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Roman Myth as Poetry Trojan Ancestors Aeneid 2 and 3 Chris Mackie Aeneas escaping from Troy carrying his father Anchises,1st c AD ,from Pompeii: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ File:Terracotta_Aeneas_MAN_Naples_1 10338.jpg

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Page 1: Roman&Myth&as& Poetry&webstat.latrobe.edu.au/www/marketing/assets/podcasts/subjects/m… · Aeneid&2:&The&context • Itis&apersonal&reminiscence&from&a Trojan& perspecKve.&&Paradoxically&itis&agenocide&

Roman  Myth  as  Poetry      

 Trojan  Ancestors  -­‐  Aeneid  2  and  3  

Chris  Mackie  

Aeneas escaping from Troy carrying his father Anchises,1st c AD ,from Pompeii: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Terracotta_Aeneas_MAN_Naples_110338.jpg

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The  wanderings  of  Aeneas  Books  2  and  3  

Chris  Mackie  

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Aeneid  2:  The  content  

•  1-­‐249  The  ruse  of  the  Wooden  Horse  •  250-­‐559:  Emergence  of  the  Greeks  from  the  Horse;  fighKng  in  the  city;  the  death  of  Priam  

•  560-­‐804:  Aeneas’s    return  to  his  house  to  his  wife  Creusa  and  father  Anchises.    He  thinks  about  killing  Helen  on  the  way,  but  decides  not  to  do  so  when  his  mother  Venus  intervenes.  

Chris  Mackie  

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Aeneid  2:  The  context  

•  It  is  a  personal  reminiscence  from  a  Trojan  perspecKve.    Paradoxically  it  is  a  genocide  narraKve  in  (Greek)  Homer,  but  not  in  Vergil  

•  Aeneas  is  an  omniscient  narrator  •  The  hero  as  tale  teller.    Don’t  forget  the  context  

in  which  the  story  is  being  narrated  •  Told  at  Carthage  to  Dido.    To  some  degree  the  

story  is  ‘audience-­‐driven’.    Dido  and  Aeneas  have  a  common  suffering  in  their  background.  

Chris  Mackie  

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The  Fall  of  Troy  

•  Vergil  is  the  best  surviving  source  for  the  story  (although  cf.  Quintus  of  Smyrna  3rd.  Century  AD.)  

•  There  were  much  earlier  Greek  epic  poems  dealing  with  the  subject  

•  One  of  these  was  actually  called  the  Iliou  Persis  (‘DestrucKon  of  Troy’).  In  the  5th  century  BC  Sophocles  wrote  a  play  called  the  Laocoon  

•  Vergil  had  access  to  ancient  narraKves  about  the  fall  of  Troy  that  we  do  not  have  today  

.  Chris  Mackie  

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The  Fall  of  Troy  

Some  of  the  core  elements  in  the  story  of  the  fall  of  Troy  in  the  Greek  myths  are:  •  Achilles  defeats  Hector  with  the  spear  (Iliad)  •  Paris  kills  Achilles  with  his  bow  and  arrow  •  The  Greek  archer  Philoctetes  then  kills  Paris  in  a  bow-­‐

contest  •  Odysseus  dreams  up  the  idea  of  the  wooden  horse,  which  

the  Greeks  then  use  to  their  advantage.    The  walls  of  Troy  were  built  by  gods,  especially  Poseidon,  hence  they  cannot  be  broken  down  by  mortals.  

•  NoKce  the  way  that  the  Trojans  are  defeated  by  all  different  types  of  weapons-­‐spear,  the  bow  and  arrow,  and  by  cunning  intelligence  

Chris  Mackie  

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The  Basic  NarraKve  of  the  Wooden  Horse  (esp.  in  Homer  and  Vergil)  

•  Odysseus  devises  the  plan  to  build  the  wooden  horse.    The  plan  also  involves  the  Greek  pretence  of  returning  home.  

•  Epeius  builds  the  horse  with  Athena's  help.  •  In  the  Odyssey  the  Trojans  drag  in  the  horse  and  then  consider  three  opKons;  first,  to  break  it  up;  second,  to  throw  it  from  the  heights;  and  third,  to  let  it  stand  as  an  offering  to  the  gods  (8.504ff.).      

Chris  Mackie  

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The  Wooden  Horse  (esp.  in  Homer  and  Vergil)  

•  In  Vergil's  Aeneid  the  Greek  figure  of  Sinon  tells  the  Trojans  a  long,  untruthful  story  about  why  the  Greeks  have  gone  away  and  lec  the  large  wooden  horse  outside  the  gates  (2.57ff.).  

•   Laocoon,  priest  of  Neptune,  and  his  sons  are  killed  by  a  sea-­‐monster  prior  to  the  dragging  in  of  the  horse  (2.199ff.).    Laocoon  had  resisted  bringing  in  the  horse  in  the  debate  held  by  the  Trojans  (2.31ff.).    

•  The  horse  is  then  dragged  by  the  Trojans  into  the  city  (2.234ff.).  

   Chris  Mackie  

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The  Wooden  Horse  (esp.  in  Homer  and  Vergil)  

•  In  the  middle  of  the  night  the  Greeks  creep  out  from  inside  the  horse.  

•  They  unite  with  their  comrades,  and  sack  and  burn  the  city.  

•  The  story  is  probably  the  most  renowned  mythical  narraKve  from  anKquity.    But  what  does  it  mean?  

•  Is  it  a  mythologised  siege  engine?    Or  does  it  represent  some  other  ‘actual’  siege  tacKc?  

Chris  Mackie  

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Aeneid  2:  Cunning  intelligence  •  Slippery  Sinon  •  Me6s  (trickery,  cunning  

intelligence)  v.  bia  (strength,  force,  defence).    

•   Odysseus  (=Ulysses,  Ulixes)  as  trickster.    Wine,  sleep  and  fire  (cf.  Polyphemus)    

•  Priam’s  hospitality  to  Sinon  brings  disaster  on  his  people.  Kind  acts  in  the  Aeneid  don’t  always  bring  beneficial  consequences.  

Chris  Mackie  

Sinon stands before Priam and the walls of Troy. Codex Romanus (Cod.Vat.lat 3867), folio 101r - 5th century CE

http://l.yimg.com/g/images/spaceout.gif

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The  Wooden  Horse  Why  a  horse?  •  Troy  is  a  ‘horsy’  place  •  First  sack  of  Troy:  

Heracles  sacks  the  city  acer  Laomedon  breaks  his  promise  to  give  horses  

•  Horses  associated  with  Neptune  (Poseidon),  who  builds  and  destroys  the  walls  of  Troy  

Chris  Mackie  

Roman mural from Pompeii, 1st century AD.-The Trojan Horse outside Troy. http://media.kunst-fuer-alle.de/img/41/m/41_00204338~trojan-horse---rom-mural-paint---c1st-ad.jpg

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Aeneid  2:  Wooden  Horse  

•  Note  the  emphasis  given  to    the  deadly  ‘womb’  of  the  horse  (2.52,  242ff.)  and  the  blindness  and  deafness  of  the  Trojans.      

•  The  horse  has  an  innocuous  exterior  and  a  deadly  interior  just  like  Cupid  with  Dido  in  Book  1.657ff.  

Chris  Mackie  

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The  Greeks  

•  Ulixes/Ulysses/Odysseus  seems  to  represent  the  basic  nature  of  the  Greeks.  His  characterisKc  cunning    has  become  an  insidious,  treacherous  quality  in  the  Aeneid.  

•  Ulixes  succeeds  through  trickery  when  individual  brute  force  (Achilles)  fails.    It  is  a  victory  of  treachery  over  tradiKonal  ideas  of  courage  

Chris  Mackie  

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Aeneid  2:  Laocoön’s  Fate  •  Priest  of  Neptune  •  On  the  wrong  side  of  

Jupiter  •  Reads  ‘the  signs’  correctly  

but  is  brutally  killed  •  This  causes  the  Trojans  to  

‘misread  the  signs’  

Chris  Mackie  Hagesandros, Athenedoros, and Polydoros, Laocoön and his sons, Marble, copy after an Hellenistic original from early 1st C BCE: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Laocoon_Pio-Clementino_Inv1059-1064-1067.jpg

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Aeneid  2:  The  Gods  and  Fate  •  Troy’s  Kme  has  come.    The  life  of  a  city  is  like  that  of  a  

human  •  Q.  Where  are  the  gods  on  the  Trojan  side  (Apollo  et  al.)?  A.  

They  have  abandoned  the  city  to  its  fate.  •  Jupiter  is  essenKally  the  voice  and  the  enforcer  of  fate.    He  

is  shown  destroying  the  walls  with  the  other  divine  supporters  of  the  Greeks  at  2.617-­‐8.  

•  Being  on  the  wrong  side  of  Jupiter,  whether  you  are  trying  to  or  not,  is  not  the  place  to  be  in  the  Aeneid.  

Chris  Mackie  

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Aeneid  2:  Fate  and  the  Individual  268-­‐623    

 The  appearance  of  Hector      The  ‘heroic  impulse’  of  Aeneas.  Furor  and  fire.  

•  The  death  of  Priam.    Pyrrhus  and  noKons  of  generaKonal  change  (esp.  535ff.)  

•  Helen,  Aeneas  and  Venus  (571ff.)  •  The  gods  destroying  the  city  

walls  (589ff.)  

Chris  Mackie  

Jules Joseph Lefebvre, The death of Priam (1861). http://25.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_m8y9kiOLKC1rqqedro1_r1_1280.jpg

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The  Death  of  Priam  

•  When  Priam  casKgates  Pyrrhus/Neoptolemus  with  not  being  the  equal  of  his  father,  who  respected  the  suppliant’s  rights  (535ff.),  the  poem  is  referring  you  directly  to  Iliad  24    

•  NoKce  the  way  that  the  Aeneid  is  portraying  the  noKon  that  Achilles  represents  an  age  of  noble  heroism  that  has  now  passed.    Power  now  resides  with  ‘new  men’  (people  like  Ulysses,  Neoptolemus/Pyrrhus,  Sinon  et  al).  

Chris  Mackie  

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Aeneid  2:  The  AcquisiKon  of  Pietas  (624-­‐end  of  book.)    

   •  Aeneas,  pietas,    and  his  family  (including  his  linle  son  Anchises  /  Iulus)  

•  Aeneas,  pietas  and  religious  objects  

•  Aeneas,  pietas  and  fate  

Chris  Mackie  

Aeneas, Anchises, and Ascanius by Gian Lorenzo Bernini(1618-1619) http://artgalleryabc.com/images/stories/B/

BERNINI/bernini_aeneas.jpg

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Pius  Aeneas  What  is  pietas  in  the  Aeneid?  I  suggest:      •  The  scrupulous  performance  of  religious  ritual  etc.  (a  bit  like  

‘pious’  in  our  sense).  •  Looking  acer  one’s  own  people’s  needs,  ie.  leading  them  in  

a  pastoral  kind  of  way.  •  Performing  acKons  in  accordance  with  the  direcKon  and  will  

of  fate  (Jupiter).  

On  this  basis  Aeneas  is  not  pius  for  most  of  the  book  

 Chris  Mackie  

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Fire  as  the  CremaKon  of  Troy  •  Emphasis  on  the  fact  that  Troy  is  destroyed  by  fire  (2.310ff)  •  As  with  the  heroes  in  the  Greek  sources,  it  is  as  if  the  city  is  now  

being  cremated  as  its  life  has  come  to  an  end  •  The  Aeneid  is  really  a  kind  of  death  and  rebirth  story.    It  is  a  

foundaKon  myth  (Rome)  that  follows  a  destrucKon  myth  (Troy),  thus  the  idea  is  that  a  new  city  emerges  from  the  ashes  of  Troy  (cf.  the  phoenix  bird!).  

•  Note  the  fiery  warrior  frenzy  of  Aeneas  and  the  Trojans  as  they  defend  their  city.  This  is  his  ‘heroic  impulse’,  his  natural  response  is  to  pick  up  arms  and  plunge  into  banle.  

Chris  Mackie  

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Creusa,  Carthage,  and  Rome  

•  Creusa  as  a  vicKm  of  fate  •  The  speech  of  Creusa  provides  an  important  link  to  Book  3  where  Aeneas  goes  in  search  of  Thybris  (Tiber),  Hesperia  (Italy)  

•  Reference  to  a  royal  wife  (783)  presumably  is  meant  (in  Dido’s  mind)  to  signal  Dido  herself,  although  it  turns  out  to  be  Lavinia.    This  is  a  typical  ambiguity  in  the  supernatural  appearances  and  oracles  in  the  first  books  of  the  poem  

Chris  Mackie  

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Pius  Aeneas      Aeneas’s  final  taking  up  of  his  mission  by  leaving  the  city  with  his  people  (705ff.),  and  the  sacra  and  Penates,  reveals  the  classic  image  of  the  pius  hero.    He  is  off  to  found  Rome!  (well,  kind  of).  

 

Chris  Mackie  

Aeneas escaping from Troy carrying his father Anchises,1st c AD ,from Pompeii: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Terracotta_Aeneas_MAN_Naples_110338.jpg

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Aeneid  3:  10  stages  of  the  journey  

1.  Thrace  (Polydorus)  2.  Cyclades  (Delos)  3.  Crete  (Teucer)  4.  Delos  (Apollo)  5.  Strophades  (Celaeno)  

6.  Ionian  Islands  (Ithaca)  7.  AcKum  8.  Epirus  (cf.  Pyrrhus)  9.  Italy  and  Sicily  10.  Carthage  

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Some  important  aspects  of  Aeneid  Book  3  

•  Aeneas  as  city  founder  (new  Dardanus)  and  returner  (a  kind  of  Homeric  nostos)  

•  Geography/aeKology  (cf.  Apollonius)  •  Inclusion  of  historical  material  (Pyrrhus)  •  Augustan  elements  (AcKum)  •  Aeneas’s  main  task  is  to  unravel  the  mysteries  of  prophecy,  not  to  confront  monsters  (like  Odysseus)    

•  Death  of  father  (paterfamilias)  

Chris  Mackie