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2.

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I ED AND NELFAS..E0YNTELL I6ENCE ADEN

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InOmstrini Objects (c -N

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Other 1.nduc-ica o lejocts in VIIZA the Source knew of :Out was ulT7ible toTive nny o .hcr dntel

4. "Voonnyi Znvod # . 505". The Source cn1ythat wages :as 'it were mucll 1-Eiher than ari;- .1creelse. She clnincs nottO know -it3 locnt-i on C Cd told thnt it wns "sordewhere in =HA itscaf'".

3. "ELFA"--elant in V ILNA, near raStation ,see sketch /2 1.Tz. 1 1-)1o7s nbout wori-Lers. Produces riacrophones fc:r . i tOtput•

6. "Zavotit sverlov" ( of vaCo:ic ceiib res),close to"Zevo hlifovochnykh stenkov" (see sketch # 1). Sar:le shops still undercorstruction which berin in 195C.:.

7. "SIKT-no-reLiontny-T zo.vod u - see shototi

S. nriP.OZI-DZAVOD"- bc,:i.d.ss yes st prodieec "1:-.vas" ( soft (1.-17:Lni:).See sketch # 1.

9. i lnK r)e-2.-evo Obrohn7i Zavod - see sketch i ll 1.

•

1. C;onevol sure tion in '3velorues-ia.

Since Stslin's death. life re=•ably improved but there were still too mnyshortcgmings end too =eh nisery . in general. IreETlarities and intorrutionsin supply of foodstuffs and their shol-tage are comrlonp.laco. Qoas =min infr I1t of shaos to be a typical "lendark"of towns. The loweststcndnrdis in kolkho:7y. Thct is why youth in tho countryside t Y'.ies .,_tc, Yr,t. out of villcc;es

f).0 7.7 0..to towns. Eany also ec to Virgin Lands. Thero -4 •7.' nces for goodoarnings..ex The pconlo (2;oin to Vi-rin Lands prefer to got their corn back to

• r2lorussia but often they . are forced to sell it on the s pot ( in the VirinLnedz). L. tha t they lose Quite a lot because corn in tho Viricin Lends is muchoheaioer then in Byolcrussic. Party-mbors and Komsomol-activists succeedusually in getting their corn to B:yelorussia..

2. Russification.

East Dyclorusois. is very latch. ruLied. I Wr,st Eyeloussia the situation2of L,.)elorussians is Syl".',1:ft7It better but by no moans rosy. In 1961 increasedrecrkably . Russificat i on,-'oreseure. This is noticeable pc yticulorly in mools.

19E1 isa:opoarod o.. satae Byelorussian manuals . for odnyt ond desistylotkiand students wore carelled to use the tu sian onod instead. Arnow:, others, therewas . clmost a conleto lock of "2,-yelorussiantS on bielo!zy,t1:oclogy.

3. Klirust-ichou-_,

Nobody takos seriously Knrushchov l s His raputetion hes ro.mcblyC.iminishod insoarison with previous years. the Doaao,areat his boasting about catehinE up with the Unitod States. Tho regime is awarecyr ibis cc _o ettitude" of population u7.1(1 sulaetLaea tries to countervailit with rathe 'r unusua..1 use au:: thus, a driver at 1 .1ine1: who crashed with

wnen brouht to tho Court, told the judt,Les that he wass-oeodin up . because he was catchinf.' up Ilerica. for tint horocalvod 2 yeersimprisont.

Thoriany joabout Khruchchow, usually about his relations with otherori linent ,00lsonclities. In the foreground r e ains l.7ikoy,-2n;:2nd

The Source was, however, unable to"re-oroduce"thm..

. 4. Attitude towards the lqesIL

h uc her sarac chniv.ce in the future caused pa.-i-tially Si- samofMF.Vi .Teetorn 1.1c. still believe thct 1 to thom.There 1.Fre even rumours that tho U. S. fq-as in ossession of specificwcaoon ce .00blo to out the whole Soviet Union to slee p and thus giving theA,...orionn Amy the ohmcee to occupy Sovict territory withou'6 the slightestresistanco...

Seme pocple still bolievo that war is inevitable snd this is the onlyto got rid.. of ar..).ds1.1. In [:cnaral the 7) leticn. is . inclinod to underceti=to

r;owor ta sputniks end rockets.i1 ,howcvor, tha apathy is p reva:,..l i ng in sll . 'acatf-; of plor:allaCe.

Ly inerc4:;,.T.-§41 . .. ,afla 1 ess to '; .Letern intentions and political,,TLTJ.cm. .Thy indications of. -ri...;cont bctwa:m lAr est r .Lnd. Eest ere resrdedas : -.1assiall succe ssful cleverness and foolin cZ the West their counter-t.

the city-p opulation OsLy ,in • artiaolei -n.6t of 1 ..aNsK, constitutes

o refli ni_7127e711 of ausialls ,flyerus clans end T -11:raininns. , Tn -enrtietlt, theinn= of Rusie.n sient has been and runoins v)rcdominent.'iussians and nreinians occupy u.s-c,nlly better position in ,ri eieoL

and ccono:ny. The attitude of 12,-Lloo.u.seinns to=ds Ill . nions is somewhat1.);., er than to .1Zuseiens.

6. Yo._th.

Youth is gettinL more and more indoctrinated. l',:omsomol end Y.- .orty FLMIg'1"31-111)

are identical with. vroper careers. helns vely r:tuch the re,i7,1ms.

7. 7:,eria-affeirs.

On the eve of bcria l s linidntion there wore rumours in Lithuanis andDyol orussia tthocviote Union WeS Eoinu, to be reformed end. "divide0. .There will be even 2'n o.:1-chene of national minorities: non-Widatumrkaarussons will na-ve to leave :2y0lorussia2 ssn an(:1 all Byelorue ians will returnfrom LithlInD•[JC;a:: C c.2*.1 li_rrJddy contm-nE even'ual sels andewe hane of houses. The 1 .:ussians uere 37c,. i:her unoasy shel:_t it and behaved atthat time vey politely, in in 1,“;1=nis.

8. Leeflets from ald.

Shortly often 12.:oria's ramovel there lied been dra ll_ed ,-probobly by pleneo,over Li't11.1fIr ri a and 12, 1oras i a "leaflets with f'orl::s". They told thst arevolution , in U. C: Union is and seked the -: .-o-ouloce tosu-!Taort it. new ,however, believed it. The , LitTTnIons did not likeit because the loeflets weie sem:nosed in rbasa'i,,n.

•

Seurca c s comletely 7ancl.-le:o of any -eol .it-7cal Dyelerus:ianShe knew ,horetar„ thet emirante were very ective al:road.nomes o ,2 - .. )ranant abrosd, - ..mtThnod to the SO1IT00,ment nothin to he-0 et :all.

IHriiSTRIAL OBJECTS' LSSR

1. "Z4LGES"-7;r1ant, located In NO -01.17LNA (north of VILNA),Promyshlan,-naya ill., os indicated on sketch # 1.Built in 10,9. Comprises 17 buildings ("korssov").(Sce sketch /./ 2.)ELP10,7 1-1 3,000 to 4,000 wori:ors. Produticn: rischines oftwo kinds "-rre Yse rnc-vortykalnyc nostolnye t,)and norLal Pirezorn•e ( ecito::. 3 t.i.lonthly output if" 1059 : 140-145 m1.l1ing mechinos of Both kinds.

Tho f ource wored in " 1:a.-Jovochno-oko.,,roc." shop from 1(:;54 to 1959.

People nown to the Source froT,. ZALGERIS in 19:59 wham rho thoullt to be stillworking there in 1962:

i. GELEZAVSK T S, -7'nu,Li.thumian,superintendent ( P.nochalnik" ) of '1 . 1ovochno-oprovocnyi shop; •

IIAKSI11071,fnu, FLussian, "nschalr-11.:" of 2=M;17 H-v)

Fula7, 7 I1.4T CZ, 4*-au,Byeloruss 4 on,nac.-111:1_1: of Lioc!ionical shop;

iv. PIESZKO,fnu, Polish,nschalni of Se:-:end r.loch..-.1ical shop.

Pa.1-t of .aroduction goes also for =Fort mainly to Asia and African.In 1959 2c 1 0eris"Ilade r,,me rcL1lin Tn.achi nes -or a ViernP.-a:::.-1bition.

1 . :anufactrinl.; thaise naohnes tool:- 8 times longo,r thsn na1:ing of thOsefor 4 -nernol use. Thic "sy5tem" aw1 4 es goncrslly to"e:.:-.-.:or-1-,--oroduc:-.jor".-..',...ix:Dort-Liachines a re being riado an mirk gros ter care aad crc acree f -7 C _ e o, Thore 7 ncc c C CY -1 1 rH end Ci f.

u ' ' ' •rand, 2.11aLC; :;ne radon.

2. "Zavod shlifavalntov" ( Lrsnch ofZA=P.IS, located PIZ-:12Ta":ion VILIL1., ni in(,icated an 5-iketah

1. COTIri5C21 3 bi.:'1ff.nr,:s ("Lorpur:ss") /3oc ,, keten i2 3/. Ono 1:.orrus" .1s• un,J en cons on.-21::loys about 1,000 workers. 1.-.0nthl:.- ..utpv.t: 3' -33 (grinCing =c1-,ine 2 ) 2duo Source wor1:ed-L-i'e f con 1959-1962, a ,- -oin in :'slevocho-(..,ravochn-,:i n ac,or,

Director of Znvod:.: -1=111ATE.1:71:C,fnu,' nrsinir'n,CP The g=-co couldnot :ca=ber namss of otnoy

Thera wore samo ir , egularities in producion caurt-r-"!to clad• Ay of steel -shoots end bloc]:s. Tho Source t1 .1 . t tft-A; thcy accoftmtad .To:: not m..,ro t laDn no. ro:::. 3 dnys uasto ron non.

3. "Zavc,C, 10(7.CC,.ul.,as indica.ted on sketch :// 1. Production: 1:Tow plant,bv.ilt in i c:.11:.9, s brancih al ZAL0=3".ELp1oys about 301. - 500 wokers.The S=ce ho u from tholo a me&haTELcLin, bI.rlhoieoae.CP.manber; and a. Byelorusa ,by•the nemo: foramn.

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--4

SUBJECT: General Situation in Byelorussia

Source : OCASSOWARY/2 from recent arrival from Byelorussian SSR - presentlyrediding with fnu SOLOVEY and old Byelo emigre, 1745 Lexington St.,St. Loraine, Ohio. With the recent arrival, came his wife and 3 daughters,

Teresa, age 26, nu, 30 and nu 16-17; and a son age 21.

1. Nationality of all members of the family is Byelorussian. They areRoman Catholic. The childrencomiqeted the 10 year school. Solovey negotiated

for the emigration of this family for a period of 15 years.

Teresa had been employed in a factory in ViUna where "metal parts" were

manufactured for radio. (It was her own assumption'that -the parts were used forradio.) She waspaid a sRlary of 40-60 rubles (new) per month. The oldest daughteralso worked in Vil'na in a factory where wooden parts for farm machinery were mfgd.

Source's wife and son worked on a kolhosp about 80 miles from Vilina,the son as a bookkeeper and his mother as a plain laborer. The youngest daughterwas still in school.

2. Civil Defense. The population in the cities is being drilled in civildefense. In addition to general instructions on how to conduct oneself in individualcases, there are specific designations and functions outlined for all nature ofdefense activities. Each individual is instructed on what he should do in case of anemergency, his post and his duties are specifically designated_ In additionp.defenseagainst fire, they are also instructed on the use of arms and the discharge of bombs.

Near the factory where Teresa was employed, there is a shelter. Teresawas shown this shelter when she took part in civil defense drills at the factory.She also was familiar with the instructions regarding signals and with individualswho were permitted to use the shelter.

3. Kolhaps. There has been collectivization in Byelorussia for 10 years.Resistance in the beginning was great. The regime forbid the sowing of fieldsfor one whole year. Tractors were sent to polow everything under. In areas wherethe tractor operators were stoned by the lace.; population, guards were brought infrom the cities and the plowing-under continued. There was hunger in the villagesduring this period.

800 grams for a "trudoden" was the payment in kolhosps before the familydeparted for the U. S. SotxoltextiozanritzgxvxmclevraxplubliciekilogrxexplmxtiralioliexcThings were better earlier. At one time they even paid 1 kilogram per trudoden.People are required to work seven days a week. Special notice was taken of those whorefused to work on Sundays. Of--icial]y, they were not punished, Ibut revenge wastaken at the earliest opportunity. One means of revenge was to write off 5 trudodensfor those who did not appear for work on Sunday, regardless of the reason givenfor the absence.

4. Militia. The majority of members of the militia are Russian. Source andhis family knew only one Byelorussian who worked for the militia. 2xxx Members of themilitia have their informants everywhere and are all well acquainted with alleventsof political and criminal nature. There is a lot of pilfering and other abuses.

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5. Passports. One needs a passport in order to escape from a kolhosp.To obtain a passport, one must register for the virgin lands or some other "nostroiky".The kolhosp also issues certificates or identity cards but they are of 3ittle use,because one needs a passport for registration in other areas.

6. Schools. The Byelorussian language is used in teaching the first grade.Second grades and up use the Russian language. Russian teachers are brought in toteach in the BSST. Occasionally, Ukrainians are brought in to teach. The Ukrainiansare better behaN. 1 than the Russians and are more acceptable to the Byelorussians.They usually emr usize the fact that they are Ukrainians and not Russians. TheRussians refer to the Ukrainians as Khakhols. The teachers usually speak amongthemselves in Russian, but the students and their parents use Byelorussian.

7. Attitude toward the Regime. The youth is falling completely under Com-munist influence because that is all they have known. The older people are criticalof the regime and laugh at KhrUschev's promises. In general, the population iscounting on the United States which, according to their way of thinking, shouldliberate them. The people know very little about current world events and areconstantly exposed to Soviet attacks on the U. S. Some of the people listen toVoiae of America broadcasts. It is considered a crime to listen to .:estern radiobroadcasts and people are punished accordingly.

181 Lithuaniana. The Byelorussians envy and respect the Lithuanians for

their strong nationalist, their solidarity and Knritaxaxmcc perseverance. The Lithuaniansare very well organized, help each. other, and strive for the fulfillment of their

1 demands , iasofar as their own Lithuanian schools are concerned, the use of Lithuanianas the national language in federal offices, on signs, etc. In addition, the Lithuanianshave a great hatred for the Russians and a hostile attitude toward them.

9. Military. In Vil l na there are great numbers of militp ry personnel.Reservists were being called up for several months training. Often the period of

military duty was extended for several months under the pretext tf some internationalcrisis, as for example Perlin or the cold war in general.

26 March 1962