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Buildings, Enclosures, andBuildings, Enclosures, and

TheTheRoyal Building SystemRoyal Building System

Sept 2004Sept 2004

Dr John F. StraubeDr John F. StraubeAssistant ProfessorAssistant Professor

Dept of Civil Engineering& School of ArchitectureDept of Civil Engineering& School of Architecture

University of WaterlooUniversity of Waterloo

Ontario, CanadaOntario, Canada

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Building and Enclosure FunctionBuilding and Enclosure Function

z New building systems require fresh thinking

z Process of development

define need

propose solution

confirm it works design and work out details

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Building FunctionBuilding Function

z

What do buildings do?- Durability, Convenience, and Beauty

Vitruvius 70 BC

- Provide space for human use &

occupancy

Straube 1994

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BuildingsBuildings

z Provide space for human use & occupancy

z Usually control the interior environment

1. By passive means e.g. caves (the enclosure)

2. By active means e.g., fire (services, HVAC)

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Building LifecycleBuilding Lifecyclezz ConceptionConception

why? fill a needwhy? fill a needzz DesignDesign

define whatdefine what

zz ConstructionConstruction how to buildhow to build

zz Operation Maintenance & RepairOperation Maintenance & Repair

Owners and Operators ManualOwners and Operators Manual

zz Conversion ReuseConversion Reuse

zz Demolition & Recycling of materials/subDemolition & Recycling of materials/sub--systemssystems

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roof

wall,

window,

door, basement,

slab etc.

Building EnclosureBuilding Enclosure

Separates interior and exterior environment

Critical building component (function, aesthetics)

RBS provides building

enclosures, not walls!

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Building EnclosureBuilding Enclosure

z What does the building enclosure do?

z Basic Building Enclosure Functions

Support Control

Finish Distribute (sometimes)

Hierarchyof

need

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Building Enclosure FunctionsBuilding Enclosure Functions

z Basic Functions

Support

ControlControl

Finish Distribute

(sometimes)

Heat

AirVapour

Rain

SoundFire

Insects

Access

ControlControl -- Mass and Energy FlowsMass and Energy Flows

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Building Enclosure FunctionsBuilding Enclosure Functions

z Basic Functions

Support

Control

FinishFinish Distribute

(sometimes)

ColourTexture

Reflectance

Pattern

Speculance

FinishFinish -- interior and exterior surfacesinterior and exterior surfaces

for peoplefor people

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Building Enclosure FunctionsBuilding Enclosure Functions

z

Basic Functions Support

Control

Finish

DistributeDistribute

(sometimes)(sometimes)

Electricity

Communications

Plumbing

Air ducts

Gas lines

Roof drains

Distribute ServicesDistribute Services -- a building function imposeda building function imposed

on the enclosureon the enclosure

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WhoWho

Cares?Cares?

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Who Cares?Who Cares?

z

Architect - brick, painted drywall insidez HVAC Engineer = R19

z Structural Engineer = Wood Stud

z Reality:

The Enclosure is a System.

z RBS is a system, whose benefits arise whenseen as a system

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Building Enclosures: ChangeBuilding Enclosures: ChangeVeneerVeneer

Steel FramingSteel Framing

InsulationInsulation

Drywall FinishDrywall Finish

ServicesServices

SheathingSheathing

Building PaperBuilding Paper

MasonryMasonry

PlasterPlaster

PrimaryPrimary

StructureStructure

Old New

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The Royal Building SystemThe Royal Building System

Concrete

Skins

Insulation

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RBS Wall SystemRBS Wall System

z Extruded polymer components

z 3 Sizes: 100 mm, 150 mm, 200 mm

z fu = 40 MPa, E = 3600 MPa

232 mm

150mm

139 mm

100 mm

150mm

110mm

Panel Section

Box Connector

150 mm

Core Layout

58

mm

25mm

Specimen

Cross-sections

Side view

showing

core layout

Thickness

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System SchematicSystem Schematic

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The Simplicity of RBSThe Simplicity of RBS

ControlHeat flow

Air flow

Fire

SupportTransfer

shearTransfer

horiz.

Impact

Control

Rain control Vapour control

Finish

Support Formwork

Abrasion

Reinforcing

Control Vapour control

Finish

Support Formwork

Abrasion

Reinforcing

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The Simplicity of RBSThe Simplicity of RBS

ControlAir flow

Fire

SupportTransfer

shear

Transfer

horiz

Impact

Control Vapour control

Finish

Support Formwork

Abrasion

Reinforcing

Control

Rain control Vapour control

Finish

Support Formwork Abrasion

Reinforcing?

Control heat flow

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Special TopicsSpecial Topics

z Support: disaster resistance (tornadoes,

hurricanes, earthquakes, blast) requires: high load capacity,

ductility,

distributed structure

z Control: moisture control is critical todurability

rot

corrosion

mould

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Flexure TestingFlexure Testingz Four Point Bending

z Span 2000 mm, loaded at quarter points

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Typical Column BehaviourTypical Column Behaviour

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Disasters andDisasters and

mistakesmistakes

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Control: Heat FlowControl: Heat Flowz Thermal Resistance

R-value Thermal Bridging

z Airtightness

about 30 - 50% of energy loss

z Mass

smooths peaks and valleys takes advantage of heat within (sun, equipment)

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Heat flow mattersHeat flow matters

z Cold climates

z Hot climates

z Cold storage

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Thermal BridgingThermal Bridging

HotHot

Steel is 400 times more conductive than woodSteel is 400 times more conductive than wood

Wood studs cover 15Wood studs cover 15--20% of walls20% of walls

Batt

ColdCold

R=4R=0.3

3.5 wall

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RR--value Comparisonvalue Comparison

RBS8i

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Warm Interior

Cold Exterior

Siding

Sheathing

Batt + Framing

Drywall

Thermal bridging:

heat flow

Clear Wall

R-value

Corner

Window

Opening

SimpleR-valueThrough

Studspace

Window

Opening

Clear Wall

R-value=Same asNominal

Drywall

Batt + Framing

Extruded Insulation

Siding

Simple

R-value

Thru

Wall

With exterior insulation

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Insulation on theInsulation on the OutsideOutside makesmakes

the most sensethe most sense

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RBS AdvantagesRBS Advantages

z Complete insulation coverage

z Moisture resistance

Key RBS advantage

agriculture

car wash

z Disaster tolerance (control + support)

Flood hurricances, etc

Impact flying 2x4, forklift

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Waterloo, PatioWaterloo, Patio

Buffalo, NYBuffalo, NY

Vermont Michigan

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Vermont Michigan

Nova Scotia

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Florida PierBrampton

Parking Garage

Structural Steel

Waterloo

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Mold concernsMold concernsz Mold is a growing concern

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A brief comparisonA brief comparisonof enclosure wall systemsof enclosure wall systems

Commercial construction

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Steel andSteel and

Wood FramingWood Framing

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Wood and Steel FramedWood and Steel Framed

z Advantages

Low-cost, available labour, no cranes

Lightweight? (foundation, earthquake loads)

Fast construction, weather insensitive flexible design on site, little lead time

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Wood and Steel FramedWood and Steel Framedz Disadvantages

moisture damage susceptible (rot, corrosion)

impact damage from inside, maybe outside

fire (?)

low load capacity

low disaster resistance

low thermal mass + high thermal bridging

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MasonryMasonry

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Single Wythe MasonrySingle Wythe Masonry

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SingleSingle Wythe ConcreteWythe Concrete MasonryMasonry

z Advantages

moisture resistant

fire resistant

high axial strength can be disaster resistant -- usually not

thermal mass

flexible design on site, little lead time

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SingleSingle Wythe ConcreteWythe Concrete MasonryMasonry

z Disadvantages

on-site time and labour is high

Labour is scarce

requires scaffolds, cranes poor insulation

rain penetration problems

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Insulation?Cladding?

MasonryMasonry walls notwalls not

enclosuresenclosures

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MultiMulti--wythe Masonrywythe Masonry

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MultiMulti--wythe Masonrywythe Masonry

z Advantages

moisture resistant - can be very durable

fire resistant

high axial strength

can be disaster resistant -- usually not well-insulated thermal mass inside of insulation

flexible on site design, little lead times

z Disadvantages on-site time and labour is high, scaffolds, cranes

very high initial cost

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PrecastPrecast Panels nonPanels non--bearingbearing

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PrecastPrecast Sandwich PanelsSandwich Panels

z Advantages

moisture resistant - can be very durable fire resistant

high strength

can be disaster resistant -- usually not tied together

well insulated- thermal mass inside of insulation

on-site time and labour is low

z Disadvantages

long lead times

inflexible in-office and on-site design

very high initial cost

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M lM t l

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MetalMetal

BuildingBuilding

SystemsSystems

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Metal Building SystemsMetal Building Systems

z Advantages

low cost

lightweight? (foundation, earthquake loads)

z

Disadvantages moisture damage susceptible (corrosion)

impact damage from inside and outside

fire (?) low disaster resistance, impact resistance

low thermal mass + high thermal bridging

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RBSRBS

z Advantages

moisture resistant, chemical resistant

disaster and impact resistant

fast construction, low labour on site, low lead

time

lightweight to transport, massive in service

finish integral with product, colours, patterns well insulated (RBS 8i)

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RBS for ICI

Buildings

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The Delivery ProcessThe Delivery Processz RBS advantages

Technical advantages Delivery process advantages

Capital cost advantage

Operating cost advantage

z Each participant optimize for their benefit, e.g.

designers: minimize risk, effort

contractor: maximize project profit

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The Delivery ProcessThe Delivery Process

z System benefit Sub-system benefit e.g. engineer chooses precast panels -- little design or

inspection required from him/her

benefit of lower HVAC costs does not save steel stud

wall contractor money savings in coordination costs of windows, structure,

etc. not usually prices

save steel structure at perimeter

z Performance advantages go to owner

z Construction advantages to builder

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ConclusionsConclusions

z RBS is an ENCLOSURE not a WALL

z Must consider walls as a system

support

control

finish

z Speedy construction

z Design flexibility

z Quality finish

z Durable, low energy