout the history: from shipping and seaports
to air transport and airports nowadays. As a ‘key infrastructure project’ for many regions, one of the
major characteristics of the airport is its accessibility and connectivity: both transport connection with
hosting region and connectivity on national and international levels. The expansion of connectivity it
is one of the main directions for airport’s future development and planning.
In the UK, the rapid development of regional airports was stimulated by the introduction of ‘a
sustainable long-term strategy for the development of air travel’ by the UK Department for Transport
in 2003 and, therefore, a production of new master plans with a focus on sustainability as well as
transparency. One of the main objectives of new master plans is to combine local and national
interests by expanding the engagement of a variety of stakeholders, both on national and local levels.
One of the main tools for this was the consulting process with stakeholders as well as with local
communities, in which the important role is played by airport’s consultative committee.
The research investigates the case of the main airport of the North East region of England and is based
on the analysis of expert interviews with representatives of the Newcastle International airport.
RETHINKING SEASONAL MIGRATION: THE CASE OF BOZCAADA, TURKEY
Duygu Okumus, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
This paper focuses on the socio-economic transition of Bozcaada, a small Turkish island in Northern
Aegean Sea. After the downfall of viniculture practices in Bozcaada due to neo-liberal agricultural
policies, the tourism sector became the only option for survivability of the island`s small scale
producers, which constituted the majority of the local community. During this transition period,
tourism has helped to retain the local population in place and prevent outmigration due to economic
reasons. However, the change that tourism initiated on the island was not only limited to the local
economic structure but also the social and cultural life of the island. Nowadays, a decade after the
domination of tourism sector in Bozcaada, outmigration of local population came out on the stage
once more due to seasonality of tourism sector in the island. However, this time out-migration is
temporary, only for winter and not with economic but lifestyle motivations. This paper explores this
unique migration pattern of the local residents of Bozcaada, informed by a qualitative case study
method based on interviews with local stakeholder.
15
OVERVIEW OF RICE PRODUCTION & PRACTICES IN NEPAL AND FUTURE CHALLENGES
Ishwar Pun, Meiji University, Japan
Toshihiro Hattori, Meiji University, Japan
Eiji Yamaji, The University of Tokyo, Japan
Baburam Niraula, The University of Tokyo, Japan
Nepal is a relatively small Hilly country situated between world’s larger countries, India and China. The
population reached 26.5 millions in 2011 Census increasing at the rate of 1.35% per annum. About
20% of land is used for cultivation and 65.6% people depend on agriculture sectors, contributing 33.1%
of its GDP. Rice is a major food crop in Nepal. The total agricultural land occupies of Nepal is 28% of
total land. The rice farming area is 34% of agricultural land. The average paddy yield is 3.17 ton/ha.
In 1960s to 1980s, arable land increased rapidly for agricultural extension purpose to feed the growing
population and decreasing slowly in past 20 years. This is because of population resettlement, internal
migration from Hilly region to Terai. The area for paddy production is slightly increasing but rice
productivity has not achieved in current population and raising rice consumption. Nepal used to export
rice in earlier 1980s but rice imports is increasing from 1980s to onwards. Based on the time-series
data of rice production practices, rice productivity was estimated using independent variables
fertilizer consumption, number of draft animal and tractor, rainfall, temperature, and irrigated
agricultural land. Only significant relation of rice productivity with number of tractors and rainfall was
found. Finally, to increase the rice productivity, it is needed to adopt the advanced agriculture
technologies. The rice production improvement approaches prevailing in Asian countries will be
recommended. The mechanized method practices in Japan such as land use planning in Japan, paddy
field consolidation, land leveling, rice transplanting method, and irrigation development will be
suggested.
WHY HAVE NEW PARADIGM REGIONAL POLICIES IN THE UK BEEN INEFFECTIVE? A LOOK AT THE
POWER OF OLIGOPOLISTIC FIRMS
Ivan Rajic, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
Successive UK governments have employed various regional policies to tackle the country’s regional
disparities. These policies can roughly be divided into an “old” and “new” paradigm. Generally, the
former focused on attracting or directing external investment to lagging regions, while the new one
focuses on promoting local SMEs. Neither group seems to have been too successful, but the latter
seems to have done worse.
To explain why this is the case, this article takes a different approach to the more usual explanations
based on the lack of political, fiscal and financial decentralization and low public investment in the
lagging regions. Rather, following Perroux and Holland, regional disparities are seen as rooted in the
power of oligopolistic firms. The article argues that new paradigm policies mostly ignore how markets
function, and are thus for the most part irrelevant for regional development. This is shown using ONS
and other data, as well as various reports. The suggestions for more decentralization and public
investment cannot change this situation. Shifting the balance of power away from the management
of large firms and in favor of workers and the state are argued to be the only real solution to the UK’s
regional problem.
16
‘GETTING THE MEASURE OF FUEL POVERTY’: THE GEOGRAPHY OF FUEL POVERTY INDICATORS IN
ENGLAND
Caitlin Robinson, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
The introduction of a Low Income High Cost (LIHC) fuel poverty indicator in England has led to a
significant reduction in the number of fuel poor households, with 771,014 fewer households
considered fuel poor in 2012 compared to the former 10% indicator. Subsequently, the indicator has
been exposed to considerable critique. One facet of the debate concerning the measurement of fuel
poverty that remains unexplored is the effect of the change in indicator upon its distribution between
different locales. Using geospatial analyses we interrogate sub-regional fuel poverty estimates. Three
principle findings are discussed that enhance understanding of the geographic features of fuel poverty
as understood by the LIHC indicator compared to the 10% indicator. Firstly, the reduction in fuel poor
households has disproportionately affected areas with lower housing costs. Secondly, there is a higher
prevalence of fuel poverty in urban areas. Finally, the condition is more spatially heterogeneous with
fewer 'hot-spots' and 'cold-spots'. As a result, each indicator captures different notions of what it
means to be fuel poor, representing particular vulnerabilities, losses of wellbeing and potential
injustices. This has implications for targeting of limited alleviation resources and for alternative
national contexts where the LIHC indicator might be deployed.
ARTIFICIAL LIGHT-AT-NIGHT HELPS TO IDENTIFY SPATIAL CONCENTRATIONS OF QUATERNARY
INDUSTRIES IN EUROPE
Nataliya Rybnikova,
Boris Portnov, University of Haifa, Israel
Estimating regional patterns of quaternary industries (QI), the topmost knowledge-based sector of
national economies, may help to assess regional performance and formulate informed development
policies. However, QI data are sparsely reported. According to the accumulated empirical evidence,
artificial light-at-night (ALAN), captured by satellite sensors, helps to differentiate between economic
activities and may thus be used to restore missing information on QI geographic concentrations. The
present study analyzes whether information on QI concentrations in Europe can be restored, using
ALAN level, such industries emit. In our study we used Eurostat data on industrial concentrations in
NUTS3 regions, and combined them with year-2010 data on ALAN intensities, obtained from the U.S.
Defense Meteorological Satellite Program. Controlling for other potential predictors, such as GDPpc,
population density, and NUTS3 geographical attributes, we measured the strength of "ALAN –
economic activity" associations, using ordinary least squares (OLS) and spatial dependency (SD)
models. In all models, ALAN emerged as a statistically significant predictor of QI concentrations
(t>8.497; P<0.001), helping to explain, together with other predictors, up to 75% of QI regional
variation. Using the obtained models, and proceeding from data presently available for 44% of NUTS3
regions, we obtained estimates for QI concentrations for about 85% of European NUTS3 regions.
17
THE IMPACT OF FOOD QUALITY SCHEMES ON LOCAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN THE EU
Gosia Slusarczyk, Newcastle Business School, United Kingdom
Ignazio Cabras, Newcastle Business School, United Kingdom
Food quality schemes, introduced by the European Union under Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in
1992, have the objective to increase the value of agricultural products and to support rural
development. These comprise three indications: Protected Designation of Origin (PDO), Protected
Geographical Indication (PGI) and Traditional Speciality Guaranteed (TSG). The schemes enable
member states to register the names of regional and traditional products under these indications, so
that producers can improve their position on the market exploiting a competitive advantage based on
certified high quality and protection within the internal market.
Given the increased international competition faced by the EU market, the European Commission is
evaluating recent amendments of CAP in order to move towards simplification of future legislation.
This is to provide producers with more effective instruments to preserve competitiveness and further
secure their business. However, little research has been so far conducted in the field, particularly on
the impact of these schemes on local supply chains and their implications in terms of advantages and
disadvantages for producers and businesses.
The aim of this research study is then to evaluate the impact of food quality schemes on local
economies. The authors explore differences between pre-registration and post-registration period
among products, groups of producers and location at local authority levels, investigating attributes
such as profitability, sustainability, volume of production and sale, and employment. Data will be
collected by means of survey questionnaires and in-depth interviews with relevant stakeholders.
Outcomes generated by this study will provide evidence and recommendations for the future
research-based decision, will help to simplify legal framework, achieve a competitive economy based
on knowledge and innovation.
EMERGING ALTERNATIVES TO DEVELOPMENT – BETWEEN DEGROWTH AND BUEN VIVIR
Jakob Sparn, CEDEPLAR - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
It becomes increasingly obvious, that our conventional approaches towards (regional) development,
which we consider a continuing expansion of industrial (and post-industrial) capitalism, are flawed
and, in many cases today, actually decrease human well-being. Thus, this paper wants to contribute
to the emerging dialogue between two alternatives to the current development model – the idea of
degrowth and of Buen Vivir. Starting with a critique of the new development paradigms of “inclusive”
or “green growth”, the paper maps these two concepts in their respective contexts of Europe and
South America. Then the common denominators of this two alternative development approaches are
highlighted, focusing on their institutional requirements and their potential for a transition towards
more sustainability. These underlying principles, such as cooperation, conviviality and care, are then
used to analyze potential policies directed towards sustainable degrowth, specifically in the
dimensions of money, credit and finance.
18
BETWEEN ACTIVE CITIZENRY AND ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY: COMMUNITY WASTE MANAGEMENT
IN SOUTH AFRICAN CITIES
Kathleen Stokes, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
Over the last two decades, South Africa’s urban municipal services have undergone significant
processes of outsourcing in the pursuit of service improvement and cost recovery (for example,
Barchiesi, 2011; Miraftab, 2004; Millstein & Jordhus-Lier, 2012; Samson, 2010). Meanwhile, state
bodies have deployed community engagement campaigns and procurement schemes encouraging
low-income communities to participate in household waste management, recycling, and cleaning.
Justified by discourses of job creation, green development, and responsible citizenship, these
programmes promote community engagement with waste on the basis of active citizenry and promise
of local economic development. While seemingly distinct, community initiatives are part of waste
management’s broader infrastructural assemblage, informing relations that shape urban waste flows
and labour dynamics (Amin, 2014; Delanda, 2006; McFarlane, 2011).
This paper examines community waste initiatives in Cape Town and Johannesburg, and considers their
implications on local waste infrastructure, labour dynamics, and livelihoods. Following an analysis of
state documentation and semi-structured interviews with institutional representatives and local
participants, the paper compares public discourses underpinning community waste initiatives with
participants’ experiences. While considering the broader recurrence of such initiatives, particular
attention is given to the cases of WasteWise in Cape Town and Bontle ke Botho in Gauteng Province.
While promoting emancipation, improved livelihoods, and green growth, I suggest these initiatives
contribute to the reframing of waste labour as a condition of ‘good’ citizenship or opportunity to
leverage, rather than valuable labour performed on behalf of the municipality.
THE EVOLUTIONARY IMPACT OF FDI ON A LOCAL ECONOMY IN AN OLD INDUSTRIAL REGION
Dzulfian Syafrian, Durham University, United Kingdom
John Mawson, Durham University Business School, United Kingdom
Tony Chapman, St. Chad's College - Durham University, United Kingdom
The notion of “Japanisation” of British industry was very popular in the 1980s and 1990s due to the
massive invasion of Japanese FDI to the UK economy, especially to the old industrial regions like the
North East of England. This “Japanisation” notion argues that Japanese systems has greatly influenced
and transformed how British companies operate, the Japanese companies have transformed the
British companies in the old industrial regions to apply Post-Fordist production methods. However,
much of the literature about this notion was published in the early 1990s-the early stage of Japanese
FDI influx to the UK economy. Since then, many major changes have occurred in the global and
Japanese economy, namely the “industrial 4.0” or the digital revolution led by the Silicon Valley
technologies and also the long recession in Japan or known as the “the lost decade” since the early
1990s until now. Therefore, this study aims to revisit this notion by asking two key questions: First,
what is the (evolutionary) impact of Japanese FDI on the North East Economy? Second, how does
Japanese FDI affect how local companies operate in the North East? The initial findings show that:
First, there is an evolutionary change in the bilateral economic relationship between Japan and the
UK from a competitor (before the 1980s) to a key partner (post-1980s era); Secondly, the notion of
“Japanisation” of British industry was relevant in the 1980s, in particular after the arrival of Nissan at
Washington-Sunderland in 1984, yet it becomes much less relevant now especially after Japan
19
experienced the long recession and the significant change of world’s economy due to digital
technology.
MIGRATION AND HOUSING MARKETS - EVIDENCE FROM SWEDEN
Adam Tyrcha, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
Maria Abreu, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
Thies Lindenthal, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
International migration flows to Sweden have been significant over the past few decades, but the
nature of flows has changed over the years. Strong migration flows have occurred from a number of
different regions, with arrivals ranging from refugees from other continents, to labour migrants from
neighbouring countries. This paper examines the impact of different forms of international and
internal migration on housing markets in Sweden, looking primarily at impacts on house prices. The
data used ranges from 2000 to 2015, and comes from 284 different municipalities. The paper also
studies regional differences, resulting from differing municipal characteristics, in the impacts of
migration on house prices, as well as the impacts of different migrant groups on the housing market,
based on their country of origin.
The findings suggest migration is generally positively associated with house prices. However, the
results reveal stark regional differences in impacts on housing in different parts of the country. House
prices in major cities appear to benefit most from international migration while internal migration has
no effect, while smaller urban areas see greater house price increases from internal migration, with
international migration having no effect. In rural areas, the impacts of internal and international
migration are lower, but similar. Further, migrants with different backgrounds also have dissimilar
impacts on different housing market segments, with refugees having a larger impact than expected in
some cases. These findings are likely to have important implications for housing policy, and integration
policy more generally.
JOB POLARISATION AND PROGRESSION FROM LOW PAY: AN ANALYSIS OF OCCUPATIONAL
ADVANCEMENT IN BRITISH LOCAL LABOUR MARKETS
Sanne Velthuis, Coventry University, United Kingdom
Numerous studies have charted the relative decline of employment in moderately-paid routine
occupations, the result of technological advancement and/or trade, resulting in a polarisation of jobs
which has affected the UK alongside other developed countries. Importantly, the UK displays local
variations in the extent to which employment is polarised into low- and high-skilled jobs at the
expense of middle-skilled jobs (Jones & Green 2009; Lee et al. 2015), suggesting that this process has
affected some areas of the UK more strongly than others. Several authors have suggested that the
‘hollowing out’ of the labour market due to the decrease in intermediate, routine jobs may have
impacted on the ability of low-paid workers to advance up the occupational ladder (Social Mobility
Commission 2016; Holmes & Tholen 2013; Crawford et al. 2011; McIntosh 2013). But thus far no
attempt has been made to address this question empirically. My plan is to address this gap by
measuring variations in the degree of polarisation at the local level, and analysing the effect of these
variations on transitions from low-paid occupations to higher-paid occupations. I will present an
outline of the research problem, my proposed methodology for addressing this and (hopefully) some
early results.
20
THE ‘DUTY TO COOPERATE’ AND STRATEGIC SPATIAL PLANNING PRACTICE IN SHEFFIELD CITY
REGION
Kirsten Ward, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom
Planning authorities in England are required to work with their neighbouring authorities to prepare
local spatial plans that strategically align. The ‘Duty to Cooperate’, as defined in the National Planning
Policy Framework, provides a legislative basis upon which this cross-boundary collaborative planning
practice is directed and assessed. But what are the factors that influence an authority’s ability or
willingness to effectively engage with this ‘Duty to Cooperate’, and how do these factors shape
subsequent strategic spatial planning outcomes? Using a detailed study of Sheffield City Council, this
research aims to understand how changing governance arrangements, institutionalised practices and
territorial spatialities influence cross-boundary planning outcomes at the local and city region level.
Through multiple intensive research methods (including ethnographic observation, document analysis
and interviews) the research adopts a relational approach to conceptualise the socio-political and
socio-spatial interactions between actors involved in local plan-making processes, and their evolving
institutional and spatial contexts – a key consideration being the role of the wider Sheffield City
Region. This paper presents preliminary findings from the research which discuss the nature of the
relations between actors involved in cross-boundary planning practices, and how these relations are
simultaneously shaped by and influence the institutional and territorial spatial contexts within which
they are set. The findings offer insight into theoretical conceptualisations of strategic planning practice
at the local level and practical means of shaping a more formalised strategic planning function within
a city region context.
FUNDING THE PUBLIC GOOD IN URBAN REGENERATION
David Williams, University of the West of England, United Kingdom
Urban regeneration is the redevelopment of previously used land for a new purpose. Urban
regeneration projects occur in many countries and are designed to improve the local economy and
enhance the social provision within deprived areas. In the UK urban regeneration schemes have
predominantly been delivered by public-private partnerships, aimed at regenerating an area through
both public and private funding. The paper will explore the UK based case studies for the PARCOUR
project that is exploring the delivery of the public good in urban regeneration schemes in the UK, the
Netherlands and Brazil. This paper will provide a summary of the initial findings of where the money
comes from to deliver the public good in the three case studies of: Bristol Harbourside, Gloucester
Quays and Taunton Firepool in the South West of England.
The research is based on qualitative research gathered through interviews with the key actors
associated with the three case studies to identify what was built, who paid for it and how the wider
public benefited from the development.
The initial findings indicate that in all three case studies a significant level of national government,
governmental organisation and local authority funding was invested to ensure the sites were viable,
de-risked and accessible before they could be developed by the private sector. The paper will outline
what this meant for the public within each of the development towns and cities and whether the
public good was delivered through public money, private money or a combination of the two.
21
This paper forms part of the PARCOUR project is funded by the FAPESP-ESRC-NOW joint call
‘Sustainable Urban Development’.
BUILT ENVIRONMENT AS AN INTERCONNECTED SYSTEM – INTEGRATING URBAN AND BUILDING
MORPHOLOGY IN THE STUDY OF THE URBAN INTERFACE IN NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE
Agnieszka Wir-Konas, Northumbria University, United Kingdom
Kyung Wook Seo, Northumbria University, United Kingdom
In this paper we discuss the importance of treating the built environment as an interconnected
system, rather than a set of isolated elements by looking at the morphologies of the urban interface
between the dwelling and the street. The study of the form of the built environment can be, in a
simplified manner, divided between urban morphology and building morphology with both treated in
isolation in the majority of cases. We argue that when focusing wholly on the urban, or building, scale
without considering the relationships and interfaces between both morphologies, information which
might aid our understanding of the form of the built environment might be lost.
We present findings from a study on the morphology of the spatial interface between dwellings and
street segments, parts of the large scale street network, conducted in Gosforth, a district of Newcastle
upon Tyne. In particular, we focus on the instances where the structure of the urban element varied
because of extrinsic influences. To conclude, our cities are amalgamates of urban and building
morphologies which share interfaces and establish relationships between different elements. In order
to understand the spatial logic of the built environment we should not focus solely on analysing
elements in isolation, but rather treat them as interconnected with the capability to impact each
other.
EVALUATING SMARTNESS OF NUTS2 REGIONS VIA USING NATIONAL STATISTICS: CASE OF TURKEY
Burcu Yaşlak, ITU - School of Architecture, Turkey
“Smart city” has become a widely-used term for urban studies in relation with technological
improvements. In this technological environment, it is critical for cities to be smart for maintaining
growth and development. Cities have different characteristics and features, as a result they all have
different levels of smartness. This paper aims to analyse the potential of Turkish NUTS2 regions as
smart regions. While doing so a critical issue for Turkey is the need for trustworthy and reachable data.
As a limitation factor in data use, the official national statistics are used in this study. The main
questions of this paper are; (1)Can smartness of regions be measured with the help of an index?
(2)What types of indicators can be used in order to create an index for measuring smartness? (3)How
can national statistics measure the regional smartness?
The data and information used in this paper are derived from secondary data which is provided by
Turkish Statistical Institute. After data collection phase, data analysis is made with creating an index.
To do this, first the main indicators are decided. Secondly, these indicators are standardized with the
help of “Analytical Hierarchical Process “. In the last step, the results are applied to the national
statistics –normalizing them at the same time, and finally smartness of Turkish regions became
comparable with each other.
22
THE URBAN BLOCK: REDEFINING INFORMALITY IN CAIRO, EGYPT
Eman Zied, Northumbria University, United Kingdom
Alice Vialard, Northumbria University, United Kingdom
Ruth Conroy Dalton, Northumbria University, United Kingdom
“Just because it’s unplanned or illegal, doesn’t make it informal.”
This study focuses on the Greater Cairo region in Egypt, studying the label of ‘informality’ through the
lens of urban morphology and spatial structure. This paper will be a study of their urban form and how
they are connected with the rest of Cairo, showing that ‘informal’ areas are not necessarily so, and
they have form, function well as settlements and are heterogeneous, meaning that informality is not
an all-encompassing term.
This study is comprised of 4 case studies, presenting 4 types of growth
1. Informal Growth on agricultural land - Ard El Lewa
2. Informal Growth on desert land - Manshiyat Naser
3. A planned settlement – Nasr City
4. Historic District – Mit Uqba
The study will use urban block analysis, analysing their compactness and elongation in each case study
and comparing between them to determine their formality. Space syntax analysis will be used to
determine their connectivity and integration both locally and globally. These two analyses will indicate
what types of urban blocks perform better in terms of integration and settlement connectivity, and
enable comparison between planned and unplanned settlements to determine which functions best
as a settlement.
23
Index
A
Abd Hamid, 1
Abreu, 19
Agnew, 1
Alwis, 2
B Berbatovci, 2
C
Cabras, 17
Calder, 3
Carmichael, 3
Chapman, 18
Chlebna, 4
Conroy Dalton, 22
Convery, 4
Corodescu-Rosca, 7
D
Danko, 5
Dios Lema, 5
Dyba, 6
E
Erbas, 6
Eva, 7
Evans, 7
F
Feng, 8
G
Gloazzo, 8
H
Haghgoo, 9
Hattori, 15
Huggins, 10
I
Iatu, 7
J
Jones, 10
K
Kamakura, 10
Kubishiro, 11
L
Lanari, 11
Lešková, 12
Li, 12
Lindenthal, 19
M
Mawson, 18
McArdle, 13
Murakami, 13
Myshko, 14
N
Niraula, 15
O
Okumus, 14
P
Pereira Henriques, 9
Portnov, 16
Pun, 15
R
Rajic, 15
Robinson, 16
Rosu, 7
Rybnikova, 16
S
Šipikal, 12
Slusarczyk, 17
Sparn, 17
Stokes, 18
Syafrian, 18
T
Tyrcha, 19
V
Velthuis, 19
Vialard, 22
W
Ward, 20
Williams, 20
Wir-Konas, 21
Wook Seo, 21
Y
Yamaji, 15
Yaşlak, 21
Z
Zied, 22