roxanne danz technology development manager...0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 gasoline icev...
TRANSCRIPT
DOE – Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, and Infrastructure Technologies
Roxanne DanzTechnology Development
ManagerDOE Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, and Infrastructure
Technologies ProgramSystems Analysis Workshop
July 28-29, 2004Washington, D.C.
2
HFCI Analysis
• National Laboratory projects (including subcontracts to National Labs) –covered by presentations later today.
• Cooperative Agreements – GTI – Sunita Satyapal– Battelle – Kathi Epping– TIAX – Roxanne Danz
3
GTI ProjectDevelopment of Cost-Effective and Reliable
Underground Off-Board Hydrogen Storage Technology
• Gas Technology Institute (GTI)– Over 40 years RD&D in hydrogen technologies
GTI Hydrogen Capabilities and Activities – Hydrogen Production (reformation, gasification, thermochemical, thermal
decomposition, biological, and electrolysis) – Gas Processing (clean-up, purification, liquefaction, and chemical
processing such as gas-to-liquids conversions) – Distribution and Handling (pipeline operations, metering/measurement,
materials compatibility, permeation and leakage, compression, storage, etc.)
– End Uses (fuel cells, engines, turbines, industrial processes, appliances) – Market Research (market investigations, business analysis)– Vehicles: Integrated hydrogen fuel stations, fuel dispensing, hydrogen
storage, and fuel cell components for vehicles – Codes & Standards: Participation in SAE and other pertinent code,
standards, and recommended practices
4
GTI- Off-board H2 Storage Project
Subcontract:• NexGen Fueling
– Division of Chart Industries- one of the world’s largest and most technically advanced LNG infrastructure supplier; $325M sales in NexGen Fueling division
– A leading manufacturer of cryogenic systems and components worldwide, including on-board and bulk cryogenic tanks and a variety cryogenic pumps and vaporizers
• Principal Investigators – Louis A. Lautman (GTI)
• Manager, Advanced Energy Systems
– Claus Emmer (NexGen)• Sr. Systems Engineer, > 30 yrs experience (cryogenic vessels)
New project in response to Hydrogen Storage "Grand Challenge” solicitation…
5
GTI- Off-board H2 Storage Project
Project Objectives:
Task 1) Off-board Storage Technology Analysis
• Evaluation of design, cost, operational characteristics of conventional hydrogen storage (high P) vs. LH2 underground storage (~ 6 mo-1 yr)
– System footprint, capacity, heat gain, leak rates, codes/safety regulations, etc.
Task 2) Off-board Storage Testing & Analysis
• Installation, burial & testing of tank for off-board storage (yrs 2-3)– Heat loss tests, soil moisture effect, tank corrosion monitoring, temperature
effects, tank vacuum loss, safety monitoring, etc.
Funding:– DOE $1M (Total ~$1.5M with cost share) over 3 yrs
Project will start Fall 2004 (subject to congressional appropriations)
Scope of work under negotiation: Will include analysis of high P tanks
6
Skill Set – Capabilities SummaryGTI Project
MODELS SPECIFIC TO H2?
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
STUDIES SPECIFIC TO H2?
RESIDENT CAPABILITY?
TYPE OF ANALYSIS
YesEnergy Market Analysis
YesInfrastructure Development Analysis
YesDelivery Analysis
YesEnvironmental Analysis
YesTechnoeconomic Analysis
YesResource Analysis
7
Skill Set – People (Battelle)Battelle Team: Economic Analysis of StationaryPEM Fuel Cell Systems
• Harry Stone, Economist and Principal Investigator, Battelle – Cincinnati
• Darrell Paul, Project Manager, Battelle --Columbus
• Steve Millett, Futurist, Battelle – Columbus• Gretchen Hund, Stakeholder Involvement, Battelle
– Seattle• Kathya Mahadevan, Analyst, Battelle – Columbus
The above staff comprise the core team working on the current DOE project, but many other Battelle staff members are brought onboard for a limited time when there expertise is needed.
8
Skill Set – Models (Battelle)Battelle Team: Economic Analysis of Stationary PEM Fuel Cell Systems
Economic analysis of stationary fuel cells and their associated markets to understand the cost targets that will drive the R&D for our program.
• Techno-Economic and Lifecycle Cost Models– Spreadsheet modeling with add-in enhancements to answer “what if”
questions– Model platform: Microsoft Excel, VBA, Crystal Ball
• Interactive Future Simulations (IFS)– Uses Bayesian probabilities and cross-impact analysis to build models
from which an algorithm generates alternative scenarios; modeling and simulation tool
– Model platform: Battelle-initiated software program written in C language for Windows
– Model limitations: best suited for macroscopic analysis of probable outcomes
9
Skill Set – Capabilities Summary(Refer to H2 Analysis Types – last Slide)
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
MODELS SPECIFIC TO H2?
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
STUDIES SPECIFIC TO H2?
RESIDENT CAPABILITY?
TYPE OF ANALYSIS
YesEnergy Market Analysis
YesInfrastructure Development Analysis
YesDelivery Analysis
YesEnvironmental Analysis
YesTechnoeconomic Analysis
YesResource Analysis
Battelle Team: Economic Analysis of Stationary PEM Fuel Cell Systems
10
Analysis Issues (Battelle)
• Stationary Fuel Cells and their associated markets need to be studied to understand the cost targets that drive our program’s R&D
• Who will take leadership in the commercialization of hydrogen fuels and under what circumstances?
11
TIAX
• Over 20 year history– Fuel Production Analysis – methanol, ethanol, hydrogen– Well-to-Wheels - energy and GHG– Manufacturing Cost– Societal Impacts – cost/benefit analysis
• Fuel Choice for FCV Analysis (DOE)• Scenario Study (CAFCP)• CA Petroleum Dependency Study (CEC/ARB)• Modeling Studies in the 1990s
– Process Analysis: methanol and hydrogen from biomass– Well-to-Wheels: methanol and hydrogen
12
Skill Set – People - TIAX
• Peter Teagan – technical and market analysis, EPYX ATR development (1989)
• Stefan Unnasch – well-to-wheels studies (1987), vehicle ownership cost analysis (1986)
• Steve Lasher – integrated hydrogen and fuel cell (PEM and SOFC) system thermodynamic modeling and cost assessments
• Jayanti Sinha – economic models, drive cycle analysis
• Michael Chan – hydrogen transition modeling• Eric Carlson – economic/cost analysis
13
Skill Set – Models (TIAX)
• Models that Explicitly Include Hydrogen– GREET Post Processor– Fuel Cell Vehicle Ownership Cost Model– Hydrogen Infrastructure Model– Molecular Modeling– Fuel Cell System Model Projects
14
Skill Set – Projects (TIAX)
• Projects that Explicitly Include Hydrogen– Fuel Choice for FCV Analysis
• Phase I-II: Well-to-Wheel and Ownership Cost Completed: February 2002
• Phase III: Hydrogen Infrastructure Cost Ongoing (different contract than Phases I-II)
– Hydrogen Technical Analysis• Phase I: Small-scale Purification Technologies Completed: July
2002• Phase II: Hydrogen Mini-grid Ongoing
– Manufacturing Cost Study of Automotive PEMFC Fuel Cell System Ongoing
– Analyses of Hydrogen Storage Materials and On-Board Systems Ongoing
15
Skill Set – Models (TIAX)
• Projects that Explicitly Include Hydrogen (con’t)– Others
• Energy Efficiency and Emissions of Transportation Fuel Chains
• The Impact of Electric Vehicles on CO2 Emissions• Analysis of Hydrogen Energy Station• Development of a Multi-Fuel Reformer• Potential PGM Pricing and Availability Barriers to
Commercialization • Assessment of Fuel Cells as Auxiliary Power Systems for
Transportation Vehicles
16
Skill Set – Capabilities Summary(TIAX)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
MODELS SPECIFIC TO H2?
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
STUDIES SPECIFIC TO H2?
RESIDENT CAPABILITY?
TYPE OF ANALYSIS
YesEnergy Market Analysis
YesInfrastructure Development Analysis
YesDelivery Analysis
YesEnvironmental Analysis
YesTechnoeconomic Analysis
YesResource Analysis
17
Backup Slides
18
Modeling Capabilities Hydrogen Systems (TIAX)
System level modeling and detailed cost databases are used to evaluate hydrogen fuel chain efficiency and overall fuel cost.
Air (POX only)
Nat. Gas
Water
FuelReformer PSA
H2-rich gas
H2-poor gas
CatalyticBurner
HeatColdWater
99.99% pure H2
LowPressureStorage
MediumPressureStorage
HighPressureStorage
Flowcntrlr
Flowcntrlr
Flowcntrlr
Dispenser
To Vehicle
CO2H2O
Compressor with intercoolers
CoolingTower
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
cH2, natural gas, FCV
Ethanol, corn, FCV
Methanol, natural gas, FCV
Gasoline, petroleum, FCV
Diesel, petroleum, HEV
Gasoline, petroleum, HEV
Diesel, petroleum, ICEV
Gasoline, petroleum, ICEV
Primary Energy (LHV), MJ/mi
Petroleum Other Fossil Fuel Non Fossil Fuel
Hydrogen Station Conceptual Design
Hydrogen System Process Simulation
GREET Post Processor
• Energy requirements• Equipment size/ specs
• System layout and equipment requirements
• WTW energy use• WTW GHG
Hydrogen Cost Model
0
10
20
30
40
50
cH2, CentralNG,
TubeTrailer
cH2, CentralNG, LH2
cH2, CentralNG, Pipeline
cH2, On-siteElectrolyzer,
US Power Mix
cH2, On-siteNG SR
cH2, On-siteNG SR, MHV
Hyd
rog
en
Co
st,
$/G
J (
LH
V)
MarginTransportationOperation, MaintenanceCapitalEnergy Costs
Includes local fueling station and central plant costs
Tape Cast
AnodePowder Prep
VacuumPlasmaSpray
ElectrolyteSmall Powder
Prep
ScreenPrint
CathodeSmall Powder
Prep
Sinter in Air1400C Sinter in Air
Formingof
Interconnect
ShearInterconnect
VacuumPlasmaSpray
SlurrySpray
ScreenPrint
Slurry Spray
Slip Cast
Finish Edges
Note: Alternative production processes appear in gray to thebottom of actual production processes assumed
BrazePaint Braze
ontoInterconnect
Blanking /Slicing
QC LeakCheck
Interconnect
Fabrication
Electrolyte CathodeAnode
Stack Assembly
Fuel Station Perimeter
Electrolyzer or SMR,High-PressureCompressor
H2 High PressureCascade Storage
System
Gaseous FuelDispensing Islands
Underground Piping with shared conduit
Vent
Building
Covered Fueling Island
CNG High PressureCascade Storage System
Fire Detector
Property of:TIAX LLC
1061 De Anza Blvd.Cupertino, CA 95014
Task 5 CNG/Hydrogen Fueling
Site Plan - Fueling Station
Hydrogen and CNG fueling station
SIZE DWG BY DWG NO REV
A Stefan Unnasch B0228 - S0022 1
SCALE 1" = 8 ft 5 Jan 2004 SHEET 1 OF 110 ft
Security FenceNG line in
Equipment Cost DatabaseSite Plans
• Hydrogen cost (capital, O&M, etc.)
• Safety equipment, site prep, land costs
• High and low volume equipment costs
19
Modeling Capabilities GREET Post Processor (TIAX)
TIAX has developed a GREET Post Processor that enables the effective calculation of energy use and GHG emissions for alternative fueled vehicles.
WTW GHG and Energy Use
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
cH2 On-site NG SR, FCV
E100, Corn, FCV
E100, Corn Stover, FCV
Methanol, NG, FCV
RFG, Petroleum FCV
cH2, On-site NG SR, ICEV
Diesel, Petroleum, HEV
Diesel, Petroleum, ICEV
RFG, Petroleum, HEV
RFG, Petroleum, ICEV
Energy, MJ/miVehicle: Petroleum Vehicle: Other Fossil Fuel Vehicle: Non Fossil FuelFuel Chain: Petroleum Fuel Chain: Other Fossil Fuel Fuel Chain: Non Fossil Fuel
Energy LHV BasisPrimary Energy Input/ Mile Driven
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
cH2 On-site NG SR, FCV
E100, Corn, FCV
E100, Corn Stover, FCV
Methanol, NG, FCV
RFG, Petroleum, FCV
cH2, On-site NG SR, ICE
Diesel, Petroleum, HEV
Diesel, Petroleum, ICEV
RFG, Petroleum, HEV
RFG, Petroleum, ICEV
GHG Emissions, g/mi
Vehicle
Fuel ChainNe t emis s ions
GWP Weighted GHG EmissionsGHG Emissions/ Mile Driven
Ne t emis s ions
HighlightsAllows researchers and policy makers to make effective comparisons of different alternative fuel options without the limitations of the GREET model
Primary UsesProvides a user-friendly method of comparing different hydrogen options while exporting the fundamental analysis in the GREET model
External ReviewDOE Peer Reviews, ANL, Industry Hydrogen Infrastructure Group (IHIG) and various energy companies
20
Modeling Capabilities FCV Ownership Cost Model (TIAX)
TIAX has developed a series of modeling tools to evaluate the life cycle cost of fuel cell powered vehicles.
Vehicle and Ownership Costs
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
GasolineICE HEV
Diesel ICEHEV
GasolineATR FCV
MethanolSR FCV
EthanolATR FCV
Direct cH2FCV
Direct H2MH FCV
Vehi
cle
Cos
t, $
Precious MetalsEnergy StorageTrans, Controls, AccessoriesEngine/Fuel Cell SystemGlider
Large Battery HEV
Cost does not include car manufacturer or dealer markup
Mid
size
Com
bine
d m
_c_p
_r28
.xls
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000
Gasoline ICEV
Diesel ICEV
Direct cH2 ICEV
Gasoline ICE HEV
Diesel ICE HEV
Gasoline ATR FCV
Methanol SR FCV
Ethanol ATR FCV
Direct cH2 FCV
Direct H2 MH FCV
Battery EV US Mix
Annual Cost, $/yrGlider Powertrain Precious Metals O&M Fuel
Veh
icle
FE
& C
osts
CB
_r22
.xls
HighlightsThe model combines several detailed modeling efforts at TIAX including:
–Fuel cell stack performance model–Fuel cell and hydrogen storage manufacturing
cost model–Hybrid vehicle cost and performance (i.e.,
drive-cycle simulation)–Hydrogen cost model–Vehicle ownership cost model
Primary UsesEnables the comparison of the cost of different fuel cell vehicle and technology options
External ReviewVehicle model developed with EPRI HEV working group, fuel cell costs reviewed extensively with fuel cell industry
21
Modeling Capabilities Hydrogen Infrastructure Model (TIAX)
TIAX has developed a hydrogen infrastructure model that evaluates transition strategies for the hydrogen economy.
($50)
$0
$50
$100
$150
$200
$250
0 10 20 30 40 50
Year
Dol
lars
, Bill
ion
0
25
50
75
100
125
FCVs
On-
Roa
d, M
illio
n
Capital InvestmentCash FlowFCVs On-Road
Hydrogen Cost and Cash Flow
$-
$10
$20
$30
$40
$50
0 10 20 30 40 50Year
Hyd
roge
n C
ost,
$/kg
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Varia
ble
Cos
t, %
of T
otal
Example: H2 Station -forecourt production
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
HighlightsDetermines both the capital and operating cost of hydrogen infrastructure introduction options over time
Primary UsesEnables policy makers and investors to assess the capital cost and revenue projections for different hydrogen vehicle and infrastructure build-up scenarios
–Vehicle introduction scenarios; including quick versus long build-up, hydrogen ICEVs
–Fueling strategies; including central versus local production, mobile fuelers, energy stations
External ReviewDOE and CAFCP Peer Reviews, Industry Hydrogen Infrastructure Group (IHIG) and various energy companies
22
Modeling Capabilities Molecular Modeling (TIAX)
In a previous study of hydrogen storage, we modeled a hydrogen molecule between two graphitic planes to assess hydrogen affinity to this structure.
• We found that, although there is some electron charge transfer from the graphite to the H2 molecule, there is no localization potential pinning the hydrogen molecule
• We saw that any charge transfer in or out of the graphitic planes results in a decrease of the in-plane lattice vector’s magnitude
23
Modeling Capabilities Fuel Cell Systems (TIAX)
A similar modeling approach is taken to evaluate the cost and performance of complete fuel cell systems.
Tape Cast
AnodePowder Prep
VacuumPlasmaSpray
ElectrolyteSmall Powder
Prep
ScreenPrint
CathodeSmall Powder
Prep
Sinter in Air1400C Sinter in Air
Formingof
Interconnect
ShearInterconnect
VacuumPlasmaSpray
SlurrySpray
ScreenPrint
Slurry Spray
Slip Cast
Finish Edges
Note: Alternative production processes appear in gray to thebottom of actual production processes assumed
BrazePaint Braze
ontoInterconnect
Blanking /Slicing
QC LeakCheck
Interconnect
Fabrication
Electrolyte CathodeAnode
Stack Assembly
• Equipment size/ specs• Efficiency
• Fuel cell cost• Fuel cell weight
Vehicle Ownership Cost Model
• Vehicle manufactured cost
• Ownership cost (vehicle, fuel, O&M)
Drive Cycle Simulation
0102030405060708090
100
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Time, s
Spe
ed, k
m/h
FUDS Driving Cycle
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
GasolineICE HEV
Diesel ICEHEV
GasolineATR FCV
MethanolSR FCV
EthanolATR FCV
Direct cH2FCV
Direct H2MH FCV
Vehi
cle
Cos
t, $
Precious MetalsEnergy StorageTrans, Controls, AccessoriesEngine/Fuel Cell SystemGlider
Large Battery HEV
Cost does not include car manufacturer or dealer markup
Mid
size
Com
bine
d m
_c_p
_r28
.xls
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
cell
pote
ntia
l (V)
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 current density (A/cm²)
NG2000 H2 NG3000 H2 NG2000 ref NG3000 ref
Stack Performance Model
Fuel Cell System Process Simulation
Manufacturing Cost Model
• Power density• Stack dimensions
• Vehicle power• Fuel economy
24
Modeling Capabilities Fundamental Stack Model (TIAX)
Fundamental models, such as our PEM stack model, allow us to estimate performance over a wide range of conditions.
Steady State and Transient Effect of Poisons
250 ppmCO, 80 C
Cel
l Vol
tage
/ V
Current Density / A cm-2
250 ppmCO, 100 C
250 ppmCO, 120 C
0 ppm CO80 C
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
3 atm, H2+CO/airAnode & cathode: 0.2 mg Pt cm-2
Catalyst dia. 3.5 nm
Time / s
Inle
t C
O /
ppm
0
5
10
15
20
25
Cur
rent
Den
sity
/ m
A c
m-2
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0 200 400 600 800 1000
CO0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
250 ppmCO, no O2
Cel
l Vol
tage
/ V
Current Density / A cm-2
250 ppm CO,100 ppm O2
250 ppm CO,300 ppm O2
0 ppm CO80 C
3 atm, H2+CO/airAnode & cathode: 0.2 mg Pt cm-2
Catalyst dia. 3.5 nm
Effect of Temperature
Effect of Air BleedTransient Response
H2Pt + Pt = 2 HPtH2 + Pt = H2Pt
H2O + Pt = H2OPtCO + Pt = COPt
COPt + OHPt = CO2 + HPt + PtHPt = H + Pt
H2OPt = H + OHPtHPt + OPt = OHPt + Pt
H2OPt + OPt = 2 OHPtHPt + OHPt = H2OPt + Pt
O2 + Pt = O2PtO2Pt + Pt = 2 OPt
COPt + OPt = CO2 + 2 Pt
Elementary ReactionsHighlights• Accurate performance valid over a wide range of
operating conditions because the model includes fundamental descriptions of important phenomena
–Elementary reactions based on current, fundamental understanding
–Kinetic parameters, not fitted to data, but obtained from fundamental measurements and calculations in the literature
Primary Uses• Estimate cell performance under real and
hypothetical scenarios• Check validity of performance assertions• Identify and test operating strategies that
optimize performance• E.g., automotive PEMFC
25
Modeling Capabilities Manufacturing Cost Model (TIAX)
Our manufacturing cost model is critical in determining the bottoms-up cost of many hydrogen and fuel cell components.
The OATT wanted to develop an independent cost analysis of a fuel flexible PEMFC system for transportation with which to gauge progress toward PNGV cost targets and to project future cost.
• Develop a system configuration for automotive applications
• Worked with ANL to construct system design• Develop an activities based cost model for high
volume production (500,000 vehicles per year)• Present results and assumptions to industry• Revise model based on feedback from industry• Use kinetic modeling to provide basis for long term
projection
The ChallengeThe Challenge
TIAX’s ApproachTIAX’s Approach
2001 Baseline2001 BaselineCost:Cost:
Cost Model Results Cost Model Results
Fuel Cell67%
Fuel Processor24%
Balance of Plant3%
Assembly & Indirect6%
Pt LoadingPt LoadingAnalysis:Analysis:
20
40
60
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Cathode Platinum Loading / mg cm-2
Fu
el C
ell M
ater
ials
Co
st /
$ kW
-1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Pow
er D
ensi
ty /
W c
m-2
Hydrogen
• $324/kW• 500,000 veh/yr• fuel flexible
reformer (gasoline)
• Based on kinetic analysis
• High temperature membrane
• 0.8V at rated power
• Considers stack resistance
26
Fuel Choice for FCV Analysis (TIAX)
• Phase I-II: Well-to-Wheel and Ownership Cost– Completed: February 2002– Evaluated well-to-wheel energy use, greenhouse gas emissions, and ownership
costs for various PEM FCV fuel options using detailed fuel chain and vehicle performance models and cost analyses. Also evaluated the technology development, commercialization, environmental, safety and other issues surrounding various fuel options and strategies for FCVs. Based on the results, helped DOE develop R&D targets for off-board hydrogen production and provided insight to potential FCV ownership costs for the various options.
• Phase III: Hydrogen Infrastructure Cost– Ongoing (different contract than Phases I-II)– Conducting a net present value analysis on developing a hydrogen
infrastructures focusing on the transition from the current situation to various steady-state market penetration cases. Based on the results, will compare financial and other risks to society and individual stakeholders for various transition strategies and propose pathways that minimize risks.
27
Hydrogen Technical Analysis(TIAX)
• Phase I: Small-scale Purification Technologies– Completed: July 2002– Evaluated three alternative purification technologies with promising
characteristics for small-scale production at hydrogen fueling stations using detailed process models and cost analyses of various system configurations, including: high and low pressure autothermal and steam reforming, and high and low pressure hydrogen storage. Based on the results, determined the most promising purification technologies compared to conventional pressure swing adsorption in terms of overall system efficiency and cost to produce hydrogen.
• Phase II: Hydrogen Mini-grid– Ongoing– Evaluating the feasibility of hydrogen production for both vehicle fueling and
distributed fuel cell power using short distance hydrogen transmission (a.k.a. hydrogen mini-grid) via compressed hydrogen and metal hydride slurry. Detailed cost analysis and process modeling are being used to determine the overall cost, energy use, and emissions benefits of the mini-grid strategies compared to stand-alone and conventional systems.
28
Manufacturing Cost Study of Automotive PEM FC Fuel Cell System (TIAX)
• Ongoing• In conjunction with Argonne National Labs, have
developed detailed designs for both on-board reforming and direct hydrogen automotive PEMFC systems. Based on the detailed designs, conducted bottoms-up assessment of fabrication costs for 25-100 kW PEMFC systems at both high and low cell voltage designs and vetted the results with numerous developers.
29
Analyses of Hydrogen Storage Materials and On-Board Systems (TIAX)
• New Project• Analysis of various hydrogen storage technologies compared to high P
tank baseline• TIAX will work with a team of industry experts to evaluate several
categories of on-board hydrogen storage –– Compressed hydrogen– Cryogenic and hybrid approaches– Reversible on-board storage systems:
• Metal hydrides• Carbon-based materials and high surface area adsorbents
– Regenerable (off-board) storage systems- e.g. chemical hydrides
• Objectives:– Compare the different storage technologies and approaches in terms of
system level capacity, capital costs, lifecycle costs, energy efficiency, and environmental impact.
30
Others (TIAX)
• Energy Efficiency and Emissions of Transportation Fuel Chains– Evaluated the energy inputs, GHG and criteria pollutant emissions for a
variety of fuels including methanol and hydrogen from natural gas, coal, and renewables. Based on the results, assess the feasibility and potential environmental benefits of these fuels for fuel cell vehicle applications.
• The Impact of Electric Vehicles on CO2 Emissions– Calculated energy and CO2 emissions on a well-to-wheels basis for
battery electric, hybrid and conventional ICE vehicles using drivetrainand vehicle performance models. Based on the results, compared the environmental impact of each vehicle choice and recommended pathways to minimize energy use and CO2 emissions.
• Analysis of Hydrogen Energy Station– Evaluating the feasibility of single source hydrogen production for both
vehicle fueling and fuel cell power generation (a.k.a. hydrogen energy station). Will assess the costs and efficiencies for various energy station configurations and investigate potential field-test sites for energy stations with 50kW fuel cells.
31
Others (con’t) (TIAX)
• Development of a Multi-Fuel Reformer– Aided by in-house kinetic modeling and bench-scale experimental evaluation, designed and
tested a novel, compact catalytic partial oxidation reactor. Based on the results, developed and successfully demonstrated fuel cell operation on gasoline reformate which lead to the formation of a spin-off company that continues to develop and also sells fuel processing and fuel cell systems.
• Design and Testing of Hydrogen Storage Materials– We built a hydrogen storage test facility, which was subsequently used to independently test
the performance characteristics of a variety of hydrogen storage technologies, including metal hydrides and carbon nanostructures. Based on the results, we evaluated the feasibility of each storage technology compared to conventional compressed gas and liquid storage.
• Potential PGM Pricing and Availability Barriers to Commercialization– We developed an econometric model to project the impact of fuel cell commercialization
scenarios on platinum price and availability based on historical responses of platinum markets to new application demands. Based on the results, we evaluated platinum pricing and availability effects on the potential commercialization of fuel cells.
• Assessment of Fuel Cells as Auxiliary Power Systems for Transportation Vehicles (ongoing)
– We are investigating various fuel cell APU performance attributes, such as: fuel flexibility, start-up time, power level, duty cycle, weight, volume, cost, and overall vehicle efficiency; using detailed system designs and process models. Based on the results, we will evaluate the viability of PEMFCs and SOFCs as APUs for vehicles and perform a trade-off analysis for the critical design and performance parameters.