rrba presentation 29nov07

8/14/2019 RRBA Presentation 29Nov07

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IEEE 802.22 Standard for Rural

Broadband State of Development

Grald Chou in ard Program Manager Tel.: (613) 998-2500

[email protected]/broadband


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Outline

1. Broadband Access in Canada

2. Best frequency range for rural access3. Regulatory steps towards use of the TV bands4. The IEEE 802.22 WG5. The WRAN system concept6. The IEEE 802.22 Draft Standard

a) PHYb) MACc) Cognitive radio capability

i. Coexistenceii. Geolocationiii. Sensing

7. Protection of broadcast incumbentsa) Protection of TV broadcastingb) Protection of wireless microphones (Part 74)

8. Possible research areas9. Conclusion

Rural andRemote

B roadbandAccess


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Outline







Rural andRemote

B roadbandAccess


4/137

Broadband Access Uneven

=> 63%=> 37%

20072004


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Telecom Policy Review Panel

Market Analysis of Broadband Service in Ruraland Remote Canada (An nex A o f the report)

by 2007: 89.3% population reached by broadband 26.8 millions Canadians served by land-based broadband 200,000 Canadians served over satellite (NSI) 3 millions unserved

by 2010: 95% population served economically 1.2 million additional served by Wi-MAX type technology

(assuming 5 years payback period)

300,000 more served by Ka-band satellite 1.5 million people could not be served economically

areas with fewer than 1200 people living within a 5 10kilometre radius from the broadband PoP generally werenot economic to serve (i.e., 4 to 15 people/km 2)


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b

Population density (per km 2)

R e l a t

i v e c o m p

l e x i

t y / c o s

t ( % )

S u b u r

b a n

U r b a n

D e n s e u r

b a n

R u r a l

S p a r s e l y p o p u l a t e d

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0.1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000

www.crc.ca

Household reach by technologies (last mile)

Optical fiber

Cable modem

ADSLWireless

Satellite

New wireless

0.4 M

0.8 M

1.2 M

1.6 M

2.0 M

0.0 M P o p u

l a t i o n p e r

d e n s

i t y

b i n ( M i l l i o n

)

Satellite TerrestrialWireless

ADSL, Cable, ISM and UNII Wireless and Optical Fiber


7/137

Outline







Rural andRemote

B roadbandAccess


8/137

Reducedrefraction

Doppler spread

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

.03 0.1 1 50.3 3Frequency (GHz)

R e l a t

i v e c o m p

l e x i t y / c o s t

( % )

Cosmicnoise

Industrialnoise

Ionosphericreflection

Rain fade

Foliageabsorption

%bandwidth

Outdoor/indoor attenuation

Groundwave reach

Filter selectivity

Antennaaperture

Phasenoise

NoiseFigure

Optimum frequency rangefor large area Non-Line-of-sight Broadband Access


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Optimum frequency rangefor large area Non-Line-of-sight Broadband Access

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Frequency (GHz)

R e l a t

i v e c o m p

l e x i

t y / c o s t

( % )

.03 0.1 1 50.3 30.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

20.20.15

TVCh. 7-13

R a d

i o n a v

i g a t

i o n

F i x e d

F i x e

d

F i x e

d

F i x e d s e c .

F i x e

d s e c . M

o b i l e

M o

b i l e

M o

b i l e

M o b

i l e

M o

b i l e

M o b

i l e

A e r o

M o b

i l e F i x e d s e c .

TVCh. 14-36

TVCh. 38-69

M e t e o F

i x e d

M o

b i l e

License-exempt bands


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(Test conducted with antenna at a height of 22.1 meters above the ground

in the rural sector of Carp)

Broadband IP-based communications below 1 GHzSpectrum Occupancy

Low UHF


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Outline







Rural andRemote

B roadbandAccess


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US Band Plan (Channels 52-69)

Commercial: 52 MHz to be auctioned, split into 4 blocks in a mix of geographic area sizes; Lower 700 MHzBlocks A, B, E; Upper 700 MHz Block C.

Public Safety/Private Partnership: 10 MHz commercial block to be auctioned and licensed on a nationwidebasis; Upper 700 MHz Block D.

Public Safety: 24 MHz (10 MHz Broadband, 12 MHz narrowband, 2x1 MHz internal guard bands)

Commercial blocks already auctioned

Auctioned in 2002-2003, 734 Licences

69

B*

Public Safety

Auctioned 6 Licences,MediaFLO (Mobile TV)

62 63 64 65 66 67

BB NB

68

D GB

B*

CommercialSpectrum

A* D BB NB

Public Safety

GB

Public Safety

B*

60 61

C C

52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59

A B C D E A B C

Public/Private Partnership1 License

176 Licenses

734 Licenses

12 LicensesOpen Access

Lower 700 MHz Upper 700 MHz


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U.S. Activity- Channels 2-51

403938 41 444342 45 484746 49 5150

432

54 MHz 72

614 668 698 MHz

5 6

76 88

Low power devices*

Low power devices*

37

87 9 1211 13

174 216

Low power devices*

10 1816 17 2019

470 512 MHz

1514Low power devices** in areas not used by PLMRS

or CMRS (licensed in 13 metropolitan areas)

608

3421 242322 25 282726 29 323130 33 3635

512

Low power devices*

608 MHz


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TV bands white space: Regulatory steps

Fixed Wireless Access technologies for rural areas Better propagation at lower frequencies (below 1 GHz) Opportunity for using vacant TV broadcast spectrum in scarcely

populated areas

USA

FCC NPRM on License-Exempt devices in VHF/UHF TVbands below 700 MHz in ET Docket 04-186 (May 2004)

First R&O and Further NPRM (Oct. 2006)

FCC-OET has carried out lab tests of DTV receivers

FCC-OET is still carrying out lab tests of DTV sensingdevices

Final R&O expected for 1Q 2008


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Canadian Approach to TV bands use

To be licensed as per RP-06 Focus licensing in Channels 25, 34, 35 and 43 initially

Help manufacturers keep costs down

Minimize broadcast coordination Other channels may be used on a case-by-case basis

Mobile services not permitted Coverage into urban centres not permitted RRBS are not allowed closer than 120 km from the US border Licensing and technical rules well advanced

Remote Rural Broadband Systems (RRBS) on channels 21-51


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Applications for Rural Broadband in Channels 2-59November 2006

Applications for RuralBroadband in Channels2-59, November 2006


17/137


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IEEE 802 Standards ProcessIEEE

802

802.11WLAN

802.15WPAN

802.16WMAN

802.11g54 Mbit/s

802.11b11 Mbit/s

802.15.1Bluetooth

802.15.3High rate

802.11n100 Mbit/s

802.16dFixed

802.16eMobile

802.20WMANMobile

802.22WRAN

802.22.1EnhancedPart 74

protection

802.22.2Recommended

Practice802.11jRelay

802.15.4Zigbee

Wi-Fi Wi-MAX

802.18Regulatory

Matters

SensingTiger Team

GeolocationTiger Team


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IEEE 802.22

RAN Regional AreaNetwork

IEEE Standards

30 km

54 - 862 MHz


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IEEE 802.22 Work Plan

Steps Deadline Formation of the 802.22 WG Jan 05

Functional Requirements definition &Call for proposals

Sept 05

Proposals / Contributions Nov 05 & Jan 06

Consolidation of proposals March 06Standard drafting process starts January 07

Working Group ballot / Commentsresolution process

March 08

IEEE Sponsor Ballot / Commentsresolution process

November 08

Standard approved and delivered toindustry

March 09


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Outline







Rural andRemote

B roadbandAccess


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Rural Broadband:- Cable-modem / ADSL- WiFi hot-spots in ISM bands

- Higher power, lower frequencybroadband access system

30 km23 km

16 km

MACLong round-trip

delays

QPSK

16-QAM64-QAM

PHYAdaptive

modulation

- Medium power wireless systems

5 km


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WRAN System Capacity and CoverageTypical WRAN service model

RF channel bandwidth 6 MHzTypical spectrum efficiency 2 bit/(s*Hz) (Max: 3.8 bit/(s*Hz) )Channel capacity 12 Mbit/sSubscriber capacity (forward) 1.5 Mbit/sSubscriber capacity (return) 384 kbit/sOver-subscription ratio 40:1Subscribers per forward channel 255

Minimum viable operation Minimum number of subscribers 90Initial penetration 5 %

Potential full penetration Potential number of subscribers 1,800Number of person per household 2.5Population per coverage area 4500

Type of operation Low power High power WRAN base station EIRP 4 Watts 100 WattsWRAN user terminal EIRP 163 mWatt 4 WattsCoverage radius 16.7 km 30.7 kmMinimum population density 5.1 person/km 2 1.5 person/km 2


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25/137

Characteristics of 802.22 WRAN:

30 km23 km

16 km

QPSK

16-QAM64-QAM

Max throughput per 6 MHz:DS: 7.8 Mbit/s (net: 3.89 Mbit/s)US: 768 kbit/s (net: 384 kbit/s)

Max throughput per 6 MHz:23 Mbit/s (net: 19.44 Mbit/s)

Minimum service availability:location= 50%time= 99.9%

Base station power: 100 WAntenna height: 75 m

User terminal (CPE) power: 4 Wantenna height: 10 m


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802.22 WRAN Deployment Scenario

TVTransmitter

WRANBase Station

WirelessMIC

WirelessMIC

WRANBase Station

: CPE

: WRAN B ase Stat ion

Typical ~31kmMax. 100km


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WRAN CPE(Customer Premise Equipment)

DTV WRAN


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WRAN CPE RF ArchitectureCommon RF path for WRAN operation and sensing

WRANsynchronization

demodulator decoder

Pre-selective

filter

L N A

X

LO

Channelfilter

Sensing schemes:- energy detector -pilot tone detector -correlated detector

- Part 74 micro detector -TG1 beacon detector

RFswitch

Selectableoutput filter H

P A WRAN encoding and

modulationX

Sensingantenna

WRAN operatingTX/RX antenna

Tuning for WRAN channel and sensing channel


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Pre-selective

filter

WRANsynchronization

demodulator decoder

Pre-selective

filter

L N A

L N A

X

X

LO

LO

Channelfilter

Channelfilter

Sensing schemes:- energy detector -pilot tone detector -correlated detector

- Part 74 micro detector -TG1 beacon detector

RFswitch

Selectableoutput filter H

P A WRAN encoding and

modulationX

Sensingantenna

WRAN operatingTX/RX antenna

Tuning for channel sensing

Tuning for WRAN channel

WRAN CPE RF ArchitectureSeparate RF path for WRAN operation and sensing


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Outline

1. Broadband Access in Canada2. Best frequency range for rural access3. Regulatory steps towards use of the TV bands4. The IEEE 802.22 WG5. The WRAN system concept6. The IEEE 802.22 Draft Standard





Rural andRemote

B roadbandAccess


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PHY (Baseband) Architecture for theOFDM/OFDMA WRAN standard

RandomizerEncoderPuncturer

&Interleaver

MapperSubcarrierAllocator

S/P

Preamble&

PilotInsertion

IFFTGuardInsertion

P/S

AWGN

Channel

De-randomizerDecoder

De-interleaver

&

Depuncturer

De-mapper

SubcarrierDeallocator P/S

ChannelEstimationFFT

GuardRemovalS/P

Synchronization

BinaryData

RecoveredData


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Parameters Specification Remark Frequency range 54~862 MHz

Bandwidth 6 and/or 7, and/or 8 MHz

Data rate 4.54 22.69 Mbit/sSpectral Efficiency 0.76 3.78 bit/(s*Hz)

Payload modulation QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM BPSK used for preambles, pilots and CDMA codes

Transmit EIRP Default 4W for CPEsCurrently 4 W for BS in theUSA, may vary in other regulatory domains.

Multiple Access OFDMAFFT Mode 2048Cyclic Prefix Modes , 1/8, 1/16, 1/32Duplex TDD

PHY: System Parameters


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PHY: System Parameters

6 MHz basedchannels

7 MHz basedchannels

8 MHz basedchannels

Inter-carrier spacing,F (Hz)

(6x10 6*8/7)/20483348.214

(7x10 6*8/7)/20483906. 25

(8x10 6*8/7)/20484464.286

FFT/IFFT period,T FFT ( s)=1/ F 298.666 = 256.000 = 224.000

TFFTTCP TSYM

Cyclic prefix modes: T CP /TFFT = 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, 1/32


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PHY: OFDM ParametersTV channel bandwidth (MHz) 6 7 8Total no. of sub-carriers,

NFFT 2048

No. of guard sub-carriers,NG (L, DC, R)

368 (184, 1, 183)

No. of used sub-carriers,NT = N D+ N P

1680

No. of data sub-carriers,ND

1440

No. of pilot sub-carriers, N P 240

Signal bandwidth (MHz) 5.625 6.566 7.504

Data Sub-carrier Pilot Subcarrier Guard/Null Subcarrier

2K FFT

6 MHz

DC


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PHY: OFDM ParametersPHY Mode dependent parameters. Note that the data rates are

derived based on 2K sub-carriers and a TCP to TFFT ratio of 1/16.

PHYMode

Modulation CodingRate

Datarate

(Mb/s)

SpectralEfficiency

(for 6 MHzbandwidth)

1 1 BPSK Uncoded 4.54 0.762 2 QPSK 1.51 0.253 QPSK 4.54 0.76

4 QPSK 2/3 6.05 1.015 QPSK 6.81 1.136 QPSK 5/6 7.56 1.267 16-QAM 9.08 1.518 16-QAM 2/3 12.10 2.029 16-QAM 13.61 2.27

10 16-QAM 5/6 15.13 2.52

11 64-QAM 13.61 2.2712 64-QAM 2/3 18.15 3.0313 64-QAM 20.42 3.4014 64-QAM 5/6 22.69 3.78

Note 1: Mode 1 is only used for CDMA opportunistic bursts Note 2: Mode 2 is only used for CBP burst transmission which uses QPSK, rate:

convolutional coding with repetition of 3


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F r e q u e n c y

b i n s

TTG RTG

Data carrier

Note:240 Bins = 60 DS sub-channels = DS Capacity, i.e. 4 Bins = 1 DS sub-channel240 Bins = 60 US sub-channels = US Capacity, i.e. 4 Bins = 1 US sub-channel

Pilot carrier

(US/DS capacity split for maximum downstream capacity)

FCH, DS-MAP, US-MAPFrame preamble

BinDS Subchannel

(= 4 Bins) BinUS Subchannel

(= 4 Bins)

Downstream Upstream

Frame(CP= 1/8)

Minimum BurstLength for US

PHY: OFDM frame structure


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PHY: OFDM frame structure

TTG

Data carrier

Pilot carrier

FCH, DS-MAP, US-MAP

Minimum Burst

Length for US

F r e q u e n c y

b i n s

RTG

(US/DS capacity split for maximum upstream capacity)Note:240 Bins = 60 DS sub-channels = DS Capacity, i.e. 4 Bins = 1 DS sub-channel240 Bins = 60 US sub-channels = US Capacity, i.e. 4 Bins = 1 US sub-channel

Downstream Upstream

Super-frame preambleFrame preambleSCH and super-frame payload

First frame of super-frame(CP= 1/8)

BinDS Subchannel

(= 4 Bins) BinUS Subchannel

(= 4 Bins)


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PHY: OFDM Parameters

WRAN frame parametersCyclicPrefix

Number of symbols per frame 1

Transmit-receiveturnaround gap 2 (TTG)

Receive-transmitturnaround gap 3 (RTG)

BW 6 MHz 7 MHz 8 MHz 6 MHz 7 MHz 8 MHz 6 MHz 7 MHz 8 MHz

1/426

3034

210 s 83.33 s

190 s 270 s

1/8

29

3338

210 s

46 s

286 s 214 s

1/16 3035

41210 s

270 s 270 s

32 s

1/3231

37

42

210 s 242 s

22 s

88 s Notes: 1. Includes the frame preamble and the FCH, DS/US-MAP and DCD/UCD symbols.

2. Set to absorb the propagation delay for up to a 30 km and a CPE turnaround time of 10s. For larger distances, scheduling at the BS will allow for absorption of longer

propagation delay.3. Portion of symbol left over to arrive at the 10 ms frame period.


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PHY: Preambles

CP ST 4ST 3ST 2ST 1

TSYM

Superframe preamble format using short training sequences

Frame preamble format using long training sequences

LT1 LT 2

TSYM

CP


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PHY: Preambles (generation and performance)

Binary frame preamble set with 114 sequences: Based on M-sequences Use of a single generator: x 10 + x 9 + x 7 + x 5 + x 4 + x 2 + 1 Simple shifts for each sequence.

PAPR range : 4.78 to 5.57 dB (WiMAX: 4.29-4.92 dB)

Frequency domain auto-correlation: 2.6 dB better than WiMAX over all lags 4.23 dB better than WiMAX over lags 0 to 200

Low maximum cross-correlation among proposed

sequences in both time and frequency domain. Time domain X-correlation: 3 dB better than WIMAX Frequency domain X-correlation: 6 dB better than WiMAX

over 0-11 lags


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PHY: Preambles (simulation results)


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Coexistence Beacon Protocol

CBP preamble format using a different short training sequence

ST 1 ST 5 ST 4 ST 3 ST 2

T SYM

CBP PreambleCBP data

(Symbol 1)CBP data

(Symbol 2, optional)

1 OFDM symbol(4 repetitions)

1 OFDM symbolData + Pilots

1 OFDM symbolData + Pilots

CBP packet format

1 3 4 5 6 7 82 9 10 11 12 13

Preamble:

Pilots:

Data:

...

...

...

0

Frequency Bin Number

Sub-carrier definition for CBP preamble and data symbols


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FEC => 1) Convolutional coding

D DDDDD

Output A

Output B

Data in

+

+

Rate: convolutional coder with generator polynomials 171o, 133o.The delay element represents a delay of 1 bit.

Code rate 2/3 5/6

Convolutional coderoutput

A1B1 A1B1A2B2 A1B1A2B2A3B3 A1B1A2B2A3B3A4B4A5B5

Puncturer output/bit-inserter input

A1B1 A1B1B2 A1B1B2A3 A1B1B2A3B4A5

Decoder input A1B1 A1B10B 2 A1B10B 2A30 A 1B10B 2A300B 4A50

Puncturing and bit-insertion for the different coding rates


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FEC => 2) CTC -optionalDuobinary Convolutional Turbo Coding

Puncturing patterns for turbo codes (1= keep, 0= puncture)

Code Rate Puncturing vector Y = [1 1 1 1 1 1]

2/3 Y = [1 0 1 0 1 0] Y = [1 0 0 1 0 0]

5/6 Y = [1 0 0 0 0]

-


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FEC => 4) SBTC -optionalShortened block turbo codes

Shortened BTC (SBTC) structure


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Compared FEC PerformanceBlock size = 384 bits, rate: 1/2, QPSK

Packet Error Rate - WRAN-B Channel

1E-05

1E-04

1E-03

1E-02

1E-01

1E+00

1 2 3 4 5 6 7SNR, dB

P a c

k e t

E r r o r

R a

t e

FT_ChB_CC_2b384FT_ChB_CTC_6b1728_802.16_CC_interleaver Moto_ChB_CC_2b384

Moto_ChB_LDPC_2b384

Moto_AWGN_LDPC_2b384

I2R_ChB_CC_2b384I2R_ChB_SBTC_2b384


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1E-05

1E-04

1E-03

1E-02

1E-01

1E+00

1 2 3 4 5 6 7SNR, dB

P a c

k e t

E r r o r

R a

t e

FT_ChB_CC_2b576FT_ChB_CTC_6b1728_802.16_CC_interleaver

FT_AWGN_CTC_2b576

Moto_ChB_CC_2b576

Moto_ChB_LDPC_2b576

Moto_AWGN_LDPC_2b576

Compared FEC PerformanceBlock size = 576 bits, rate: 1/2, QPSK


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1E-05

1E-04

1E-03

1E-02

1E-01

1E+00

15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25SNR, dB

P a c

k e t

E r r o r

R a

t e

FT_ChB_CC_6b1728FT_ChB_CTC_6b1728_802.16_CC_interleaver FT_ChB_CTC_6b1728_802.16_CTC_interleaver FT_AWGN_CTC_6b1728Moto_ChB_CC_6b1728Moto_ChB_LDPC_6b1728Moto_AWGN_LDPC_6b1728I2R_ChB_CC_6b1728I2R_ChB_SBTC_1728

Compared FEC PerformanceBlock size = 1728 bits, rate: 3/4, 64-QAM


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PHY: Bit and subcarrier interleaving

)t ( sn

+

IFFT

Bi n

ar yi n

t er l e

avi n

g

F E

C c o d i n g

S u b - c

ar r i er M

o d ul a

t i on

M ul t i p

a t h ch

ann

el

AWGN

P i l o

t i n

s er t i on

S/PT

c pI n

s

er t i on

km N FFT

W

( N 1 )m FFT N FFT

W

0m N FFT

W

m( 1 )

X

X

X

NFFT

X

Informationbinary Source

G u ar d

s u b - c

ar r i er s

D a t a s cr am

b i n

g

P un

c t ur i n

g

k

s u b - c

ar r i

er

I n t er l e

avi n

g

I n ( k )

Kd= a 1440

Kd= b 1624

( )

, ( ) j

p q I k (2),

( ) p q

I k

I I Ik I

, ( ) p q I k

Kb bits

permutation rulesselection

( j ) ( j ) p ,q p ,qk Max I ( k s ) I ( k )

Binary interleaving patternsFEC constraints encountered

Interleaving spreadingmaximization


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PHY: Subcarrier interleaving

Interleaving parameter sets and interleaving spreadingSize K p q j DL(s=1) DL(s=2) DL(s=3) DL(s=4)

Uplink: 1624 4 2 3 743 138 605 276

Downlink: 1440 40 2 2 559 322 237 644

IEEE 802.16e 92 82 127 207

DL 16QAM 1/2 - BER Error Rate - WRANB Channel

1E-06

1E-05

1E-04

1E-03

1E-02

1E-01

1E+00

8 9 10 11 12 13 14

SNR, dB

B i t E r r o r

R a

t e

DL_FT_fad_cc_4b576_PUSC

DL_FT_fad_cc_4b576_New_Interleaver

UL 16QAM 1/2 - BER Error Rate - WRANB Channel

1E-06

1E-05

1E-04

1E-03

1E-02

1E-01

1E+00

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

SNR, dB

B i t E r r o r

R a

t e

UL_FT_fad_cc_4b576_PUSC

UL_FT_fad_cc_4b576_1624


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PHY: Bit interleaving Interleaving parameter sets and interleaving spreading

CodedBlock

InterleaverParameters

Interleaver Spreading(informative)

K (bits) p q j L(s=1) L(s=2) L(s=3) L(s=4) L(s=6) L(s=8) 96 3 2 3 25 46 21 4 42 8

192 3 2 3 71 50 21 92 42 8288 3 2 3 121 46 75 92 138 104336 16 2 3 95 146 75 100 102 88384 6 2 3 179 26 153 52 78 104480 16 2 3 191 98 93 196 186 88576 36 2 1 217 142 75 284 150 8768 3 2 3 313 142 171 284 342 200

864 48 2 1 479 98 381 196 294 392960 6 2 3 589 358 231 716 306 88

1008 36 2 1 361 286 75 436 150 1361056 48 2 1 769 286 483 572 294 3921056 16 2 3 671 866 476 831 198 881152 36 2 1 359 434 75 75 150 5681248 3 2 2 409 4 30 21 388 42 4721440 40 2 2 559 322 237 644 210 2001536 6 2 3 589 358 231 716 462 104

1632 3 2 3 793 46 747 92 138 1841680 40 2 2 559 562 3 556 510 6801728 36 2 1 793 142 651 284 426 5681824 48 2 1 769 286 483 572 858 6801920 48 2 1 863 194 669 388 582 7762112 16 2 3 671 770 99 572 198 9682208 3 2 3 743 7 22 21 764 42 6802304 16 2 3 1055 194 861 388 582 776


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PHY: Bit and subcarrier interleaving

Use of common algorithm Use of the same interleaving algorithm with different

parameters for both bit and subcarrier interleaving Same bit interleaving can be used for the basic

convolutional coding and other optional FEC schemes

Can be implemented as algorithm for binaryinterleaving over various block lengths and astable lookup for DS and US subcarrier interleaving (fixed lengths: 1440 and1624)

Gains over the 802.16 interleavers range from1 3 dB


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Relative performance of the different portions of the802.22 WRAN signal in an AWGN channel

S I N R ( d B

)

- 2

0

2

4

6

Super-framepreamble

Binary4-repeat

Super-framecontrol header QPSK rate: 1/2

CC 4-repeat

Frame preambleBinary

2-repeat

Frame controlheader

QPSK rate: 1/2CC 2-repeat

DS/US-MAPand DCD/UCDQPSK rate:1/2

CC

PayloadQPSK rate: 1/2

CC

PayloadQPSK rate: 1/2

Advancedcoding

- 6

- 4

r a t e : 1

/ 4 2 - r e p e a

t

4 - r e p e a

t 2 - r e p e a t

r a t e : 1

/ 4 2 - r e p e a

t 3 8 4

5 7 6

O tli Rural and


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Outline






Rural andRemote

B roadbandAccess


56/137

MAC: Protocol Reference Model

Convergence Sub-Layer Bridge(e.g.,802.1d)

MLME

PLME

MAC

PHY

MLME-PLME SAPPHY SAP

MAC SAP

Higher Layers:IP,ATM,1394,etc.

SME

S ME -P L ME

S AP

S ME -ML ME

S AP

SpectrumManager(BS)

/SpectrumAutomaton(CPE)

Geo-Location

SSF

MAC_SAP: MAC Service Access PointPHY_SAP: PHY Service Access Point

SME-MLME_SAP: Station Management Entity -MAC Layer Management Entity Service Access Point

SME-PLME_SAP: Station Management Entity -PHY Layer Management Entity Service Access Point

MLME-PLME_SAP: MAC Layer Management Entity -PHY Layer Management Entity Service Access Point


57/137

f


58/137

MAC: OFDM frame structure

DS sub-frame T T G

R T G

US sub-frame(smallest US burst portion on a given subchannel= 7 symbols)

26 to 42 symbols corresponding to bandwidths from 6 MHz to 8 MHz and cyclic prefixes from 1/4 to 1/32

F r a m e

P r e a m

b l e

F C H

D S - M A P

B u r s

t 1 D

C D

B u r s

t 2

t i m e

b u

f f e r

t i m e

b u

f f e r

S e

l f - c o e x

i s t e n c e w

i n d o w

( 4 o r

5 s y m

b o

l s w

h e n s c

h e

d u

l e d )

Burst 1

6 0

s u

b c

h a n n e

l s

Burst 2

Burst 3

more than 7 OFDMA symbols

Burst

Burst n

Burst

B u r s

t m

Ranging/BW request/UCS notification

Burst

Burst

Bursts

B u r s

t s

frame n-1 frame n frame n+1... Time...

10 ms

U S - M A P

U S - M A P

U C D

Outline Rural and


59/137

Outline






Rural andRemote

B roadbandAccess


60/137

Coexistence among WRAN systems


61/137

Coexistence among WRAN systems

CBP

A d a p

t i v e o n

D e m a n

d

C h a n n e

l

C o n

t e n

t i o n

D y n a m

i c

R e s o u r c e

R e n

t i n g

/

O f f e r i n g

S p e c

t r u m

E t i q u e

t t e

I n t e r f e r e n c e -

f r e e

s c h e

d u

l i n g

Preamble SCH CBP MAC PDU

Coexistence Beacon Protocol (CBP) burst

Outline Rural and


62/137

Outline






Rural andRemote

B roadbandAccess


63/137

Geolocation of all CPEs

GPS -based (requested by broadcasters)

Terrestrial triangulation between BS and at

least two benchmark CPEs using the highaccuracy ranging built-in the 802.22 standard

Outline Rural and


64/137

Outline






Rural andRemote

B roadbandAccess


65/137

Broadcast Incumbent Sensing Energy (Power) Detection Sensing Technique

SNR Wall Power Wall

0 dB -18.2 dB -113.4 dBm

0.5 dB -6.4 dB -101.6 dBm

1.0 dB -3.3 dB -98.5 dBm

Impact of noise uncertainty

Noise Power Spectral Density:-174 + 11 = -163 dBm/Hz

Bandwidth = 6 MHz

M = number of samples


66/137

Energy (Power) Detection Sensing TechniqueRF sensing performance

0.1%

1.0%

10.0%

100.0%

-26 -24 -22 -20 -18 -16 -14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2SNR (dB)

P r o

b a b

i l i t y o

f m

i s d e t e c t i o n

( P m

d )

Energy - 1dB Pfa=10% 5 ms

Energy - 0.5dB Pfa=10% 5 ms

Energy - 0dB Pfa=10% 5ms

Threshold =-116 dBm


67/137

Broadcast Incumbent SensingMulti-resolution Sensing Technique (Gtech)

Performance of MRSS

N average 1 10 20 40 80 160

Sensing Time (msec) 0.1 1 2 4 8 16

PMD = 0.1 -3.19 -11.64 -14.00 -16.55 -19.67 -24.47Required SNR (dB) PMD = 0.01 -0.01 -8.98 -11.43 -13.83 -16.36 -19.88


68/137

Broadcast Incumbent Sensing Covariance-based Sensing Technique (I2R)

Required SNR for DTV signal detection (single channel)

Method 4ms 8ms 16ms 32msMME -11.6dB -13.2dB -15dB -16.9dBEME -10.5dB -12.1dB -14dB -15.8dB

Required SNR for wireless microphone signal detection

Method 4ms 10msMME -21.0dB -23.1dB

EME -16.4dB -18.4dB

Required SNR for DTV signal detection (three consecutive channels)

Method 4ms 16msMME -17.5dB -20.9dBEME -15.6dB -19.1dB

MME: Maximum-minimum

eigenvalue detectionEME: Energy with minimumeigenvalue detection

Compute thesample covariancematrix using thecollected samples

Decision: if themaximum eign>r*minimum eign,signal exists;Otherwise, signalnot exists.

Computethe

threshold r

Compute themaximum eigenvalueand minimumeigenvalue of thecovariance matrix

Collectsignalsamples

Decision: if theenergy>r*minimum eign,signal exists;Otherwise, signalnot exists.

MME

EME

B d t I b t S i


69/137

Broadcast Incumbent SensingSpectrum Correlation Sensing Technique

(Huawei)Sense

antenna

LNAcos2 f p t where f p : left edge freq. of the channel

LPF ADC FFT detector

Sensing receiver structure

Sensing time, number of

components for calculation

Required SNR(dB),

Prob. of detection of 0.9

Required SNR(dB),

Prob. of detectionof 0.99

1/3 ms, 50 components - 7 - 3.52 ms, 100 components - 12 - 8

10 ms, 200 components - 29 - 15.5

Required SNRs vs Sensing Time/Number of components for correlation calculation

B d t I b t S i


70/137

Broadcast Incumbent Sensing ATSC PLL-based Pilot Sensing Technique

(Philips)

FTB1

ADC

FTB2

SENSOR

TV

TUNER

f

f pilot

ABS


71/137

Broadcast Incumbent Sensing ATSC FFT-based Pilot Sensing Technique

(Philips)

1 ms sensing window will allow a32-point FFT while a 5 mswindow will allow a 256-point FFT

0

x(t)

0

y(t)

53.8 kHz-53.8 kHz

21.52 MHz-21.52 MHz

Required SNR for DTV signal detection (Average over 12 signals)Method 5 ms (N = 1) 10 ms (N = 2) 30 ms (N = 6) 50 ms (N = 10)

Pilot-Energy -18 dB -20.5 dB -23.5 dB -24.5 dBPilot-Location (NT = 2) - -18.5 dB -22.0 dB -24.0 dB

FFT applied around the pilot carrier

Broadcast Inc mbent Sensing


72/137

Broadcast Incumbent SensingSegment synch autocorrelation Sensing Technique

(Thomson)

y[n]

832 2Sample Delay

Conjugate

8-SampleSliding Window

Addition

Compare withthreshold

Accumulator Select Maximum

over 832 2Sampling Instances

ComputeMagnitude

832 2Sample Delay

Required SNR for the Segment-Sync based detector.=0dB =0.5dB =1dB Sensing Time

Required SNR (dB)4.06 ms -7 -6.5 -69.25 ms -8 -7.5 -792.5 ms -13 -12.5 -12


73/137

Sensing techniques performance comparisonRF sensing performance

0.1%

1.0%

10.0%

100.0%

-26 -24 -22 -20 -18 -16 -14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2SNR (dB)

P r o

b a b

i l i t y o

f m

i s d e t e c t

i o n

( P m

d )




I2R Pfa=0.1% 4ms

I2R Pfa= 1% 4msI2R Pfa=10% 4 ms


74/137

Sensing techniques performance comparison

RF sensing performance

0.1%

1.0%

10.0%

100.0%

-26 -24 -22 -20 -18 -16 -14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2SNR (dB)

P r o

b a b

i l i t y o

f m

i s d e t e c t

i o n

( P m

d )




Thomson-Segment Pfa=10% 4 ms

I2R Pfa=0.1% 4ms

I2R Pfa= 1% 4ms

I2R Pfa=10% 4 ms

Qualcomm Field Pfa=10% 24 msQualcom Field Pfa=1% 24 ms

Thomson Field Pfa=10% 24 ms

Thomson Field Pfa=1% 24ms

I2R EME Pfa=2.9% 18.6 ms

I2R MME Pfa=7.7% 18.6 ms


75/137


76/137

0%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

-26 -22 -18 -14 -10 -6 -2 2 6 10 14SNR (dB)

L o g - n o r m a

l P D F

Log-normal PDF

Sensing technique performance(Thomson DTV segment detector)

Sensor RF sensing performa nce

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

-26 -22 -18 -14 -10 -6 -2SNR (dB)

P r o

b a b

i l i t y o

f m

i s d e t e c

t i o n

( P m

d ) Sampling= 4.06 ms

Pfa= 10 %

= 8.9 dB = 7.08 dB

DTV signal levelat edge of contour


77/137


0%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

-26 -22 -18 -14 -10 -6 -2 2 6 10 14SNR (dB)

L o g - n o r m a

l P D F

Log-normal PDF

10 * (Pmd * PDF)


0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

-26 -22 -18 -14 -10 -6 -2SNR (dB)

P r o

b a b

i l i t y o

f m

i s d e t e c

t i o n

( P m


Pfa= 10 %



78/137


0%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

-26 -22 -18 -14 -10 -6 -2 2 6 10 14SNR (dB)

L o g - n o r m a

l P D F

Log-normal PDF

10 * (Pmd * PDF)


0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

-26 -22 -18 -14 -10 -6 -2SNR (dB)

P r o

b a b

i l i t y o

f m

i s d e t e c

t i o n

( P m


Pfa= 10 %

P detection = 99.482%



79/137

0%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

-26 -22 -18 -14 -10 -6 -2 2 6 10 14SNR (dB)

L o g - n o r m a l

P D F

Log-normal PDF

10 * (Pmd * PDF)

Sensing technique performance(I2R covariance absolute value detector)

Sampling= 4 msPfa= 1 %


Sensor RF sensing pe rformance

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

-26 -22 -18 -14 -10 -6 -2SNR (dB)

P r o

b a b

i l i t y o

f m

i s d e t e c

t i o n

( P m

d )



80/137

Sensing techniques performance comparisonRF sensing performance

0.1%

1.0%

10.0%

100.0%

-26 -24 -22 -20 -18 -16 -14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2SNR (dB)

P r o

b a b

i l i t y o

f m

i s d e t e c t

i o n

( P m

d )




Note: at -116 dBmPd= 99.9986%

Pd=98.535%

Pd=95.953%


81/137

RF sensing performance

0.1%

1.0%

10.0%

100.0%

-26 -24 -22 -20 -18 -16 -14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2SNR (dB)

P r o

b a b

i l i t y o

f m

i s d e t e c t

i o n

( P m

d )




Thomson-Segment Pfa=10% 4 ms

I2R Covariance Pfa=1% 4 ms

Sensing techniques performance comparison

Pd=98.535%

Pd=95.953%

Pd=99.482%

Pd=99.843%

Co-channel sensing of DTV


82/137

incumbent

DTVTX

135 km

DTV protectednoise-limited contour

41 dB(uV/m) F(50, 90)

Required DTV sensingthreshold= -116 dBm to

compensate for blockage

SensingCPE

Equivalent to 17 dB(uV/m) for0 dBi omni sensing antenna

Sensing threshold= 24 dB belowprotected field strength level

Sensing threshold:S/N = -21 dB

at sensing detector

Probability of signal exceeding17 dB(uV/m) = 99.9986%

F(50,1)460 km

F(50,10)380 km

F(10,10)457 km

F(10,1)544 km

F(1,1)612 km


83/137

Collaborative sensing

P L F A : Probability of a local false alarm at a CPE

P LM D : Probability of a local misdetection at a CPEP GF A : Probability of a global false alarm at the BS

P GM D : Probability of global misdetection at the BSL : number of statistically independent CPEs

Any local false alarm causes a global false alarm

Any local detection causes a global detection (OR)

LGFA LFA P P

/1)1(1

L LMDGMD P P


84/137

Impact of multiple sensors on log-normal curve

Composite log-normal for multiple sensors

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

16%

18%

-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30SNR (dB)

P r o

b a b i l i t y

1 sensor 2 sensors3 sensors4 sensors6 sensors10 sensors16 sensors30 sensors


85/137

0%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

-26 -22 -18 -14 -10 -6 -2 2 6 10 14SNR (dB)

L o g - n o r m a l

P D F

Log-normal PDF

10 * (Pmd * PDF)

Sensing technique performance(I2R covariance absolute value detector)

Sampling= 4 msPfa= 1 %


Sensor RF sensing pe rformance

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

-26 -22 -18 -14 -10 -6 -2SNR (dB)

P r o

b a b

i l i t y o

f m

i s d e t e c

t i o n

( P m

d )


86/137

Collaborative sensingSpecial considerations

With simple OR gating of sensor reports, the P fa willtend to increase rapidly with the number of sensors

Pfa for individual sensors can be controlled by asking for

repeated sensing times before reporting (each sensingwindow is independent statistically since it works againstthermal noise)

Data fusion at the base station should be based onmajority vote (e.g., 2 out of 6 sensors) from a small

number of well selected statistically independent CPEs(e.g., 6 sensors in the same topographic area located atmore than 500 m) to provide a high level of probabilityof detection while keeping P fa low.

Outline Rural andR t


87/137






RemoteB roadband

Access

Co-channel keep-out distancebetween DTV and 32.9 dB(uV/m)


88/137

between DTV and802.22 WRAN

DTV TX

100 WWRAN

BaseStation

31.33 km

3.11 km

30.76 km135 km

CPEkeep-outdistance

WRANbase station

keep-outdistance

166.4 km

32.9 dB(uV/m)

41 dB(uV/m)

40.2 dB(uV/m)

138.2 km

AssumingDTV into DTVco-channel

protection ratio

DTV station

Keep-out distancebetween DTV and

DTV signal: 30dB above noise

level F(50,1)


89/137

between DTV and802.22 WRAN:

30 km23 km

15 km

QPSK

16-QAM64-QAM

Max throughput per 6 MHz:4.2 Mbit/s downstream

384 kbit/s upstream

Max throughput per 6 MHz:23 Mbit/s

Minimum service availability:location= 50%time= 99.9%

Base station power: 100 WAntenna height: 75 m

User terminal (CPE) power: 4 Wantenna height: 10 m

CPE keep-out distance:Co-channel: 3.1 km

Adjacent channel: 130 m

BS keep-out distance:Co-channel: 31 km

Adjacent channel: 1 km

( , )

DTV signal: 15dB above noise

level F(50,1)

Alternate channels interference case when


90/137


91/137

WRAN TX antenna and TV RX antenna coupling

10 m

Winegard PR 4400 Channel Master 3018

Improvementthrough polarization

discrimination

TV: horizontalWRAN: Vertical


92/137

WRAN TX antenna and TV RX antenna coupling


93/137

Antenna co-polar and cross-polar maximum coupling for 4 W EIRP

-50

-45

-40

-35

-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180Azimuth (deg.)

R e s u

l t i n g p o w e r a

t i n p u

t o f T V r e c e i v e r

( d B m

)

Co-473

Co-617

Co-695

X-473

X-617

X-695

WRAN TX antenna and TV RX antenna coupling (W4400=>CM4248)

-8 dBm RX saturation

DTV Receiver RF front-end Performance


94/137

Allowable WRAN transmit power in the UHF TV band


95/137

Because of the limited performance of the DTV receiver RF front-end, theWhite Space available to WRAN is reduced (Assuming 14 dB antenna discrimination).

(Linear extrapolation of the ATSC A- 74 D/U values from the weak desired signal level)

M a x

i m u m a l

l o w e d

C P E E I R P ( d B W )

24 km

15 km

8.6 km

4.6 km

UHF TV channels

-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50

DTV RXSaturation- 8 dBm

Max. EIRP4 Watts31 km

WRAN CPE EIRP Profilet t t NTSC i


96/137

to protect NTSC receiversEIRP Profile

-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20Channel Spacing

C P E E I R P ( d B W )

Allow ed EIRP

Allow ed EIRP up to max.permitted

Situation is more difficult with NTSC

Example of a CPE surrounded


97/137

by DTV stations

Ch 26

Ch 44

Ch 34

Ch 16

CPE

BS


98/137

DTV incumbent environment

Channels on wich TV transmittersexist within interference distance

16 26 34 44

TX Latitude (deg.) 44.2 44.2 45.7 47.1

TX Longitude (deg.) -78.1 -82.2 -80.4 -82.1

TX ERP (dBW)60 50 55 60

TX Antenna height (m) 300 275 250 280

Distance to closest DTV TX 210 km 140 km 10 km 132 kmField strength level producedat device

30dBuV/m

40dBuV/m

137dBuV/m

45dBuV/m

Inside protected contour? No No Yes YesDistance to contour if outside 15 km 1 km --- ---

Maximum CPE EIRP in various UHF channels


99/137

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50

UHF TV channels

M a x

i m u m a l

l o w e d

C P E E I R P ( d B m

)Max. EIRP4 Watts31 km

DTV RXSaturation- 8 dBm

24 km

15 km

8.6 km

4.6 km

Maximum CPE EIRP in various UHF channels4 watt EIRP limit and co-channel consideration


100/137



101/137

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50

UHF TV channels

M a x

i m u m a l

l o w e d



DTV RXSaturation

- 8 dBm

24 km

15 km

8.6 km

4.6 km

Co-channel, taboo and 3rd intermod consideration

3rd order intermodfrom Ch 34 into Ch 44



102/137

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50

UHF TV channels

M a x

i m u m a l

l o w e d



DTV RXSaturation

- 8 dBm

24 km

15 km

8.6 km

4.6 km

Co-channel, taboo, 3rd intermod and direct pickup

Protection of cable-readyconsumer electronic equipment

(Direct pickup interference)

Maximum EIRP for personal/portable


103/137

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50

UHF TV channels

M a x

i m u m a l

l o w e d


)

DTV RXSaturation

- 8 dBm

p pCo-channel and taboo channels consideration

1st adjacent channelinside contour

1st adjacent channeloutside contour

(No CPE antenna backlobe and po lar izat ion discr im inat ion and sh orter reference dis tance: 3 m instead of 10 m)


104/137

Maximum EIRP for personal/portable


105/137

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50

UHF TV channels

M a x

i m u m a l

l o w e d


)

DTV RXSaturation

- 8 dBm

p pCo-channel, taboo, 3rd intermod and direct pickup

Protection of cable-readyconsumer electronic equipment

(Direct pickup interference)

(No CPE antenna backlobe and po lar izat ion discr im inat ion and sh orter reference dis tance: 3 m instead of 10 m)

Outline Rural andRemote


106/137

1. Extent of Broadband Accessin Canada

2. Best frequency range for rural areas3. Regulatory steps towards use of the TV bands4. The WRAN system concept

5. The IEEE 802.22 WG6. DTV interference considerations7. Protection of Part 74 wireless microphones8. Possible research areas9. Conclusion

RemoteB roadband

Access

Out-of-Band emission limit for WRAN devices


107/137

F i e l

d S t r e n g t h a t

3 m

i n 1 2 0 k H z

( d B u V

/ m )

UHF TV channels

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50

4 Watts

To limit DTV receiver desensitization to 1 dB at the noise -limited contour (41 dB uV/m),the Out-of-Band (OOB) field strength generated at 3 m in a 120 kHz bandwidth has to bekept below 13.4 dB(uV/m), that is 4.8 uV/m, 32.6 dB lower than the Part 15.209a limit.

Part 15.209a

1 0 1 d B

46

13.4 4.8uV/m

200uV/m

Out-of-Band emission limit for WRAN devices


108/137

F i e l

d S t r e n g t h a t

3 m

i n 1 2 0 k H z

( d B u V

/ m )

UHF TV channels

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50

4 Watts

If 14 dB polarization discrimination can be relied upon because of vertically polarizedWRAN operation, the OOB emission level can be raised at 27.4 dB(uV/m), 18.6 dB lower than Part 15.209a limit. This corresponds to 87 dB rejection for a 4 Watt EIRP transmitter.

Part 15.209a

1 0 1 d B

46

8 7 d B

27.4

13.4 4.8uV/m

200uV/m

1 8 . 6 d

B

802.22 RF Mask


109/137

CPE RF Emission Masks

-110

-100

-90

-80

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

-2.5 -1.5 -0.5 0.5 1.5 2.5Channel Spacing

L e v e

l r e l a t

i v e

t o i n - b a n

d p o w e r

d e n s

i t y ( d B )

802.22 Relaxed

802.22 Relaxed Ext.

802.22802.22 Micro

802.22 Ext.

Part 15.209a

Center line

1 dB DTV RXdesensitization

4 Watt EIRP

14 dB relaxation becauseof CPE TX antenna back lobe rejection and main

lobe X-pol discrimination

Rejection if microphones

in 1st adjacent channel

802.22 RF Mask


110/137


-110

-100

-90

-80

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

-2.5 -1.5 -0.5 0.5 1.5 2.5Channel Spacing

L e v e

l r e l a t

i v e

t o i n - b a n

d p o w e r

d e n s

i t y ( d B )

802.22

802.22 Micro

802.22 Ext.

CDN Mask

CDN Relaxed Mask

FCC Mask

Part 15.209a

Center line


4 Watt EIRP



802.22 RF Mask


111/137


-110

-100

-90

-80

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

-2.5 -1.5 -0.5 0.5 1.5 2.5Channel Spacing

L e v e

l r e l a t

i v e

t o i n - b a n

d p o w e r

d e n s

i t y ( d B )

802.22

802.22 Micro

802.22 Ext.

CDN MaskCDN Relaxed Mask

802.16

FCC Mask

Part 15.209a

Center line


4 Watt EIRP



Equivalent Personal/Portable RF Mask


112/137

Personal/Portable RF Emission Masks

-110

-100

-90

-80

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

-2.5 -1.5 -0.5 0.5 1.5 2.5Channel Spacing

L e v e

l r e l a t

i v e

t o i n - b a n

d p o w e r

d e n s

i t y ( d B )

Portable

Portable Micro

Portable Ext.802.16

FCC Mask

Part 15.209a

Center line


0.1 Watt EIRP

Rejection if microphonesin 1st adjacent channel



113/137

1. Broadband Access in Canada2. Best frequency range for rural access

3. Regulatory steps towards use of the TV bands4. The IEEE 802.22 WG5. The WRAN system concept6. The IEEE 802.22 Draft Standard





B roadbandAccess

Part 74 wireless microphone protection


114/137

p p Large variability of the microphone signal power will not offer a

reliable signal to be monitored

A signal beacon is being developed and standardized by802.22.1 Task Group

Protection of wireless microphones is 12.7 dB less stringent thanthe interference level for the 1 dB DTV receiver desensitization(32.7 uV/m based on -95 dBm and 20 dB PR)

Sensing repetition time: Sensing of operational channel: within 2 seconds Sensing of backup channels: within 6 seconds

Channel availability check time: a candidate channel needs tohave been available for 30 s before becoming a backup channel

If presence of incumbent is detected by BS or CPEs andconfirmed by the BS, the entire cell moves to the first backupchannel if microphone operation is sufficiently close to the BS,or the CPEs within given radius of the microphone operation aredissallowed from the network (TG1 beacon carries Lat. & Long.)

T k G 1 B D i


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Task Group 1 Beacon Design

TG1 MAC P t l D t U it (MPDU)


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TG1 MAC Protocol Data Unit (MPDU)

TG1 Sync Performance illustration


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TG1 Sync Performance illustration

WRAN coverage and co-channeloperation with wireless microphones


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operation with wireless microphones

Minimum WRAN fieldstrength: 28.8 dB(uV/m)

32.7 + att_1.5m/10m dB(uV/m)

Area where, if

wireless microphonesare present, the BScannot operate on the

same TV channel

Area where, if wirelessmicrophones are present,the nearby CPEs need to

either change frequency orreduce their transmit power

Edge of coverage of theWRAN BS (e.g., 17 km for 4 W

EIRP, 31 km for 100 W EIRP)

Area where CPEsneed to change

frequency

Area where CPEs needto reduce their transmitpower as a function of

their distance to thewireless microphoneoperation

Wireless microphoneoperation

R1

R2

F (50, 99.9)

F( 50, 10)

802.22 RF Mask


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-110

-100

-90

-80

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

-2.5 -1.5 -0.5 0.5 1.5 2.5Channel Spacing

L e v e l r e

l a t i v e

t o i n - b a n

d p o w e r

d e n s i

t y ( d B )

802.22

802.22 Micro

802.22 Ext.

CDN MaskCDN Relaxed Mask

802.16

FCC Mask

Part 15.209a

Center line


4 Watt EIRP



33 dB

WRAN coverage and adjacent-channeloperation with wireless microphones


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operation with wireless microphones

28.8dB(uV/m)

32.7 + 33 + att _1.5m/10m

dB(uV/m)

Area where, if wireless microphonesare detected, the BS

cannot operate on theadjacent TV channel

Area where, if wirelessmicrophones are detected,the nearby CPEs need to

either change frequency orreduce their transmit power

Edge of coverage edge of theWRAN BS (e.g., 17 km for 4 W

EIRP, 31 km for 100 W EIRP)

Area where CPEs needto reduce their transmitpower as a function of

their distance to thewireless microphoneoperation or change

frequency

Wireless microphoneoperation

Assuming33 dB as for

the FCCMask

R4

R3


B db d


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1. Broadband Access in Canada2. Best frequency range for rural access

3. Regulatory steps towards use of the TV bands4. The IEEE 802.22 WG5. The WRAN system concept6. The IEEE 802.22 Draft Standard





B roadbandAccess

Possible research areas


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1. Antenna and RF front-end:a. Antenna

i. design of a combo including the TX/RX WRAN antenna,sensing omni-directional antenna and possibly a GPSantenna

ii. characterization of their performance (gain, directivity andimpedance) over the UHF spectrum (Ch14 to Ch 51)

(eventually also for the low-VHF and high-VHF bands)b. RF low-noise amplifier:

i. sensitivity (noise performance),ii. amplitude and phase variation over the UHF range,iii. non-linearity performance (IP3 intercept point, see FCC-

OET report FCC/OET 07-TR-1003 on DTV receivers)c. HPA performance and antenna load adaptationd. Outdoor/indoor interface and lightning arrestor

1.a UHF Antennas


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0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

1 4 1 8 2 2 2 6 3 0 3 4 3 8 4 2 4 6 5 0 5 4 5 8 6 2 6 6 7 0

TV channels

A n

t e n n a g a i n

( d B i )

CM-4248PR-4400

-400

-300

-200

-100

0

100

200

300

400

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Real impedance (ohms )

I m a g

i n a r y

i m p e d e n c e

( o h m s )

CM-4248

PR 4400

70

68

14

70

14

16

16

Channel Master 4248

Winegard PR-4400

Possible research areas (contd)


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2. WRAN PHY parameters verificationa. simulation of OFDM parameters and proposed

modulation schemes with WRAN channel modelsb. Simulation of the proposed preamble bursts and

their performancec. FEC schemes performance with different

modulation levels and block sizesd. performance of proposed interleaving with

various FEC codese. performance of proposed geolocation carrier sets

and accuracy in noise and multipath conditions


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2.a WRAN PHY parameters verification

PHY Mode dependent parameters. Data rates derived basedon 2K sub-carriers and a T CP to T FFT ratio of 1/16

PHYMode Modulation CodingRate SpreadingFactor

Datarate

(Mb/s)

Spectral Efficiency(for 6 MHzbandwidth)

NormalizedSNR

0 1 QPSK 4 1.13 0.191 2 BPSK Uncoded 1 4.54 0.76 3 2 3 QPSK 3 1.51 0.254 QPSK 1 4.54 0.76 6 5 QPSK 2/3 1 6.05 1.01 7.5 7 QPSK 1 6.81 1.13 9 8 QPSK 5/6 1 7.56 1.269 16-QAM 1 9.08 1.51 12

10 16-QAM 2/3 1 12.10 2.02 14.5 11 16-QAM 1 13.61 2.27 15 12 16-QAM 5/6 1 15.13 2.52 17.5 13 64-QAM 1 13.61 2.27 18 14 64-QAM 2/3 1 18.15 3.03 20 15 64-QAM 1 20.42 3.40 21 16 64-QAM 5/6 1 22.69 3.78 23

Note 1: Mode 0 is only used for SCHNote 2: Mode 1 is only used for CDMA opportunistic burstsNote3: Mode 2 is only used for CBP burst transmission



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2.b WRAN PHY parameters verification

Verification of the PAPR of the proposed sequences Verification of frequency autocorrelation and cross-correlation for various lags

Verification of time cross-correlation for various lags

CP ST 4ST 3ST 2ST 1

TSYM

Superframe preamble Frame preamble

LT1 LT 2

TSYM

CP CP ST 4ST 3ST2ST 1

TSYM

CBP preamble



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2.c FEC codecs:Performance comparison and block size adaptability

1. Convolutional encoding and Viterbi soft decoding2. Duo-binary convolutional turbo coding3. Low density parity check codes (LDPC)

4. Shortened block turbo codes (SBTC)

Possible research areas (contd) d d b l


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2.d Bit and subcarrier interleavingStudy the proposed interleaving scheme

)t ( sn

+

IFFT

Bi n

ar yi n

t er l e avi n

g

F E

C

c o d i n

g

S u b - c

ar r i er M

o d ul a

t i on

M ul t i p

a t h ch

ann

el

AWGN

P i l o

t i n

s er t i on

S/PT

c

pI n s er t i on

km N FFT

W

( N 1 )m FFT N FFT

W

0m N FFT

W

m( 1)

X

X

X

NFFT

X

InformationbinarySource

G u ar d

s u

b - c ar r i er s

D a t a s cr am

b i n

g

P un

c t ur i n

gk

s u b - c

ar r i er

I n t er l e

avi n

gI n

( k )

Kd= a 1440Kd= b 1624

( )

, ( )

j

p q I k (2), ( ) p q I k

I I Ik I

, ( ) p q I k

Kb bits

permutation rulesselection

( j ) ( j ) p,q p,q

k Max I ( k s ) I ( k )

Binary interleaving patternsFEC constraints encountered

Interleaving spreadingmaximization

Possible research areas (contd) l


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2.e Geolocation:

Study of the use of the phase of a set of carriers spread over the 6 MHz channel toevaluate the distance between a user terminal and the base station as well as

between user terminals with a few metresaccuracy to carry out triangulationcalculations to geo-locate the user terminals.


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Possible research areas (contd) 5 C i t h i


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5. Co-existence mechanism:a. Simulate Coexistence Beacon Protocol (CBP)

burst scheme and collision impact and probabilityfor local CPE to CPE communications to definecoexistence patterns among multiple overlappingWRAN cells sharing the same channel

b. Simulate CBP burst scheme and collisionprobability for large-area WRAN cell coordinationwith CBP burst transmitted by BS to definecoexistence patterns among multiple overlappingWRAN cells sharing the same channel

c. CBP burst coordination between adjacentchannel cells to avoid adjacent channelinterference

Possible research areas (contd) 6 Spectr m Manager


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6. Spectrum Manager Study the feasibility of maintaining an up-to-date local

database of possible interference for channels potentiallycreating interference to TV reception considering the "EIRPprofile" (or TV taboo channels) and 3rd order intermodulation caused by RF front-end non-linear distortion in TV receivers

Study the feasibility of maintaining an up-to-date localdatabase of potential interference to wireless microphones

Study the data fusion and centralized control at the basestation, augmented by geo-location data and incumbentdatabase

Study the mechanism for appropriate change in frequency(e.g., Dynamic Frequency Selection, DFS), (channelvacation time: 2 s).

Conclusions


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The 802.22 WRAN is a standard in the making: theprocess can be influenced

A number of research studies would be useful tooptimize the standard

About one year is left in refining the standard Main areas of research are:

Antenna and RF front-end PHY modulation, interleaving and FEC OFDM and OFDMA structure Geolocation as part of the system capabilities Sensing techniques and collaborative sensing Spectrum manager for optimum protection of incumbents Coexistence mechanism such as the coexistence beacon

protocol


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www.crc.ca/broadband


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Please visit:

www.crc.ca


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rrba presentation 29nov07

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