ronald meyer4 th ichs – international conference on hydrogen safety 20112011-09-14 a new...
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Ronald Meyer 4th ICHS – International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 2011 2011-09-14
A New Technology for Hydrogen Safety: Glass Structures as a
Storage System
Ronald MeyerBAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and TestingDivision II.1 “Gases, Gas Plants”12205 Berlin, Germany
C.En Ltd., 3 SonnhaldenstrassePostfach CH-8032Zurich, Switzerland
Ronald Meyer 4th ICHS – International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 2011 2011-09-14
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Contents
1. Idea
2. Safety aspects
3. Storage principles
4. Conclusion/Perspectives
Ronald Meyer 4th ICHS – International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 2011 2011-09-14
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• picture of a round capillary array
• Model of a capillary array, scale 250:1
Idea
1 mm
Ronald Meyer 4th ICHS – International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 2011 2011-09-14
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MaterialTensile
Strength MPa
Density g/cm3
Aluminum 49 2.9
Titanium Alloy 900 4.51
Sapphire (Al2O3) 1900 3.9-4.1
Steel 310-2482 7.8
Carbon fiber 3530 - 4560 1.8
S-Glass (fiber) 4710 2.48
Quartz (fiber) 6000 2.2
Why Use Multi-Capillary Arrays?
Ronald Meyer 4th ICHS – International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 2011 2011-09-14
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Multi-Capillary Arrays have a number Multi-Capillary Arrays have a number of outstanding characteristicsof outstanding characteristics:
•ReusableReusable
•Chemically durableChemically durable
•Crash safetyCrash safety •Mechanically Mechanically strongstrong
•Light weightLight weight
•Environmentally Environmentally friendlyfriendly
Why Use Multi-Capillary Arrays?
•Low hydrogen diffusionLow hydrogen diffusion
Ronald Meyer 4th ICHS – International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 2011 2011-09-14
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Contents
1. Idea
2. Safety aspects
3. Storage principles
4. Conclusion/Perspectives
Ronald Meyer 4th ICHS – International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 2011 2011-09-14
Pressure Tests
• Capillaries made of different glass materials have
been tested
• Sodium carbonate ● Quartz
• Alumina silicate ● Borosilicate
• Different gases for pressure tests
• Maximum Burst Pressure:
132.4 MPa / 19203 psi for single
capillaries
117.3 Mpa / 17013 psi for arrays7
Ronald Meyer 4th ICHS – International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 2011 2011-09-14
Pressure Tests
• Parameters varied:
• Inner diameters from 120 µm up to 3 mm
• Wall thicknesses from 10 µm up to 290 µm
• Different lengths from 100 mm up to 300
mm
• Different diameter-wall thickness-ratios
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Ronald Meyer 4th ICHS – International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 2011 2011-09-14
Diameter-Wall thickness-Ratios
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Ronald Meyer 4th ICHS – International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 2011 2011-09-14
• Burst pressure of single capillaries are important basic information
• Information about the reliability of complex bundled systems
•Failure probability statistics of capillaries
Statistical Evaluation
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Ronald Meyer 4th ICHS – International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 2011 2011-09-14
• It is a statistical distribution which is used for determination of durability in quality management
• Especially used at material fatigue of brittle materials
• Different number of samples of the same design and construction have to be tested at defined conditions till a collapse eventuates
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Weibull-Distribution
Ronald Meyer 4th ICHS – International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 2011 2011-09-14
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Quartz
Borosilicate
Statistical Evaluation
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Quartz
Borosilicate
Statistical Evaluation
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Permeation
•Measuring H2-
concentration with mass spectroscopy
•T < 600 °C release of surface absorbed H2
•T > 650°C release of enclosed permeated H2 out
of closed capillary
•permeation around 10-14 mol cm-1 s-1 atm-1 at 200°C
Released hydrogen during vacuum hot extraction
Open capillaryClosed capillary
Ronald Meyer 4th ICHS – International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 2011 2011-09-14
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Material stresses in single capillaries and capillary arrays with and without defects at 500 bar internal pressure, calculated with the COMSOL code using the von Mises plastic distortion hypothesis
Stress modeling
Reference: Marek Gebauer
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Contents
1. Idea
2. Safety aspects
3. Storage principles
4. Conclusion/Perspectives
Ronald Meyer 4th ICHS – International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 2011 2011-09-14
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• Array filled with alloy, capillaries properly closed
Stopper alloy
End of capillary array after completed filling and releasing procedure
Ø500µm
Alloy for closure
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Prototype No. 3
Sealing system
• Connects storage unit to application
Heating coil
• Coil made of insulated
electric wire
Electric contacts
• Connects heating coil to external power
supply
Glass capillary arrays
• Main storage device
PTFE shell
• Protection against mechanical damage
(shown here as transparent)
Ø 16 mm
130 mm
storage partsampling point
pre-volume
Ronald Meyer 4th ICHS – International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 2011 2011-09-14
Storage Principles
Stopper Alloy
• Long time storage
• Low-melting alloy as closing system for every single capillary
• Cheap solution without high constructional afford
• Heat energy for closing and for opening
• Electronic control unit for heating needed
• Special setup for filling necessary, no in-situ possible
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Ronald Meyer 4th ICHS – International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 2011 2011-09-14
Prototype with micro valve for closure
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Ronald Meyer 4th ICHS – International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 2011 2011-09-14
Storage Principles
Valve
• Short time storage
• Alterning demand or quick providing
• Short release-period with different flows and pressure ratios
• In-situ filling is possible
• No or low energy-supply necessary
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Contents
1. Idea
2. Safety aspects
3. Storage principles
4. Conclusion/Perspectives
Ronald Meyer 4th ICHS – International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 2011 2011-09-14
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Conclusions/Perspectives
• Capillaries are able to withstand high pressures
• Glass capillaries systems demonstrate the possibility of
lightweight storage systems in every shape and volume
• In tests for single capillary gravimetric capacity of
33 wt% and vol. capacity of 45 g/l
• Usage over a wide range of applications, up- and down
scaling for adaption possible
• Long time as well as short time storage systems are
realizable
Ronald Meyer 4th ICHS – International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 2011 2011-09-14
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Conclusions/Perspectives
• System is split into several modules, in case of leakage
or impact only the damaged module will release the
amount of stored hydrogen
• Possibility of hazardous situations much lower than of a
single-tank-solution
• Safety evaluation only for a complete system possible
Thank you very much for your attention. If there are any
questions left don`t hesitate to ask me.
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Storage Procedure
• Operating pressure: 150 MPa (21750 psi)• Arrays placed in high pressure vessel in vertical
position• Stopper alloy is positioned on top of arrays• After reaching the storage pressure the whole
system is heated up• The alloy is melting and is pressed in the arrays
with a pressure application• After cool down and release of pressure the
storage procedure is finished
High pressure vessel
3 – array prototype
Stopper alloy
pressure curve for storage procedure, test 040
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000
time [s]
pre
ss
ure
[b
ar]
Ronald Meyer 4th ICHS – International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 2011 2011-09-14
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H2 release, test 031
0
0,02
0,04
0,06
0,08
0,1
0,12
0,14
0,16
0,18
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000time [s]
pre
ssu
re [
bar
]
~25%
gravimetric
storage capacity
Release procedure in heatable autoclave