rrb-2 for pharmacrystal

7/31/2019 RRB-2 for Pharmacrystal

1/29


2/29

Pharmacrystal

TILETI = LD / ED

anti epeleptic drugsDr.BHAISAB's New PC.D...deoxy barbituratesB...barbituratesH....hydantoinA.. aliphatic carb acidsI....iminostilbenesS....succinimidesB....BZD'sN.... newer drugsP....PhenyltriazinesC... cyclic gaba analogues

Drugs causing Torsades de PointesAPACHEAmiodarone Procainamide Arsenium Cisapride Haloperidol EritromycinAspirin Side effectASPIRINAsthma

SalicyalismPeptic ulcer disease/ Phosphorylation-oxidation uncoupling/ PPH/ Platelet disaggregation/Premature closure of PDAIntestinal blood lossReye's syndromeIdiosyncracyNoise (tinnitus)

Inhalation anesthetics

SHINE:SevofluraneHalothaneIsofluraneNitrous oxideEnflurane

Teratogenic drugs "Win TERATOgenic

WarfarinThalidomide


3/29

Pharmacrystal

Epileptic drugs: phenytoin, valproate, carbamazepineRetinoidACE inhibitorThird element: lithiumOCP and other hormones (eg danazol)

Gynaecomastia-causing drugsDISCOS:DigoxinIsoniazidSpironolactoneCimetidineOestrogensStilboestrol

Steroids: side effectsBECLOMETHASONE:Buffalo humpEasy bruisingCataractsLarger appetiteObesityMoonface

EuphoriaThin arms & legsHypertension/ HyperglycaemiaAvascular necrosis of femoral headSkin thinningOsteoporosisNegative nitrogen balanceEmotional liability

Antiparkinson Drugs

SALADSelegilineAnticholinenergics (trihexyphenidyl, benzhexol, ophenadrine)L-Dopa + peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor (carbidopa, benserazide)AmantadineDopamine postsynaptic receptor agonists (bromocriptine, lisuride, pergolide)

Metabolism Enzyme Inducers

Randy's Black Car Goes Putt Putt and Smokes":


4/29

Pharmacrystal

RifampinBarbituratesCarbamazepineGrisoefulvinPhenytoinPhenobarbSmoking cigarettes

Zero Order Kinetic DrugsPEAPhenytoinEthanolAspirin

cognosyThe following are mucilagenous in nature..leaf epidermis of sennaseed epidermis of linseedseed endodermis of fenugreekbark of cinnamonalgae of agarmesophyll of squill

collapsed parenchyma-NUXVOMICAcollapsed trichomes-DIGITALISlayers of parechyma vch are collapsed-SEEDCOAT OF CARDAMOM

Some more chemical tests1.Selivanoff's Test- Kenotic Carbohydrates2.Kedde's Test-Cardiac glycosides3.Raymond Test-Cardiac glycosides

4.Froth formation test- Saponin glycosides5.Salkowski Test-Triterpenoids6.may apple- podophyllum7.indian hemp- cannabis8.cayeenee pepper- capsicum9.periwinkle- vinca10.ndian saffron-turmeric11.st.john's wart-hypericum(A.C.-hyperforin used as anti depressant)12.mandukparni-brahmi

Common ADRs


5/29

Pharmacrystal

1.Grey Baby Syndrome- Chloramphenicol2.Pin Point Pupil-Morphine3Reyes Syndrome- Asprin4.Urine Coloration- Rifampcin5.Frontal Headache- Indomethacin6.Captopril-Persistant dry cough7.Bleomycin-Pulmonary fibrosis8.Vancomycin- Red man syndrome9.Nicotinic acid- Flush10.Steven Johnsons syndrome- Allopurinolsulphonamides-kernicterusaminoglycosides-ototoxicitydiscolouration of teeth-tetracyclinesdoxorubucin & duanorubucin- cardiomyopathy.chloroquine- cardiotixicitydoxycycline- esophageal ulcerationvincristin & vinblastin- neuropathycyclophosphamide- alopeciacimetidine & spironolactone- gynaecomastia

antidotesbenzodiazepine-flumazenilparacetamol-N-acetylcysteine

Morphine-naloxonenitrites-methylene blueorganophosphurus compd.-DAM,PAM,AtropineAtropine-Physostigminelead-BALcyanide-edetate+amyl nitrite

Urine Color ChangesOrange- Rifampcin,Phenozopyridine,Doxorubicin,WarfarinBlue-Amitryptalline,Indomethacin

Red/Brown-Food Dyes...Pink-Beet RootGolden Yellow-Excess of laxativesNeon Yellow- Excess of vitamin supplements

MOA of some common drugs1.Nalidixic Acid-Prevent DNA sysnthesis2.Dapsone-Folic acid sysntheses inhibitor3.Vinca alkaloid-Mitotic Spindle formation prevention4.anthracycline-Intercalation of DNA5.Methotraxate- Folic acid reductase inhibitor.

6.Warfarin-Vit k antagonist7.Zidovudine- Inhibits the enzyme reverse tranascriptase ,preventing DNA replication


6/29

Pharmacrystal

8.Metronidazole- disruption of helical structure of DNA9.Tetracycline- Inhibits Protein smyntheses by acting on 30 S unit of ribosome10.Erythromycin- Inhibits Protein smyntheses by acting on 50 S unit of ribosome11.Chloroquine- Binds and alters properties of microbial and fungal DNA12.Diazepam- GABA facilitator13.Acetazolamide- Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor14.Allopurinol- Xanthine oxidase inhibitor,inhibitor of uric acid15.Fluconalzole- P450 enzyme 14a-demethylase Inhibitor16.Salbutamol-Beta 2 receptor agonist17.Tolnaftate- Inhibit squalene epoxidase which is necessray for ergosteral syns of fungalcell wall18.Griesofulvin-inhibits fungal cell wall activity19.Chloramphenicol-Inhibition of Protein syntheses20.Levodopa- Replenish Brain deleted dopamine

1.Bavchi-Psoralea2.Indian Tobacco-Lobelia3.Kalmegh-Andrographis4.Wild Saffron-colchicum5.Devil's Dung-Asafoetia6.Calabar Bean-Physostigma7.Ma Huang- Ephedra8.Rattle Snake root-Senega9Chinese Cassia- Cinnamon

10.Panama Wood-Quillaria Bark11.American wormseed-Chenopodium12.Bishop's Flower-Visnaga13.Fox Glove-Digitalis14.Scammony Root-Ipomea15.Betel Nut-Areca Nut16.Bitter Apple-Colocynth17.Vidang-Gurmar18.Our Lady's Thistle-Catharanthus19.Flaxseed-Linseed

20.Hippo-Ipecac21.Indian Squill-Urgenia22.Chaulmooggra Oil-Hydnocarpus23.American Podophyllum-May apple24.Salad Oil-Olive Oil25.Bitter Wood-Quassia

AlkaloidsDr. Pyarelal adore HMT Watch

Dragondroff testProcalonic acid test


7/29

Pharmacrystal

Ammonia Rinker TestHagers testMayors TestTannic acid testWagners test

CarbohydratesBOMBS

Barfoeds TestOsazone Formation testMolisch TestBenedict TestSalvinoff Test

ProteinsHHH (a wrestler) MCBX (type of magnet)

Heat testHydrolysis testHopkins-Cole

Millons Test

Cystine TestBiuret testXanthoproteic test

Cardiac GlycosidesBengal like kolkatta knight riders

Baljet testLegal test

Killer killani testKeddes testRaymonds test

Tannins

Very Good Female PG College Classes

Vanillin HCL Test

Gelatin testFerric chloride test


8/29

Pharmacrystal

Phenazone testGold-beaters testCatechin testChloroacetic acid test

Anthraquinone Glycosides

BUMP

Borntragers testsUV TestModified Borntragers TestPotassium hydroxide test

Amino acids

EVM has new polling strategies, still few says X- manual Voting was Correct

Ehrlich reactionVan SlykeMillon reactionHopkins-Cole reactionNinhydrin TestPaulys Test

Sagakuchi TestSulfur TestFolin Coicalteaus TestSullivan reactionXanthoproteic reactionCystine Test

Important diagnostic tests

1.ELISA(Enzyme linked immunosorbant assay)-AIDS2.Dick test- Scarlet Fever3.Schultz Charlatan test-Scarlet fever4.Shick Test- diphtheria5.Montoux Test-Tubeculosis6.Ducrey Test-Haemaphilia7.Widal Test-Typhoid & Enteric fever8.Cold Hemagglutination Test-Pneumonia9.Coombs Test-Brucellosis10.Gravidex Test-Pregnancy(HcG)

11.Western blot test-Confirmation of AIDS12.Southern blot-Proteins


9/29

Pharmacrystal

13.VDRL Test-Syphilis14Weil Felix Test-Typhus fever15.Paul Bunnel Test-Mononucleosis(Red cells as antigen)16.Kahn Test-Syphilis17.Radio Immunodiffusion-Influenza Virus18.Ouchterlony-Small pox19.Elek Test-Diptheria Bacilli20.Tube Agglutination- Typhoid,Brucellosis & Typhus21.Rose Water Test-Rheumatoid arthritis22.Wassermann Test-Leprosy23.Lepromine Test-Leprsoy24.Pap Test or Papanicolaou Test or Cervix Smear Test -Cervix cancer25.RIA(Radio Immuno Assay)-Pregnancy(HcG)

Important schedules Schedule A - Memorandunm to the Central Drugs Laboratory (Forms)

Schedule B - Fees for test or Analaysis by the Central or State Drugs Laboratories

Schedule C - Biological and Special Products

Schedule D - Class of Drugs

Schedule E - Poisonous Substances Under the Ayurvedic and Unani Systems of Medicines

Schedule F - Provision Applicable to the Production of Bacterial Vaccines

Schedule G - Labelling of Medicines (Rule 97)

Schedule H - Prescription Drugs

Schedule J - Diseases and Ailments which cannot be prevent or cure

Schedule K - Extent and Conditons of Exemption (Class of Drugs)

Schedule L

Schedule M - Good Manufacturing Practices and Requirements of Premises, Plant andequipment for Pharmaceutical Products

Schedule N - Minimum Requirement for the Efficient Running of a Pharmacy

Schedule O - Standard for Disinfectant Fluid

Schedule P - Life Period of Deugs


10/29

Pharmacrystal

Schedule Q- List of Dyes, Colours and Pigments permitted to be used in Cosmetic andSoap

Schedule R - Standards for Condoms

Schedule S - Standards for Cosmetics

Schedule T - Good Manufacturing Practices for Ayurvedic, Siddha and Unani Medicines

Schedule U - Particulars to be Shown in Manufacturing Records

Schedule V - Standards for Patent or Properitory Medicines

Schedule W Generic medicines

Schedule X List of drugs whose import,sales & labeling governed by special provisons

Schedule Y - Requirement and Guidelines on Clinical Trials for Import and Manufacture ofNew Drugs

Schedule 1 - List of processes generating hazardous wastes

Schedule 2 - List of waste substances with concentration limits

Schedule 3 - List of waste applicable only for imports and exports

Schedule 4 - List of non-ferrous metal wastes for recycling & reprocessing

Schedule 5 - Used oil specification for re-refining

Schedule 6 - Hazardous wastes product

Some important instruments used in Pharmaceutics

1.Accela cota- Tablet coating2.Anderson Pippete- Partical size determination3.Pycnometer- Specific gravity4.Cascade Impactor- Classification Aerosols according to particle size5.Tag Open Cup apparatus- Flash Point6.IR Spectroscopy- Identification propellents7.Rotatory Viscometers- Stability of foams8.Rotosort- Newly filled capsule sorting machine9.Coulter Counter- Particle Volume10.Chilsonator- tablet Granulation


11/29

Pharmacrystal

Test Orgsms for M.biological Assay of Antibioticsantibiotis - test organismAmikacin - Saccharomyces aureusAmphotericin B - Saccharomyces cerevisiaeBacitracin - Micrococcus luteusBleomycin - Mycobacterium smegmatisCarbenicillin - Pseudomonas aeruginosaDoxycycline - Staphylococcus aureus

Erythromycin - Micrococcus luteusFramycetin - Bacillus pumilusBacillus subtilis

Gentamicin - Staphylococcus epidermidis

Kanamycinsulphate - Bacillus pumilus,Staphylococcus aureusKanamycin B - Bacillus subtilisNeomycin - Staphylococcus epidermisNovobiocin - StaphylococcusepidermidsNystatin Saccharomyces Cerevisiae

Oxytetracycline - Bacillus cereus var,mycoides,Staphylococcus aureusPolymyxin B - Bordetella bronchiseptica

Rifampicin - Bacillus subtilisStreptomycin - Bacillus subtilis ,Klebsiella pnumoniaeTetracycline - Bacillus Cereus

thanks to naga lakshmi vishwa bharathi college of pharmacy

These are the dispersions in which one phase called as dispersed phase/ discontinuousphase/ internal phase is uniformly dispersed in the other phase called as dispersionmedium/ continuous phase/ external phase.

Internal phase External phase Type of systemSolids Liquid SuspensionsLiquids Liquid Emulsions

Types of dispersions:

Suspensions, Emulsions, Lotions, Liniments come under coarse dispersions

Magmas and Gels come under fine dispersion.

Type particle sizeMolecular dispersion < 1.0 nm


12/29

Pharmacrystal

Colloidal dispersion 1.0 nm 0.5 mFine dispersions 0.5 m 10 mCoarse dispersion 10 m 50 m

SUSPENSIONS

Suspensions are solid-liquid biphasic liquid dosage forms; in which solid phase is uniformlydispersed as finely divided particles in the liquid phase with the help of a third agent calledas suspending agent (acacia, tragacanth, surfactants etc.).

In what cases suspensions are preferred?

1. A drug is soluble in water but it is chemically unstable in solution form and if it is stable ininsoluble form then suspension is preferred

E.g., Penicillin G is soluble in water but unstable in nature whereas procaine penicillin G isinsoluble but stable in nature hence suspension form is preferred

E.g., Calcium salt of Oxytetracycline HCl in suspension form instead of Oxytetracycline HCl insolution form

1. A drug is not soluble in water but unstable in other type of solvents hencesuspension form in water is preferred.

E.g., Steroid type of drugs: Corticosteroid injection (suspension form); Triamcinoloneinjection; Hydrocortisone eye drops

1. A drug whose taste is disagreeable when given in solution can be overcomeby presenting it in the form of suspension

E.g., Chloramphenicol is bitter in taste in its solution form whereas its ester form,Chloramphenicol palmitate is insoluble and hence preferred as suspension with anadvantage of palatable taste

E.g., Quinine tannate in place of quinine salt

E.g., Paracetamol suspension is more palatable

1. In case of agents which required to be in insoluble form in GIT and meantto adsorb ingested toxins or poisoning substances

E.g., Suspensions used in the emergency of poisoning conditions like Charcoal,Kaolin

E.g., Suspensions like Kaolin, Magnesium trisilicate, Mg(OH)2 to neutralize excess acid1. To have a protective coating layer over the applied area topically


13/29

Pharmacrystal

E.g., Calamine lotion

1. To have prolonged action, administration of drug in suspension form is oneoption because of its delayed absorption

E.g., Protamine zinc insulin injection, Procaine penicillin G injection, Tetanustoxoid injection, Cholera vaccine etc.

1. Drugs can be dispensed as powders with direction for reconstitution to obtainsuspensions in order to avoid degradation of drug in long time contact withwater

E.g., Amoxycillin pediatric dry syrup

1. Drugs in suspension form show immediate action compared to tablets or capsulesbecause of their large surface area

E.g., Al(OH)3 gel and other antacid suspensions

In formulation of suspensions where we need attention:

1. Sedimentation2. Physical stability

3. Chemical stability4. Preservation5. Storage6. Redispersibility7. Dose uniformity

Ideal properties of suspensions

* It should be easily re-dispersible that means it should not form hard cake* It should be able to have uniform dose throughout the preparation upon shaking

* It should have good flowability vs viscosity compromising the pourability* It should have palatable taste* It should be physically and chemically stable* In case of parenteral suspension it should have good syringeability andfine particle size

* In case of topical suspensions they should be evenly spreadable

Types of Suspension:

* Flocculated

Loose aggregates called as flocs are formed readily whichare easily re-dispersible i.e., sedimentation rate is high as attraction forces


14/29

Pharmacrystal

are involved in formation of flocs. Due to formation of flocs their surfacearea decreases and bioavailability is assumed to be relatively less. Sincethe flocs may adhere to walls it gives unpleasant look whereas due to itshigh sedimentation rate gives clear supernatant layer. These suspensions representssecondary minimum in potential energy curves.

* Deflocculated Particles exist as separate entities for longer period

but once settled forms hard cake which may not be re-dispersed. So, sedimentationrate is slow that too particles settle independently and separately as theyexperience repulsive forces. Since particles exist as discrete their surfacearea is more and hence bioavailability can be assumed to be comparativelyhigh. Since they are uniformly dispersed the overall appearance is pleasantwhereas supernatant appears cloudy as sedimentation rate is slow. These suspensionsrepresents primary minimum in potential energy curves.

DIFFERENCES

Flocculated Suspensions

Loose aggregates called as flocs are formedEasily re-dispersibleSedimentation rate is highAttraction forces are involved in formation of flocsBioavailability is assumed to be relatively lessUnpleasant lookClear supernatant layer

Represents secondary minimum in potential energycurves

Deflocculated suspensions

Particles exist as separate entities but once shard cakeCannot be re-dispersedSedimentation rate is slowExperience repulsive forcesBioavailability can be assumed to be comparOverall appearance is pleasant

Supernatant appears cloudyRepresents primary minimum in potential ecurves

SCHEDULES TO THE RULES

A- Proforma for application for the licences, issues and renewal of licences, for sendingmemoranda under the Act.

B- Rates of fee for test or analysis by the Central Drugs Laboratory or the Government

analyst

C- List of biological and other special products whose import, sale, distribution and mfg are

governed by special provision.

C1- List of other special products whose import, sale, distribution and mfg are governed by


15/29

Pharmacrystal

special provision.

D- List of drugs exempted from the provisions of import of drugs.

E1- List of poisionous substances under the Ayurvedic (including Sidha) and Unani systemsof medicine.

F& F1- Provisions applicable to the production, testing, storage, packing and labeling of

biological and other Special products.

F2- Standards for surgical dressings.

F3- Standards for sterilized umbilical tapes.

FF- Standards of ophthalmic preparations.

G- List of substances that are required to be used only under medical supervision and which

are to be labeled accordingly.

H- List of prescription drugs.

J-Disease or ailments which a drug may not purport to prevent or cure.

K- Drugs exempted from certain provision relating to manufacture of drugs.

M- GMP requirement of factory premises, plants and equipment.

M1- Requirement of factory premises etc.for manufacture of homoeopathic preparation.

M2- Requirement of factory premises etc.for manufacture of cosmesitics.

N - List of minimum equipment for efficient running of a pharmacy.

O - Standard for disinfacant fluid.

P- Life period of drug.

Q- List of coals tar colors permitted to be used in cosmetics.

R- Standard for mechanical contraceptive.S- Standard for cosmetics.


16/29

Pharmacrystal

T- Requirement of factory premises and hygienic condition for Ayurvedic (including Sidha)

and Unani drugs.

U- Particulars to be shown in manufacturing, raw material and analytical records of drug.

U1- Particulars to be shown in manufacturing, raw material and analytical records of

cosmetics.

V- Standard for patent or proprietary medicines.

W- List of drug which is to be marketed under generic names only.

X- List of drugs whose import, manufacture and sale, labeling and packaging are governed

by special provision.

Y- Requirement and guideline on clinical trials for import and manufacture of new drug.

1.Selivanoff's Test- Kenotic Carbohydrates

2.Kedde's Test-Cardiac glycosides

3.Raymond Test-Cardiac glycosides

4.Froth formation test- Saponin glycosides

5.Salkowski Test-Triterpenoids

6.Barford test- Carbohydrates

7.Molisch Test- Carbohydrates

8.Dragondroff's Test- Alkaloids

9.Mayer Test- Alkaloids

10.Wagner's Test- Alkaloids

11.Vitali Morin's Test- Alkaloids

12.Van Urk's Test- Ergot

13.Millon's Test- Protein

14.marquis test-opium

15.frohde's test-emetine

1.Baljet test- Cardiac glycosides

2.Born Trager test- Anthraquinone glycosides

3.Modified Born Trager test

4.Borex test- Aloes

5.Boudouin's test- Seasame oil

6.Bardfoed's test- Carbohydrates7.Biuret test- Proteins


17/29

Pharmacrystal

8.Curaploin's test- Aloes

9.Murexide test- Purines/xanthines

10.Carr price test- Vitamin A

11.Fiehe's test- Artificial ibvert sugar as adultrant in honey

12.Foam test- Saponin13.Grignard reaction- Cyanogenetic glycosides

14.Gold beater skin test- Tannins

15.Hal phen's test- Cotton seed oil as adultrant

16.Haemolysis test- Saponins

17.Klung's test- Aloes

18.Keller killianin test- Desocy sugar in digitalis

19.Keris test- Rancidity of fats and oil

20.Legal test- Cardiac Glycosides

21.Lieberman burchard test- steroids22.Ergotoxin Test- Ergot

otto test-

pesez test-cardiac glycoside

shinoda test-flavanoids

zak's test-for estimation of serum cholesterol

DRUGS AND ITS MOEITYDrug - analogue

zidovudine -thymidineDidanosine-deoxyadenosineLamivudine-cytosineStavudine-thymidineabacavir-guanosineGanciclovir-acyclic analogue of guanosinezalcitabine-homologue of cytosineFoscornet-pyrophosphateTribavirin-guanosineSulphonamide-

PABAmithotrixate & folate = pteridinStreptomycin = streptidinGentamycin = deoxystreptamineAztreonam = mono bactamCephalosporin = cepham Merapenam , imipenam =carbapenamClavulanic acid = OXAPENAMPencillin = penamEthacrynic acid = phenoxy aciticacidMetrindazole = 1,2,4 thiazolidinamiloride = pyrazin & guanidinSpiranolactone =thioacetic acid at 6th positionatorvastatins-pyrrolefluvastatins-indolecerivastatins-pyridinerosuvastatins-pyrimidinefibrates-isobutyric acid derivativesaziritidine-ezetimibepyrazine-acipimoxacetazolamide-1,3,4-thiadiazolethiazide-1,2,4-thiadiazine
http://www.facebook.com/groups/Novelpharma/doc/159478860813518/http://www.facebook.com/groups/Novelpharma/doc/159478860813518/http://www.facebook.com/groups/Novelpharma/doc/159478860813518/


18/29

Pharmacrystal

Drug - analogue

zidovudine -thymidine

Didanosine-deoxyadenosine

Lamivudine-cytosineStavudine-thymidine

abacavir-guanosine

Ganciclovir-acyclic analogue of guanosine

zalcitabine-homologue of cytosine

Foscornet-pyrophosphate

Tribavirin-guanosine

Sulphonamide- PABA

mithotrixate & folate = pteridin

Streptomycin = streptidinGentamycin = deoxy streptamine

Aztreonam = mono bactam

Cephalosporin = cepham

Merapenam , imipenam = carbapenam

Clavulanic acid = OXAPENAM

Pencillin = penam

Ethacrynic acid = phenoxy acitic acid

Metrindazole = 1,2,4 thiazolidin

amiloride = pyrazin & guanidinSpiranolactone = thioacetic acid at 6th position

atorvastatins-pyrrole

fluvastatins-indole

cerivastatins-pyridine

rosuvastatins-pyrimidine

fibrates-isobutyric acid derivatives

aziritidine-ezetimibe

pyrazine-acipimox

acetazolamide-1,3,4-thiadiazole

thiazide-1,2,4-thiadiazine

Most active enantiomers:

Ephedrine-D(-)

Warfarin-S(-)

Ibuprofen-S(+)

Propranolol-S(levo)Cycloserine-D(+)


19/29

Pharmacrystal

Ethambutol-Dextro

verapamil-(S)

methacholine-(S)

1.Deadly Night Shade- Atropa Belladona

2.Bavchi- Psoralea

3.Calabar Bean- Physostigma

4-Fox Glove- Digitalis

5-Indian Tobbaco-

6-Rattle Snake-Senega

7-Ghritkumari/Kumari- Aloe vera8-BitterApple-Colcynth

9-Kalmegh-Andrographis

10-Vidang-Gurmar

11-Flaxseed- Linseed

12-Devil's dung-Asafoetida

13-American Podophyllum- May apple

14-Scammony root- Ipomea

15-Wild Saffron-Colchicum

16-Our Lady's Thistle-Catharanthus17-Salad Oil-OliveOil

18-Panama Wood- Quillaria Bark

19-Chinese Cassia- Cinnamon

20-Japanese Isinglass- Agar

21-Bishop's Flower- Visnaga

22-Black Mustard- Brassica Nigra

23-American Wormseeed-Chenopodium

24-Wild Yam-Dioscorea

25-Spanish fly-Cantahrides26-Teel Oil- Sesame Oil

27-Grains of Paradise-Guinea Pepper

28-Rosin-Colophony

29-Chaulmoogra-Hydnocarpus

30-Cyamposis- Guarmgum

31-Hogweed-Punarnawa

32-Sacred Basil-Tulsi

33-Caltrops Fruit-Gokhru

34-Anticancer Plant-Campotheca


20/29

Pharmacrystal

35-Spurred Eye-ergot

36-Indian Oleander-Kaner

37-Medagascar Periwinkle-Vinca

38-Anant Mul- Tylophora

39-Okozerite-Shilajit40-Indian Kino Tree- Pterocarpus

41-White Lead Wort-Chitrak

42-Rasna-Galanga

43-Yellow Oleander-Thevetia

44-Indian Pennywort- Brahmi

45-Febrifuge Plant-Kantkari

46-Bengal Quince-Bael

47-Fenugreek-Tulsi

48-Indian Gooseberry-Amla49-Pricky Chaff Flower-

50-Love in mist- Kalijiri

fenugreek-methi

gurmar- gymnema(not vidang)

black night shade-s. nigrum

yellow berry night shade-s.xanthocarpus

wolfs bane root-aconite

red cherry-

mad cherry-atropa belladona

pucture vinea-chhota gokhru

winter cherry-withania

goat weed-artemisia

Adultrant

1-Buchu- Barsoma Cermulata

2-Pale Catechu- Acacia Catechu

3-Tragacanth- Sterculia Urens

4-Saffron- Corn silk


21/29

Pharmacrystal

5-Digitalis- Verbascum Thaspus

6-Liquorice- Arbus Preecatorious

7-Cardamom- Orange seeds

8-Areca Nut- Sago palm nuts

Microscopy of some impotant drugs

1-Liquorice- Ulignified Septate fibre

2-Solanacoeus Plants- Anisocytic stomata

3-Rhubarb- Star spots

4-Squill- Ca oxide raphides

5-Cardamom- Clothing of glandular trichome6-Quillaria- Thin membrane arillus

7-Digitalis- Rhytidomes & Glandular Trichomes

8-Atropa Belladona- Anisocytic Stomata

9-Verbascus Thapsus- Clusters of Ca Oxalate

10-Artemisia- T-Shaped Trichomes

11-Stromanium- Phloem Fibres

12-Nuxvomica Lignified trichomes

13-Fennel- Reticulate lignified trichomes

14-Coriander- Wavy sclerenchyma

15-Indian Dill- Lateral ridges with vascular bundle

16-Anise- Branched & unbranched vittae

17-Cinnamon- Absence of cork & cortex

18-Ginger- Non Lignified vessels & starch grains , Endodermis with no starch

19-Collapsed Endodermis

20-Caraway-Collapsed Parenchyma

21-Chenopodium-Epidermis with no trichomes

22-Chirata- Stomata on lower surface only with no trichomes

23-Cinchona - Large sclerenchymatous bast cells with Medullary ray.


22/29

Pharmacrystal

24-Cinnamon- Parenchyma cells with starch.

25-Colchicum- Spiral Ducts, Parenchyma with starch

26- Coriander- Prismatic and aggregate crystals of calcium oxalate

27-Saffron- Trichome of stigma

28-Turmeric- Parenchyma with pasty starch29-Digitalis- Glandular trichomes

30-Euclyptus- Crystal bearing fiber

31-Gentian- Large reticulate ducts

32-Liquorice- Parenchyma with crystals and starch

33-Hycyamus- Endosperm tissue with proteid granules and oil.

34-Ipecac- Parenchyma with raphides

35-Mentha- Trichomes, simple, showing cuticular markings (a medium sized trichome).

36-Pilocarpus- Aggregate crystals of calcium oxalate.

37-Podophyllum- Reticulate ducts and tracheids, Spiral duct, Aggregate crystals of calciumoxalate, Cork

38-Quassia- Medullary ray with starch, Large porous duct

39-Rheum- Parenchyma with starch, resin and crystals, Reticulate ducts.

40-Senega- Parenchyma with fat, Cork & Porous duct.

41-Senna- Bast of vascular bundles, Crystal bearing fibers from vascular tissue

42-Stromanium- Parenchyma cells of petiole

43-Strophanthus- Endosperm tissue, showing oil and crystals, Outer tissue with granular

proteid matter and starch

44-Tobbaco- Parenchyma (collenchymatous) from midrib,Leaf parenchyma with chlorophyll.45-Ginger- Parenchyma with starch and one cell with resin

46-Belladona- Tracheids and spiral duct, Leaf parenchyma cells with crystals,Bast Cells,

Porous ducts & Crystal Sand

aminoglycoside :

Highly toxic - neomycin

Less toxic natilmycin

1.Deadly Night Shade- Atropa Belladona

2.Bavchi- Psoralea

3.Calabar Bean- Physostigma

4-Fox Glove- Digitalis

5-Indian Tobbaco-

6-Rattle Snake-Senega


23/29

Pharmacrystal

7-Ghritkumari/Kumari- Aloe vera

8-BitterApple-Colcynth

9-Kalmegh-Andrographis

10-Vidang-Gurmar

11-Flaxseed- Linseed12-Devil's dung-Asafoetida

13-American Podophyllum- May apple

14-Scammony root- Ipomea

15-Wild Saffron-Colchicum

16-Our Lady's Thistle-Catharanthus

17-Salad Oil-OliveOil

18-Panama Wood- Quillaria Bark

19-Chinese Cassia- Cinnamon

20-Japanese Isinglass- Agar21-Bishop's Flower- Visnaga

22-Black Mustard- Brassica Nigra

23-American Wormseeed-Chenopodium

24-Wild Yam-Dioscorea

25-Spanish fly-Cantahrides

26-Teel Oil- Sesame Oil

27-Grains of Paradise-Guinea Pepper

28-Rosin-Colophony

29-Chaulmoogra-Hydnocarpus30-Cyamposis- Guarmgum

31-Hogweed-Punarnawa

32-Sacred Basil-Tulsi

33-Caltrops Fruit-Gokhru

34-Anticancer Plant-Campotheca

35-Spurred Eye-ergot

36-Indian Oleander-Kaner

37-Medagascar Periwinkle-Vinca

38-Anant Mul- Tylophora

39-Okozerite-Shilajit

40-Indian Kino Tree- Pterocarpus

41-White Lead Wort-Chitrak

42-Rasna-Galanga

43-Yellow Oleander-Thevetia

44-Indian Pennywort- Brahmi

45-Febrifuge Plant-Kantkari

46-Bengal Quince-Bael

47-Fenugreek-Tulsi


24/29

Pharmacrystal

48-Indian Gooseberry-Amla

49-Pricky Chaff Flower-

50-Love in mist- Kalijiri

Pharmacrystal)

INSULIN PREPARATIONS(A)Rapid-acting insulins 3 TO 5 HRS

Humalog (insulin lispro)

NovoLog (insulin aspart)

Apidra (insulin glulisine)

(B)Short-acting insulins 6 TO 8 HRS

Humulin R (regular)

Novolin R (regular)

(C)Intermediate-acting insulins 14 TO 20 HRS

NPH (Humulin AND Novolin N)

Lente-(Humulin L)

(D)Long-acting insulins MORE THEN 24 HRS

Humulin U (ultralente)

Lantus (insulin glargine)

(E)Pre-mixed insulinsHumalog Mix 75/25 (75% neutral protamine lispro, 25% lispro)

Novolog Mix 70/30 (70% aspart protamine suspension, 30% aspart)

REFERENCE: Wells, Barbara G.; DiPiro, Joseph T.; Schwinghammer, Terry L.; Hamilton,Cindy

W.

Title: Pharmacotherapy Handbook, 6th EditionCopyright 2006 McGraw-Hill


25/29

Pharmacrystal

IMPORTANT ADVERSE EFFECTS OF SOME DRUGS!!

1.Grey Baby Syndrome- Chloramphenicol

2.Pin Point Pupil-Morphine

3.Reyes Syndrome- Asprin4.Urine Coloration- Rifampcin

5.Frontal Headache- Indomethacin

6.Captopril-Persistant dry cough

7.Bleomycin-Pulmonary fibrosis

8.Vancomycin- Red man syndrome

9.Nicotinic acid- Flush

10.Steven Johnsons syndrome- Allopurinol

11.sulphonamides-kernicterus

12.aminoglycosides-ototoxicity13.discolouration of teeth-tetracyclines

14.oxorubucin & duanorubucin- cardiomyopathy.

15.chloroquine- cardiotixicity

16.doxycycline- esophageal ulceration

17.vincristin & vinblastin- neuropathy

18.cyclophosphamide- alopecia

19.cimetidine & spironolactone- gynaecomastia

MOA OF SUM IMP DRUGS:

1.Nalidixic Acid-Prevent DNA sysnthesis

2.Dapsone-Folic acid sysntheses inhibitor

3.Vinca alkaloid-Mitotic Spindle formation prevention

4.anthracycline-Intercalation of DNA

5.Methotraxate- Folic acid reductase inhibitor.

6.Warfarin-Vit k antagonist

7.Zidovudine- Inhibits the enzyme reverse tranascriptase ,preventing DNA replication

8.Metronidazole- disruption of helical structure of DNA9.Tetracycline- Inhibits Protein smyntheses by acting on 30 S unit of ribosome

10.Erythromycin- Inhibits Protein smyntheses by acting on 50 S unit of ribosome

11.Chloroquine- Binds and alters properties of microbial and fungal DNA

12.Diazepam- GABA facilitator

13.Acetazolamide- Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

14.Allopurinol- Xanthine oxidase inhibitor,inhibitor of uric acid

15.Fluconalzole- P450 enzyme 14a-demethylase Inhibitor

16.Salbutamol-Beta 2 receptor agonist

17.Tolnaftate- Inhibit squalene epoxidase which is necessray for ergosteral syns of fungal


26/29

Pharmacrystal

cell wall

18.Griesofulvin-inhibits fungal cell wall activity

19.Chloramphenicol-Inhibition of Protein syntheses

20.Levodopa- Replenish Brain deleted dopamine

21.pentylene tetrazole-brainstem stimulant22.nikethamid-respiratory stimulant

23.strychnine-spinal stimulant

SCHEDULES TO THE RULES

A- Proforma for application for the licences, issues and renewal of licences, for sending

memoranda under the Act.

B- Rates of fee for test or analysis by the Central Drugs Laboratory or the Government

analysist.

C- List of biological and other special products whose import, sale, distribution and mfg are

governed by special provision.

C1- List of other special products whose import, sale, distribution and mfg are governed by

special provision.

D- List of drugs exempted from the provisions of import of drugs.

E1- List of poisionous substances under the Ayurvedic (including Sidha) and Unani systems

of medicine.

F& F1- Provisions applicable to the production, testing, storage, packing and labeling of

biological and other Special products.

F2- Standards for surgical dressings.

F3- Standards for sterilized umbilical tapes.

FF- Standards of ophthalmic preparations.

G- List of substances that are required to be used only under medical supervision and which

are to be labeled accordingly.

H- List of prescription drugs.

J-Disease or ailments which a drug may not purport to prevent or cure.

K- Drugs exempted from certain provision relating to manufacture of drugs.

M- GMP requirement of factory premises, plants and equipment.

M1- Requirement of factory premises etc.for manufacture of homoeopathic preparation.

M2- Requirement of factory premises etc.for manufacture of cosmesitics.

N - List of minimum equipment for efficient running of a pharmacy.

O - Standard for disinfacant fluid.

P- Life period of drug.

Q- List of coals tar colors permitted to be used in cosmetics.

R- Standard for mechanical contraceptive.S- Standard for cosmetics.


27/29

Pharmacrystal

T- Requirement of factory premises and hygienic condition for Ayurvedic (including Sidha)

and Unani drugs.

U- Particulars to be shown in manufacturing, raw material and analytical records of drug.

U1- Particulars to be shown in manufacturing, raw material and analytical records of

cosmetics.V- Standard for patent or proprietary medicines.

W- List of drug which is to be marketed under generic names only.

X- List of drugs whose import, manufacture and sale, labeling and packaging are governed

by special provision.

Y- Requirement and guideline on clinical trials for import and manufacture of new drug.

HX SCHEDULES amendment in 2011 - Very valuable for Any pharma exams

new Schedule(HX), an amendment to the Drugs & Cosmetics Act,1945 proposed by the

Union Health ministry in a bid to prevent large scale misuse of antibiotics in the country.

The schedule has two parts:

Part A of Schedule HX has 16 drugs and antibiotics that shall be sold directly by drug

manufacturers to the tertiary care hospitals.These drugs will have a label with a red box,and

will be marked as for use in tertiary care hospitals only.Drugs include-

Moxifloxacin,Meropenem,Ertapenem,Doripenem,Linezolid and Cefpirome,etc.

Part B of Schedule HX has 74 drugs and formulations that will carry the warning that it is

dangerous to take this preparation except in accordance with medical advice and not to be

sold by retail without the prescription of the doctor. Drugs include:Gentamicin,Amikacin,Penicillin,Oxacilin,Norfloxacin,Cefaclor and Cefdinir,etc.

PHARMEXCIL

Is short form of "Pharmaceuticals Export Promotion Council"

It is set up and governed by Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Govt. of India

About the PHARMEXCIL:The dynamic growth of Indian Pharma Industry, a knowledge based industry, and the


28/29

Pharmacrystal

recommendations of four major Pharma associations made the Ministry of Commerce &

Industry to realize the need for separate export promotion council.

Accordingly, Pharmaceuticals Export Promotion Council (PHARMEXCIL) has been set up on

12.5.2004.


29/29

rrb-2 for pharmacrystal

Documents