routes of gains and losses

2
ROUTES OF GAINS AND LOSSES water and electrolytes are gained in variuos ways. A healthy person gains fluids by drinking and eating. Fluids may be provided by the parenteral route (IV or subcu) or by means of an enteral feeding tube in the stomach or intestine. KIDNEYS the usual daily volume in the adult is 1L to 2L . a general rule is that the output is approximately 1mL of urine per kilogram of body weight/hour in all age group. SKIN sensible perspiration refers to visible water and electrolyte loss through the skin (sweating). The chief solutes in sweat are sodium chloride and potassium. Actual sweat losses can vary from 0 to 1000mL or more every hour, depending on the enviromental temp. Continuous water loss by evaporation (6oo mL/day) occurs through the skin as insensible perspiration, a nonvisible form of water loss. Fever greatly increases insensible water loss through the lungs and the skin, as does of the natural skin barrier. LUNGS The lungs normally eliminate water vapor (insensible loss) at a rate of 400 mL every day. The loss is much greater with increased rate depth, or in a dry climate. GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT the usual loss through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is only 100 to 200 mL daily, even though 8L of fluid circulates through the GI system every 24 hours (called the GI circulation). Because the bulk of fluid is normally re-absorbed in the small intestine and fistulas cause large losses. In healthy people, the daily average intake and output of water are equal.

Upload: pearl-princess-guerrero

Post on 16-Jul-2015

71 views

Category:

Health & Medicine


1 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Routes of gains and losses

ROUTES OF GAINS AND LOSSES

water and electrolytes are gained in variuos ways. A healthy person gains fluids by

drinking and eating. Fluids may be provided by the parenteral route (IV or subcu)

or by means of an enteral feeding tube in the stomach or intestine.

KIDNEYS

the usual daily volume in the adult is 1L to 2L . a general rule is that the output is

approximately 1mL of urine per kilogram of body weight/hour in all age group.

SKIN

sensible perspiration refers to visible water and electrolyte loss through the skin

(sweating). The chief solutes in sweat are sodium chloride and potassium. Actual

sweat losses can vary from 0 to 1000mL or more every hour, depending on the

enviromental temp.

Continuous water loss by evaporation (6oo mL/day) occurs through the skin as

insensible perspiration, a nonvisible form of water loss. Fever greatly increases

insensible water loss through the lungs and the skin, as does of the natural skin

barrier.

LUNGS

The lungs normally eliminate water vapor (insensible loss) at a rate of 400 mL

every day. The loss is much greater with increased rate depth, or in a dry climate.

GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT

the usual loss through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is only 100 to 200 mL daily,

even though 8L of fluid circulates through the GI system every 24 hours (called the

GI circulation). Because the bulk of fluid is normally re-absorbed in the small

intestine and fistulas cause large losses. In healthy people, the daily average

intake and output of water are equal.

Page 2: Routes of gains and losses