rosids chapter 8 simpson, 2 nd edition geranium. rosids diversity of the rosids 16 orders 137...
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Rosids
Chapter 8Simpson, 2nd EditionGeranium
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Rosids
• Diversity of the Rosids• 16 orders• 137 families
• Fabids - 77 families• Malvids – 60 families • 1/3 of eudicot families
• General traits:• perianth – unfused parts• stamen # > K or C• ovules bitegmic,
crassinucellate (well-developed nucellus)
• Asterids have unitegmic, tenuinucellate ovules (poorly developed nucellus)
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Rosids: FabidsA. Order Malpighiales
Euphorbiaceae - Spurge family
245/6300 cosmopolitan
1) latex sap2) usually monoecious3) many xerophytic & cactoid4) no perianth5) cyathium in Euphorbia - a reduced
cymose inflorescence bearing a pistillate flower and several staminate ones with in involucre, the whole mimicing a single perfect flower (Greek-> wine cup)
6) schizocarp/capsule7) many poisonous species
K5(0) C5(0) A1-∞ G(3) (2-∞) superior
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Rosids: FabidsA. Order Malpighiales
Euphorbiaceae - Spurge family
Euphorbia spp.Ricinia - castor bean
Euphorbia pulcherrima - poinsettia
Euphorbia marginata – snow on the mountain
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Rosids: FabidsA. Order Malpighiales
Euphorbiaceae - Spurge family
Euphorbia mammilaris
(Indian Corn Cob)
Euphorbia officinarum
Euphorbia horrida
convergent evolution
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Economic Importance1) tung oil (Aleurites fordii)2) natural rubber (Hevea
brasiliensis)3) cassava/manioc (Manihot
esculentus)4) castor bean oil & the
poison ricin (Ricinus communis)
5) ornamentals
A. Order MalpighialesEuphorbiaceae -
Spurge family
Rosids: Fabids
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Rosids: FabidsB. Order FabalesFamily Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) - legume family
730/19,500 3rd largest familydiverse and widely distributed
Uniting traits of the legumes….1) single carpel2) compound, stipulate leaves3) fruit a legume - dry, dehiscent along both
sutures4) many are nitrogen fixers - possessing nodules
with nitrogen-fixing bacteria (a feature otherwise restricted to a few small families)
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B. Order FabalesLumper view:
Fabaceae sensu lato (Leguminosae)• Subfamily Mimosoideae 2,500 spp.• Subfamily Caesalpinioideae 2,700 spp.• Subfamily Papilionoideae 14,300 spp
Splitter view:• Mimosaceae• Caesalpiniaceae• Fabaceae sensu stricto
Rosids: Fabids
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Family Fabaceae
character Mimosoideae Caesalpinioideae Paplionoideae
symmetry actinomorphic +/- zygomorphic zygomorphic
petals valvate banner inside wings banner outside wings
stamen # (4) 10-many 10 (many) 10, often 9+1
leaves bipinnate pinnate (simple)pinnate, palmate,
(simple)
examples
Acacia - acaciaMimosa - mimosa, sensitive plantDesmanthus - prairie mimosaProspopis - mesquite
Cercis - redbudCassia - sennaGymnocladus dioica - Kentucky coffee treeCaesalpinia - poincianaGleditsia - honey locust
Lupinus - lupine, bluebonnet (State Flower of Texas)Amorpha - lead plantDalea - prairie cloverTrifolium - clover
K(5) C5or(5) A10-∞ G1 K5 C5 A5-10 G1 K(5) C(5) A(9)+1 G1
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Family Fabaceae
character Mimosoideae Caesalpinioideae Paplionoideae
symmetry actinomorphic +/- zygomorphic zygomorphic
petals valvate banner inside wings banner outside wings
stamen # (4) 10-many 10 (many) 10, often 9+1
leaves bipinnate pinnate (simple)pinnate, palmate,
(simple)
examples
Acacia - acaciaMimosa - mimosa, sensitive plantDesmanthus - prairie mimosaProspopis - mesquite
Cercis - redbudCassia - sennaGymnocladus dioica - Kentucky coffee treeCaesalpinia - poincianaGleditsia - honey locust
Lupinus - lupine, bluebonnet (State Flower of Texas)Amorpha - lead plantDalea - prairie cloverTrifolium - clover
K(5) C5or(5) A10-∞ G1 K5 C5 A5-10 G1 K(5) C(5) A(9)+1 G1
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Rosids: Rosales
C. Order RosalesRosaceae - rose family
100/3,000 cosmopolitan,
especially in N. America K5 C5 A10- 4-6 subfamilies • 3 commonly occur in
the USROSOIDEAE G1-PRUNOIDEAE G1MALOIDEAE G(5)
epigynous
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Rosaceae
Rosoideae Prunoideae Maloideae
leaves compound; stipules
simple; deciduous stipules
simple; deciduous stipules
hypanthiumconical
receptacle; hypanthial cup
hyanthial cupadnate
hypanthium
ovary position
perigynous perigynous epigynous
carpel # many; apocarpous
monocarpellate pentacarpellate
fruit achene, druplet, aggregate
drupe pome
generaRosaPotentillaRubusFrageria
PrunusMalusSorbusCrataegus
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Rosaceae - Rosoideae G¥
Rubus flower
Rubus mature aggregate fruit
Rubus young aggregate fruit
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Rosaceae - Prunoideae G1
Prunus flower - note hypanthial cup
Prunus fruit (drupe)
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Rosaceae - Maloideae G(5)
Malus pome l.s.
Malus flower
Malus hypanthium
Malus pome c.s.
Malus pome
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Rosids: RosalesC. Order Rosales
Ulmaceae - elm family18/150 temperate to tropical,
especially in N hemisphere
1)trees and shrubs2)oblique leaf base
Ulmus - elmCeltis - hackberry
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Rosids: RosalesC. Order Rosales
Moraceae - mulberry family38/1100 widely distributed;
Old and New World; tropical/subtropical
1) trees, shrubs2) monoecious or
dioecious3) milky latex4) stipulate leaves5) fruit often a
multiple fruit
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Rosids: RosalesC. Order Rosales
Urticaceae - nettle family55/2600 cosmopolitan
1) herbs, shrubs, trees2) stinging hairs3) plants monoecious
or dioecious4) pollen an allergen
Urtica
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hemp pollen
Rosids: Rosales
C. Order RosalesCannabaceae - hemp family2/2 North temperate zone
1) herbs2) hemp contains delta-9-
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), psychoactive ingredient found in hashish and marijuana
3) palmately compound leaves4) fibrous – source of hempen fiber5) hemp common allergen6) hops - brewing
Cannabis - hemp,
marijuana
Humulus - hops (used for brewing)
Whilst malt and yeast contribute substantially to the character of beers, the quality of beer is at least as much a function of the water and, especially, of the hops used in its production.
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Rosids: RosalesD. Order Cucurbitales
Cucurbitaceae – cucumber family
122/900 tropical to subtropical
K5 C(5) A5 G0
1. herbs, climbing with tendrils
2. monoecious3. fruit a pepo
K(5) C(5) A0 G(3)
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Rosids: RosalesE. Order Fagales
Fagaceae – beech family7/970 temperate & tropical region of N. hemisphere
1. monoecious shrubs/trees2. staminate flowers in an
erect or pendulous spike or head (ament)
3. pistillate flowers in an involucre (think acorn cup here)
4. Genera:Quercus - oakCastanea - chestnutFagus - beech
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Rosids: Rosales
E. Order FagalesFagaceae - beech family
Quercus - oak
Economic Importance:lumbercorktanninsFood (acorns) historically
great species diversity
hybridization common
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Rosids: RosalesE. Order FagalesFagaceae - beech family
Fagus - beech
important components to woodlands of NA and Eurasia
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Rosids: RosalesE. Order FagalesFagaceae - beech family
Castanea - chestnut
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Rosids: RosalesE. Order FagalesFagaceae - beech family
Castanea - chestnut
Chestnut blight, or chestnut bark disease, is caused by an introduced fungus.
The fungus enters wounds, grows in and under the bark and eventually kills the cambium all the way around the twig, branch, or trunk.
Sprouts develop from a burl-like tissue at the base of the tree called the ‘root collar,’ which contains dormant embryos. Sprouts grow, become wounded and infected, and die, and the process starts all over again.
Cankers were first reported in the United States in 1904 on American chestnut trees in New York City. None of the control attempts (chemical treatments, clearing and burning chestnut trees around infection sites) were successful.
By 1926 the fungus was reported throughout the native range of American chestnut and a major forest tree had been reduced to a multiple-stemmed shrub. In 1912 the Plant Quarantine Act was passed to reduce the chances of such a catastrophe happening again.
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Rosids: RosalesE. Order Fagales
Betulaceae – birch family
6/170 widespread in N. hemisphere
1. shrubs/trees2. biserrate leaf
margin3. staminate and
pistillate flowers in catkins
Alnus - alder
Corylus fruit - filbert
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Rosids: RosalesE. Order Fagales
Betulaceae – birch family
Betula - birch
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Rosids: RosalesE. Order Fagales
Betulaceae – birch family
Birch – Finland’s national tree
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Rosids: Rosales
Ostrya - hophornbeam;
ironwood
E. Order FagalesBetulaceae – birch
family
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Rosids: MalvidsA. Order Geraniales
Geraniaceae - Geranium family
7/800 temperate regions,
especially Old World
1) glandular trichomes2) fruit = elastic shizocarp3) mericarps split from
base of ovary and curl upwards (mericarp = pieces of schizocarp)
Geranium
Pelargonium - geranium
K(5) C(5) A(5-15) G(5)
mericarpZ
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Rosids: MalvidsB. Order Myrtales
Onagraceae - Evening Primrose family
22/650 especially W. North America
1) tetramerous floral parts2) epigyny3) tubular hypanthium4) internal phloem - 1°
phloem that lies between the 1° xylem & pith
5) moth pollination common (white or yellow corolla)
6) comose seeds
K4 C4 A4+4 G(4)inferior with hypanthium
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Rosids: MalvidsB. Order
MyrtalesOnagraceae -
Evening Primrose
family
Epilobium - fireweed
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Rosids: Malvids
B. Order MyrtalesOnagraceae - Evening
Primrose family
Gaura - butterfly weed
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Rosids: MalvidsB. Order Myrtales
Onagraceae - Evening Primrose
family
Oenothera - evening primrose
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Rosids: MalvidsC. Order BrassicalesBrassicaceae (=Cruciferae) - Mustard
Family321/3700 cosmopolitan 1) tetradynamous stamens
4 long + 2 short
K4 C4 A4+2 G(2), superior
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2) fruit • bicarpellate gynoecium• walls peel awayfrom a thin
central papery partition (false septum with replum – persistent cross-wall)
Rosids: MalvidsC. Order BrassicalesBrassicaceae (=Cruciferae) -
Mustard Family
1) tetradynamous stamens4 long + 2 short
a) silicle2X long as wide or less
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Rosids: MalvidsC. Order BrassicalesBrassicaceae (=Cruciferae) -
Mustard Family
1) tetradynamous stamens4 long + 2 short
b) siliquelong and slender
2) fruit • bicarpellate gynoecium• walls peel awayfrom a thin
central papery partition (false septum with replum – persistent cross-wall)
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Rosids: MalvidsC. Order BrassicalesBrassicaceae
(=Cruciferae) - Mustard Family
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Rosids: MalvidsD. Order MalvalesMalvaceae - Mallow Family250/4200 worldwide, tropics
K(5) C5 A(5-∞) G(2-∞) superior
G (5-∞)
1) monadelphous androecium
many stamens, separate anthers, filaments fused into a sheath
2) stellate pubescence
3) discoid stigma
4) fruit a capsule or shizocarp
stellate hairs
monadelphous stamens
shizocarp H. esculentus - okra)
Hibiscus
marshmallow
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Rosids: Malvids
Gossypium - cotton
D. Order MalvalesMalvaceae - Mallow
Family
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Rosids: MalvidsD. Order MalvalesMalvaceae - Mallow
Family
Abutilon - velvet leaf
Callirhoe - poppy mallow
Malva neglecta- common mallow
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Rosids: MalvidsD. Order MalvalesMalvaceae (Tiliaceae) – Linden (Basswood)
• few temperate species
Tilia americana- basswood
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Rosids: MalvidsE. Order Sapindales
Rutaceae - Citrus family
161/1900 tropical & temperate
1) glandular punctate leaves, secretory glands containing essential oils
2) woody 3) aromatic4) staminal disk5) hesperidium/winged achene
Citrus - citrus
Ptelea - hop tree
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Rosids: Malvids
E. Order SapindalesRutaceae - Citrus
family
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Rosids: MalvidsE. Order Sapindales
Anacardiaceae - Cashew family
70/850 tropical
Anacardium - cashewRhus - sumac
Toxicodendron - poison ivy, poison oak
1) shrubs/woody vines/trees
2) Rhus & Toxicodendron in temperate areas
3) resinous compounds in stems/leaves
4) skin irritant in Toxicodendron
Mangifera - mango
Pistacia - pistachio
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Rosids: MalvidsE. Order SapindalesSapindaceae (Aceraceae) - Maple family135/1580 tropical & temperate
1) trees or shrubs2) opposite
palmately lobed and veined leaves (pinnate in A. negundo)
3) fruits paired winged schizocarps = samara
Acer - maple
Acer negundo - box elder
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Rosids: Malvids
E. Order SapindalesSapindaceae
(Hippocastanaceae) - Buckeye family
1) trees2) opposite
palmately compound leaves
3) flowers in conspicuous inflorescences
4) fruit a leathery 1-2 seeded capsule
Aesculus hippocastanum - horsechestnut