THE RISE OF EUROPE!!!

THE ROMAN EMPIRE

ROMAN HISTORY IN 3 MINUTES!

THE ROMAN WORLD TAKES SHAPE

THE FOUNDING OF ROMETHE FOUNDING OF ROMEWHAT ADVANTAGESIN PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHYEXIST FOR THE ITALIANPENINSULA?

HOW IS THIS DIFFERENT THAN GREECE?

ROMAN MYTHOLOGYHEAVILY INFLUENCED BY THE GREEKS AND THEIR RELIGION //

Italy in 750 BCEItaly in 750 BCEA TRIBES CALLED LATINS ARE THE FIRST TO SETTLE THE PENINSULA // SETTLE ALONG THETIBER RIVER // MANY VILLAGES COMBINE TO EVENTUALLY FORM THECITY OF ROME TO BETTER PROTECTTHEMSELVES // YET, THERE IS A MYTHICALBEGINNING TO ROME

ROMULUS VS. REMUS

ETRUSCANSLARGE GROUP OF PEOPLE NORTH OF ROME//RULED MOST OF NORTH & CENTRAL ITALY // ETRUSCANS TOOK OVER ROME // AND BROUGHTMANY NEW CULTURAL CHANGES // 1. WRITING AND AN ALPHABET2. ARCH 3. IRRIGATION OF THE MARSH LANDS

SURROUNDING THE RIVERS4. GAINED NEW GODS IN THEIR RELIGION

DROVE THE ETRUSCANS OUT IN 509 BCE

ROMANS CREATE “RES PUBLICA” BELONGS TO THE PEOPLEFORM OF GOVT WHERE PEOPLE CHOOSE SOME OF THE POLITICIANS AND PUBLIC SERVANTS // IDEA WAS TO LIMIT THE POWER OF INDIVIDUALS ANDMAKE GOVT RESPONSIVE TO THE WILL OF THE PEOPLE //

ELECTED A SENATE TO CREATE LAWS (MOSTLY RICH FROM THE PATRICIAN CLASS)

SENATORS SELECTED 2 CONSULS RAN THE GOVT & THE ARMIES .. LIMITED TO ONE TERM // HAD TO APPROVE EACH OTHER’S DECISIONS // CHECKS OF POWER

DURING WAR, THE SENATE COULD CHOOSE A DICTATOR // 6 MONTHS AT A TIMECINCINNATUS EXAMPLE 15 DAYS AS DICTATOR

REPUBLIC & ITS GROWTH

REPUBLIC & ITS GROWTH cont…PLEBIANS BUSINESS CLASS, FARMERS, AND ARTISANS // HAD LITTLEPOWER OTHER THAN CITIZENSHIP // THEN GAINED THE RIGHT TO ELECT TRIBUNES WHO HAD THE RIGHT TO VETO LAWS DEEMED UNFAIROR UNFIT // AS THEIR INFLUENCE SPREADS, THE SENATE BEGINS TO ELECTPLEBIANS TO THE CONSUL JOBS AND THEN BEGIN TO TAKE SENATE SEATS //

MAJOR EVENT!!! 12 TABLETS POSTED POLITICAL RIGHTS AND SOCIALRIGHTS OF THE PLEBIANS 450 BCE LAWS OF THE 12 TABLESLAWS WRITTEN DOWN!!! (HAMMURABI’S CODE)

NORMAL CITIZENS NOT COMPLETELY SHUT OUT OF GOVT AND NOT COMPLETELYDOMINATED BY THE LEADERS OF THE GOVT

INFLUENCED MODERN REPUBLICAN DEMOCRACIES

ROME EARLY REPUBLIC

LEGIONSCITIZEN SOLDIER ARMY // BROKEN INTO UNITS // LEGION = 5,000 SOLDIERS

BEGAN TO CONQUER OTHER LANDS AND SPREAD INFLUENCE.. WERE ALLOWED TO KEEP CUSTOMS ANDLOCAL GOVTS // BUT HAD TO SUBMIT TO TAXES AND SUPPORTINGTHE ROMAN ARMY // SOMEAREAS WERE COMPLETELY TAKENAND CITIZENS OF THE AREAS WEREGIVEN FULL CITIZENSHIP //

PROBLEM? EMPIRE BUILDING, HOW DO YOU RULE IT?

ROME VS. CARTHAGEPUNIC WARS1ST PUNIC WAR ROME ATTACKS AND WINS SICILY, CORSICA, & SARDINIA

2ND PUNIC WAR HANNIBAL AND HIS ELEPHANTS SURPRISED ROMAN BY COMINGFROM THE NORTH // BEAT UP THE ROMAN AREAFOR 15 YEARS // NEVER COULD TAKE ROME// ROME SENDS ARMY TO CARTHAGE // HANNIBALGOES HOME TO PROTECT IT // DEFEATED

3RD PUNIC WAR ROME WINS AND DESTROYS CARTHAGE.. HOW?

ROME IS NOW AN IMPERIALIST EMPIRE.. TURNSAND TAKES OVER THE FORMERAREAS OF THE GREECE EMPIRE

PUNIC WARS

SECTION 2

Technology• Roman Roads, Concrete

“All roads lead to Rome” City planning

WHAT WILL THE CONNECTEDNESS OF THE EARLY CONQUERED LANDS DO TO THE CULTURES?

Language

• Latin (the language of Rome) evolves into the Romance Languages– French, Italian, Spanish,

and Portuguese– Latin is still the official

language of the Roman Catholic Church

LATIFUNDIAPROOF OF MASSIVE WEALTH ACCUMULATION FOR ROMAN CITIZENS //CAPTURED PEOPLES FROM CONQUERED LANDS BECOME SLAVES ON LARGEPLANTATIONS // DRIVES FARMERS OUT OF BUSINESS

JULIUS CAESARTHE END OF THE REPUBLIC & THE BEGINNING OF THE END OF THE EMPIRE

PART 2

MANY CIVIL WARS SET THE STAGE FOR JULIUS CAESAR’S TAKE OVER //NEXT, A POWER FIGHT BETWEEN THE SENATE AND POPULAR LEADERS (LIKE GENERALS) // SLAVE AND CONQUERED LANDS BEGINTO REVOLT SEEING AN OPPORTUNITY TO BREAK AWAY //

BUT MOST IMPORTANTLY, THE ARMIES SHIFT THEIR ALLEGIANCE FROMTHE STATE/GOVT TO THEIR COMMANDERS (CAESAR INCLUDED).

CAESAR AND POMPEY WERE THE TWO MOST POWERFUL AND POPULAR//ALSO, CAESAR INVADED AND CONQUERED GAUL (FRANCE & BELGIUM) //58 BCE // SENATE GETS POMPEY TO GO AGAINST CAESAR //

CAESAR MARCHES HIS ARMY INTO ROME // HAD SENATE DECLARE HIM DICTATOR //

***HAD A CALENDAR CREATED USED FOR 1,600 YEARS // AND STARTED A PUBLIC WORKS SYSTEM FOR THE POOR TO GET JOBS

DID NOT DISBAND ALL OF THE REPUBLIC STRUCTURES

AUGUSTUSCAESAR KILLED BY SENATORS AND ASSOCIATES // HIS GRAND NEPHEW, OCTAVIAN DEFEATS MARC ANTONY (& CLEOPATRA) TO TAKE OVER

SENATE GIVES HIM THE TITLE AUGUSTUS //

AUGUSTUS RULE HIGHLIGHTSCENSUS ORDERED FAIR TAXATION

STABILITY COMES TO THE FAR OFF LANDS GIVES THEM A LOT OF SELF RULEPOWER

CIVIL SERVICE TO HELP POLICE AND ORGANIZE REGIONS

MAIL SERVICE

COINS TO STANDARDIZE TRADE

MORE JOBS FOR THE POOR

HOWEVER, THE REPUBLIC IS GONE AS AUGUSTUS RULES!

PAX ROMANA

Pax Romana: 27 BCE – 180 CE

Pax Romana: 27 BCE – 180 CE

The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire

– 14 CE

The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire

– 14 CE

SECTION 3

SOCIETAL/CULTURAL QUESTIONSWHAT IS THE LAW OF CULTURE?WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ACCULTURATION AND DIFFUSION?HOW DOES CULTURE “TRAVEL”?IS ROMAN CULTURE UNIQUE? CAN A DOMINANT POLITICAL EMPIRE OVERRUN AND CHANGE SUBJECTEDCULTURES?

FOCUS QUESTIONS ON ROMAN CULTURE:

VIRGIL, LIVY, TACITUSVIRGIL ~ AENEIDSTORY OF AENEAS, A CHARACTERIN HOMER’S ILIAD ABOUT THEWAR IN TROY // CONNECTS THESTORIES TO THE FOUNDING OF ROMEAS AENEAS CONQUERS THE LATINS //STORY IS SPRINKLED WITH GREEK GODS//AND LINKS THE EARLY EMPERORS AS DESCENDANTS OF THE GREEK HEROES AND GODS //

LIVY // TITUS LIVIUS // (ALIVE DURING CAESAR AND AUGUSTUS)PATRIOTIC STORY TELLER THROUGH POEMS ABOUT THE EARLYREPUBLIC AND ITS HEROES // USING GREEK POETIC STYLES // Ab Urbe Condita (From the Founding of the City) // HISTORIAN TO THEEMPERORS ESPECIALLY YOUNG CLAUDIUS (THE FAT WEAK ONE) // LIVY IS IMPORTANT AS HE TRIED TO WRITE A COMPLETE CHRONICLE OF ROMAN HISTORY BUILDING OFF VIRGIL’S STORIES OF AENEAS //

TACITUS // GAIUS CORNELIUS TACITUS // (BORN DURING NERO’S REIGN)

SENATOR AND HISTORIAN // HOW DO YOU THINK HE FELT ABOUTAUGUSTUS AND HIS COMPLETE DESTRUCTION OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC? //

FOCUSES ON THE EMPIRE HISTORY FROM AUGUSTUS ON // HIGHLY CRITICAL //WE GET COMPLETE HISTORY OF AUGUSTUS AND HIS DESCENDANT EMPERORSTO NERO // ALSO, WRITES ON THE HANDLING OF JESUS BY PONTIUS PILATEAND THE PERSECUTION OF EARLY CHRISTIANS ESPECIALLY AFTER NERO’S FIRE //MUCH OF HIS WORK CONTAINS CYNICISM, WIT, AND HIGHLY CRITICAL ANALYSIS //

ROMAN MOSAICS

GREAT EXAMPLE OF ROMAN CULTURALDIFFUSION //ANCIENT MOSAICS FOUND THROUGHOUT EUROPE

Art/Architecture

Art/Architecture

Roman Arch

The Pantheon – first dome

The Coliseum

Its architecture was Hellenistic (meaning “Greek inspired”)

The Roman ForumThe Roman ForumThe Greek AcropolisThe Greek Acropolis

The Roman ColosseumThe Roman Colosseum

The Colosseum Interior

The Colosseum Interior

Circus MaximusCircus Maximus

Technology• Roman Roads, Concrete

“All roads lead to Rome”

City planning

Technology:Aqueducts

Roman AqueductsRoman Aqueducts

GREEK INFLUENCESCIENTIFIC IMPROVEMENTS MAINLY CAME FROM GREECE (WITHIN THE EMPIRE) // PTOLEMY AND THE CENTER OF THE UNIVERSE //GALEN AND THE EXPERIMENTATION FOR MEDICAL IMPROVEMENTS //

ROMANS COMPILED VOLUMES OF INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE SPREAD ADVANCING CIVILIZATION //

PLINY THE ELDER!!! WROTE ENCYCLOPEDIAS ON JUST ABOUT EVERYTHING

CIVIL LAWFROM THE 12 TABLES TO THIS!!!

RULE OF LAW IS ADHERED TO THROUGHOUT THE REPUBLIC AND EMPIRE ERAS OF THE ROMAN HISTORY // GREAT INFLUENCE THROUGHOUTHISTORY //

CIVIL LAW APPLIED TO CITIZENS OF THE EMPIRE // AS EMPIRE GREW,CHANGES NEEDED TO HAPPEN FOR THE CONQUERED PEOPLE // LAW OF NATIONS WAS CREATED TO APPLY TO THE EMPIRE // CIVIL LAW WAS EVENTUALLY EXTENDED AS ROMAN CITIZENSHIP WAS GRANTED TO THE ENTIRE EMPIRE //

ROMAN INFLUENCES ON THE AMERICAN SYSTEM:1. INNOCENT UNTIL PROVEN GUILTY2. JUDICIAL REVIEW AND INTERPRETATION OF LAWS3. REPUBLICAN DEMOCRACY4. CITIZENSHIP RIGHTS

LAST SECTION

DIOCLETIAN ~ BACKGROUND: PAX ROMANA ENDS WITH MARCUS AURELIUS EMPEROR UNCERTAINTY

MANY ASSASSINATIONS AND OVERTHROWS CITIZENS OVER TAXED TO PAY FOR ARMIES AND THE HUGE GOVT OVERUSED FARMLAND UNDER PRODUCES

DIOCLETIAN’S IDEA SPLIT THE EMPIREDIOCLETIAN TO RULE THE EASTMAXIMIAN TO RULE THE WEST

FREEZE PRICES, SON FOLLOW LAW

CONSTANTINE ~ 312 GENERAL TAKES THE THRONE, AFTER HIS FATHERIS KILLED WHILE BATTLING IN BRITAIN // CIVIL WAR BREAKS OUT OVERSUCCESSION // CONSTANTINE’S ARMY WINS (AFTER A DREAM???) //GRANTS TOLERATION TO CHRISTIANS (EDICT OF MILAN) // CONVERTS TO CHRISTIANITY// DEFEATS EASTERN EMPEROR TO REUNITE EMPIRE)MOVES CAPITAL OF EMPIRE TO BYZANTIUM // CONSTANTINOPLE //WESTERN EMPIRE IS DECAYING // EASTERN EMPIRE BECOMES KNOWN AS THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE

HUNS AND ATILA // GERMANIC VISIGOTHS & OSTROGOTHS

BARBARIANS!!!

FALL OF ROME