rowland high school developmental psychology. opening activity: identify five past events that have...

Rowland High School

DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY


• Opening Activity: Identify five past events that have had an impact on your development. In addition, hypothesize five future events that you believe will significantly affect your development.


• Developmental Psychology - branch of psychology that studies how human beings change over time as the result of biological and environmental influences.

• Major Themes:

• Nature versus nurture (interaction)

• Continuity versus discontinuity

• Stability versus change


• Studying nature versus nurture

• Twin studies

• Identical and fraternal

• Adoption studies


• Prenatal Development

• Three Stages

• Zygote (10 days)

• Embryo (2-8 weeks)

• Differentiation

• Fetus (9 weeks)

Life is sexually transmitted: (a) Sperm cells surround an ovum. (b) As one sperm penetrates the egg’s jellylike outer coating, a series of

chemical events begins that will cause sperm and egg to fuse into a single cell. If all goes well, that cell will subdivide again and again to

emerge 9 months later as a 100-trillion-cell human being..

(a) (b)

Prenatal development: (a) The embryo grows and develops rapidly. At 40 days, the spine is visible and the arms and legs are beginning to grow. (b) By the end of the second month, when the fetal period begins, facial features, hands, and feet have

formed. (c) As the fetus enters the fourth month, its 3 ounces could fit in the palm of your hand.

(a) (b) (c)


Fetal Development


• Prenatal Development

• Three Stages

• Zygote (10 days)

• Embryo (2-8 weeks)

• Differentiation

• Fetus (9 weeks)

• Teratogens - prenatal toxins (mind module video)

• Fetal Alcohol Syndrome


• The Neonatal Period

• Birth to one month

• Abilities:

• Sight

• Preferences

• Reflexes

• (video clips)


• Infancy and Childhood

• Brain development

• Neural pruning

• Synchronicity (video clip)


• Attachment

• Imprinting

• Konrad Lorenz


• Attachment Styles

• Mary Ainsworth

• Types of attachment:

• Secure

• Avoidant

• Anxious/ambivalent

• “the strange situation” (video clip)


1. I am somewhat uncomfortable being close to others; I find it difficult to trust them completely, difficult to allow myself to depend on them. I am nervous when anyone gets too close, and love partners often want me to be more intimate than I feel comfortable being.

2. I find that others are reluctant to get as close as I would like. I often worry that my partner doesn’t really love me or won’t want to stay with me. I want to get very close to my partner, and this sometimes scares people away.

3. I find it relatively easy to get close to others and am comfortable depending on them. I don’t often worry about being abandoned or about someone getting too close to me.

1. Avoidant - insecure 2. Anxious – ambivalent 3. Secure


• Contact Comfort

• “cupboard theory” and Sigmund Freud

• Harry and Margaret Harlow (video clip)

Social deprivation and fear: Monkeys raised with artificial mothers were terror-stricken when placed in strange situations

without their surrogate mothers. (Today’s climate of greater respect for animal welfare prevents such primate studies.


• Maturation – the process by which the genetic program manifest itself over time.

Infants can discriminate between possible and impossible objects : After habituating to the stimulus on the left, 4-month-olds stared longer if shown the impossible version of the

cube—where one of the back vertical bars crosses over a front horizontal bar.

Habituation is the decreasing responsiveness with repeated presentation of the same.

Baby math: Shown a numerically impossible outcome, 5-month-old infants stare longer.

Schema

CHECKING FOR UNDERSTANDING

• List three things you learned about child development. Be prepared to share with the class.

• Imagine two identical jars, with one jar containing exactly 200 red jelly beans and the other exactly 200 black jelly beans. Tell them that you are going to fill a scoop with 15 red jelly beans and pour them into the jar containing the black jelly beans. Then, you are going to shake that jar, mixing the beans. You will then scoop 15 beans (any 15) from the jar containing the black jelly beans and pour them into the jar containing the red jelly beans.

• Will the number of red jelly beans in the jar that initially contained only black jelly beans be the same as the number of black jelly beans in the jar that originally contained only red jelly beans?


• Cognitive Development: Piaget’s Theory

• Background

• Discontinuous

• Three key ideas:

1. Schemas

An impossible object : Look carefully at the “devil’s tuning fork.” Now look away—no, better first study it some more—and then look away and draw it. . . . Not so easy, is it? This is an impossible object; you have no

schema for such an image.



• Background

• Discontinuous


1. Schemas (activity)

2. Assimilation & accommodation



• Background

• Discontinuous


1. Schemas

2. Assimilation & accommodation

3. Stages of cognitive development

The first illustration shows a bottle with some water in it. In second illustration, the bottle has been tilted. Draw a line to show how the

water line would look.

• Assimilation

• Preoperational

• Conservation

• Piaget

• Artificialism

• Sensorimotor

• Transduction

• Hypothetical

• Accommodation

• Classification

• Reversibility

• Formal

• Schema

• Deductive

• Egocentric

• Animism

• Concrete

PIAGET’S STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

Sensorimotor(birth to 18 months)

FormalPreoperational(two to six)

Concrete(seven to twelve)

grasping, sucking and looking

centration

conservationobject

permanence

means ends causality

egocentric

artificialismlack of abstract

thinking

animistic thinking

irreversability

transductive logic

separation anxiety

reversibility

theory of mind abstract thinking

inductive logic

deductive logic

Reflection: What is one thing you like about Piaget’s theory and one thing you dislike? Explain your answer. Give reasons.

Object permanence Infants younger than 6 months seldom understand that things continue to exist when they are out of sight. But for this infant, out of sight is definitely not out of mind.

Piaget’s test of conservation : This preoperational child does not yet understand the principle of conservation of substance. When the milk is poured into a tall, narrow glass, it suddenly seems like

“more” than when it was in the shorter, wider glass. In another year or so, she will understand that the volume stays the same.

Testing children’s theory of mind : This simple problem illustrates how researchers explore children’s presumptions about others’ mental

states.


• Lev Vygotsky

• Nurture (environment)

• Internalization

• Zone of proximal development


• Critical Thinking:

• Was Piaget’s theory emphasizing nature or nurture? Why?

ERIKSON’S THEORY

• Erikson’s Psycho-Social Theory

• Sense of Connectedness

• Sense of Independence

• Identity Crisis – a period of inner conflict during which adolescents worry intensely about who they are

• Ordered Share: Did you go through a identity crisis in high school? Explain.

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

Trust versus Mistrust:Crisis: Is the world a safe place?

Ages: Birth to one year

Autonomy versus Shame & Doubt:Crisis: Can I be independent?

Ages : 1-2

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

Initiative versus Guilt:Crisis: Will I be made to feel guilty for trying new things?

Ages: 3-5

Industry versus Inferiority:Crisis: Am I competent in school and with my peers?

Ages: 6 to puberty

Identity versus Role Confusion:Crisis: Do I know who I am and what I am going to do?

Ages: Adolescence

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

Intimacy versus Isolation:Crisis: Can I commit to another person?

Ages: Early Adulthood

Generativity versus Stagnation:Crisis: Am I a productive member of society?

Ages: Middle adulthood

Integrity versus Despair:Crisis: Am I Ready to die?

Ages: Elderly

Erikson’s Theory• Identify the stage of development using Erikson’s Theory:

It’s Little League season and 3rd grader, Nathan, can’t wait! Last spring he was on Jr. Little League and he got at least two hits in every game he played. He also caught three fly balls, and won the game for the team! Nathan’s coaches, friends, and parents are looking forward to Nathan playing on the team this year.

Industry versus Inferiority

Erikson’s TheoryRosemary loves when her grandchildren visit. She proudly tells them of the great times she had with raising her family and making a nice home for everyone she loves. Sometimes, she wishes she went to college and worked outside the home as her husband did, but Rosemary says, “If I did that, I probably wouldn’t have had the time to enjoy such a beautiful family!”

Integrity versus Despair

Erikson’s Theory

Daniel doesn’t want to wear the pajamas his mother chose for him. Instead, he STRONGLY prefers last night’s pajamas! Daniel’s mom agrees and dresses him in his selection.

Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt

Erikson’s Theory

Samuel is tired of meeting women at bars, parties and dating lots of different people. Sure, it’s fun sometimes, but now he’d rather have one special person to settle down with and share his life.

Intimacy versus Isolation

Erikson’s Theory

Baby Christopher’s mom feeds him every three or four hours, burps him, walks with him when he is fussy, and makes sure he is dressed warmly every time he goes outside with her.

Trust versus Mistrust

Erikson’s Theory

Annie’s parents are doctors. Her grandparents are doctors. In fact, Annie’s parents have told her that after high school they are looking forward to her entering the same college and medical school they attended. Annie waits for just the right time to announce her plans to travel to Europe after high school to pursue her interest in drawing and painting, and to learn Italian.

Identity versus Role Confusion

Erikson’s Theory

Martin has been a very successful businessman for nearly 25 years. His three children are reaching adulthood. Martin decides to start a small business that provides financial advising to young people who are just staring their careers.

Generativity versus Stagnation

Erikson’s Theory

Timmy’s mom pours him a bowl of Cheerios and milk. She directs him to go sit at the kitchen table. Timmy reaches for the bowl of Cheerios, announcing, “I carry it!” On the way to the table, lots of milk, and cereal spill on the floor. Mom quietly cleans up the mess and thanks Timmy for his “help.”

Initiative versus Guilt

Social Development

• Reflection Erikson’s Theory: Which stage of the stages do you believe you are in? Why?

Adolescent Development

• Historical background– 1800’s– Initiation rites (rite of passage)– Duration – puberty to financial independence• Group discussion: What types of initiation rites do

American teenagers experience?

Adolescent Development

• Adolescent Physical Development– Puberty– Primary sex characteristics– Secondary sex characteristics– Menarche– Spermarche

Gender

MaleFemale

Brainstorm feminine and masculine characteristics.

Emotional

Sensitive

AmbitionUnderstanding

Gentle

AffectionateSelf-reliance

Independence

Assertiveness

Aggressive

Gender Roles and Sex Differences

• Gender roles and sex differences– Sex (biological)– Gender identity– Gender roles– Gender stereotypes– Androgynous


• Gender Perspectives– Biological perspective (xx, xy)– Evolutionary– Psychodynamic– Behavioral– Cognitive• Gender schema


• Sex differences in cognition– Stereotype threat


• Gender Perspectives– Biological perspective– Evolutionary– Psychodynamic– Behavioral– Cognitive• Gender schema

Social Development

• Parenting Styles– Diana Baumrind

Parenting Styles

Authoritarianor

Autocratic

Unfriendly, distrustful, and withdrawn

More likely to be aggressive

Less likely to feel guilty or accept blame

Parenting Styles

Democraticor

Authoritative

Tend to be friendly, cooperative, self reliant, and socially

responsible

Tend to do better in school

Tend to be more popular

Parenting Styles

Permissive

Relatively immature, dependent, and unhappy

Often have tantrums

Ask for help when the encounter slight difficulties

Parenting Styles

Uninvolved

Immature & dependent

Impulsive

Reflection Questions:– Which style do your parents fit? Give an example to

support your answer.– Does each of your parents have a different parenting

style? Explain. Give example to support your answer.

Parenting Styles

Moral Development

• Moral/ethical theory– Lawrence Kohlberg– Stage theory– Story-telling technique– Heinz dilemma– Reflection: Did Heinz’s do

the right or wrong thing? Justify your answer.

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development

Stage I: Pre-conventional“Will I be punished”“Will I get caught”

Stage II: Pre-conventional“Will I get a reward or praise”

“You scratch my back if I scratch yours”

Stage III: Conventional“Will my parents, family, or friends get mad at me”


Stage IV: Conventional“Is it right according to the law”

“Is it right according to my religion”

Stage V: Post-Conventional“There are exceptions to the rules”

Utilitarian Principles“Greatest good for the greatest number”

Stage VI: Post-ConventionalUniversal ethical principle

“Does it violate a universal principle I believe in”“The golden rule”


• Judy has five test in one day. She is a good student but did not have time to study for her French test. She knows the person who sits next to her in French class is also a good student. This girl has copied from Judy on occasion. Judy decides to look at the other girl’s test for the questions she doesn’t know. Besides, Judy, said “I never should have five test in one day anyway.”

Stage II


• Scott thought about leaving school early and going to a baseball game. He stayed in school because he was afraid of getting caught.

Stage I


• Juanita’s friends were at the mall, and someone suggested they do a little shoplifting just to see if they could get away with it. Juanita wouldn’t participate and said stealing is wrong.

Stage IV


• Muhammed lives with his mother in a poor section of the city. His mother is quite ill and needs outpatient services daily at a hospital some miles away from their home. Muhammed steals a car to take his mother to the hospital.

Stage III ,V or VI


• Martina, a young woman living in a war-torn region of the world, distributes food to orphans living in the streets. This activity is actually against the law. She frequently has to deceive the authorities in order to keep these children alive.

Stage V or VI


• Grant wants to spend time after school volunteering at the hospital. However, he is a good basketball player, and practice interferes with his volunteer program. The coach and other teammates pressure him to play. Grant decides to play with the team.

Stage III

Moral Development• Reflection Kohlberg’s Theory– Which stage of the moral development do you believe you

are in? Why?– What is one problem of criticism you have with Kohlberg’s

moral theory?

Moral Development• Criticism of Kohlberg’s Theory– Inconsistent– Carol Gilligan• Ethics of care

Death and Dying

Death and Dying Thanatology Five stages of psychological adjustment (Kubler-Ross)

Reflection: Do you think that Kubler-Ross stages of dying apply to other types of

losses (such as in sports or romantic breakups) Explain. List on problem or criticism you have of Kubler-Ross’s theory?

Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Accept

rowland high school developmental psychology. opening activity: identify five past events that have...

Documents

secure slide

change slide

abc slide

ab slide

weeks differentiation

days embryo

fetal period

cell human