ROMANIAN NUCLEAR PROGRAM

Nuclear Power Reactors in Operation and Under Construction in the World ( as of 31 December 2007 )a

Country No. of Units Total MW(e)

No. of Units Total MW(e)

TW-h % of Total Years Months

Argentina 2 935 1 692 6.7 6.2 58 7

Armenia 1 376 2.4 43.5 33 8

Belgium 7 5 824 45.9 54.1 219 7

Brazil 2 1 795 11.7 2.8 33 3

Bulgaria - 2 1 906 2 1 906 13.7 32.1 143 3

Canada 18 12 610 88.2 14.7 546 1

China 11 8 572 5 4 220 59.3 1.9 77 3

Czech Republic 6 3 619 24.6 30.3 98 10

Finland 4 2 696 1 1 600 22.5 28.9 115 4

France 59 63 260 1 1 600 420.1 76.9 1582 2

Germany 17 20 430 133.21 25.9 717 5

Hungary 4 1 829 13.9 36.8 90 2

India 17 3 782 6 2 910 15.9 2.5 284 4

Iran, Islamic Republic of 1 915

Japan 55 47 587 1 866 267.3 27.5 1 331 8

Korea, Republic of 20 17 451 3 2 880 136.6 35.3 299 8

Lithuania 1 1185 9.1 64.4 41 6

Mexico 2 1 360 10.0 4.6 31 11

Netherlands 1 482 4.0 4.1 63 0

Reactors in Operation Reactors under Construction

Nuclear Electricity Supplied in 2007

Total Operating Experience through 2007

Worldwide, there were 439 nuclear power reactors in operation at the end of 2007, totaling 372 GW(e) of generating capacity . In 2007, nuclear power supplied about 14% of the world's electricity .

Country No. of Units Total MW(e)

No. of Units Total MW(e)

TWh % of Total Years Months

Pakistan 2 425 1 300 2.3 2.3 43 10

Romania 2 1 305 7.1 13.0 11 11

Russian Federation 31 21 743 6 3 639 148.0 16.0 932 4

Slovakia 5 2 034 14.2 54.3 123 7

Slovenia 1 666 5.4 41.6 26 3

South Africa 2 1 800 12.6 5.5 46 3

Spain 8 7 450 52.7 17.4 253 6

Sweden:------- 10 9 034 64.3 46.1 352 6

Switzerland 5 3 220 26.5 40.0 163 10

Ukraine 15 13 107 2 1 900 87.2 48.1 338 6

United Kingdom 19 10 222 57.5 15.1 1419 8

United States of America 104 100 582 1 1 165 806.6 19.4 3 291 9

Total b,c 439 372 208 33 27 193 2 608.1 14 13 036 5

Reactors in Operation Reactors under Construction

Nuclear Electricity Supplied in 2007

Total Operating Experience through 2007

Nuclear Power Reactors in Operation and Under Construction in the World ( as of 31 December 2007 )a (cont)

a Data are from the IAEA's Power Reactor Information System, (http://www.iaea.org/programmes/a2/index.html)b Note: The total includes the following data in Taiwan, China:

— 6 units, 4921 MW(e) in operation; 2 units, 2600 MW(e) under construction;— 39.0 TW’h of nuclear electricity generation, representing 19.3% of the total electricity generated in 2008;— 158 years, 1 month of total operating experience at the end of 2008.

c The total operating experience includes also shut down plants in Italy (81 years) and Kazakhstan (25 years, 10 months).

Monde : production nette denergie nucléaire en 2006 World: net nuclear energy production for 2006

  Production électrique Production électrique Part du nucléaire

Pays totale (GWh nets) nucléaire (GWh nets) dans la production %

Countries (Net total generation) (Net nuclear generation) (Nuclear share)

Afrique du Sud South Africa 228 10 4.4

Allemagne Germany 505 159 31,4

Argentine Argentina 103 7 6,9

Arménie Armenia 6 2 42

Belgique Belgium 81 44 54.4

Brésil Brazil 392 13 3.3

Bulgarie Bulgaria 42 18 43,6

Canada 584 92 15.8

Chine China 2 841 55 1,9

Corée du Sud South Korea 365 141 38,6

Espagne Spain 290 57 19.8

Etats-Unis USA 4 054 787 19,4

Finlande Finland 79 22 28

France 549 429 78,1

Hongrie Hungary 33 13 37.7

Inde India 595 16 2.6

Japon Japan 973 292 30

Lituanie Lithuania 11 8 72,3

Mexique Mexico 214 10 4,9

Pakistan 93 3 2,7

Pays-Bas Netherlands 94 3 3,5

Monde : production nette denergie nucléaire en 2006 World: net nuclear energy production for 2006

  Production électrique Production électrique Part du nucléaire

Pays totale (GWh nets) nucléaire (GWh nets) dans la production %

Countries (Net total generation) (Net nuclear generation) (Nuclear share)

Rép.tchèque Czech Republic 78 25 31.5

Roumanie Romania 58 5 9

Royaume-Uni United Kingdom 376 69 18.4

Russie Russia 907 144 15,9

Slovaquie Slovakia 29 17 57.2

Slovénie Slovenia 13 5 40,3

Suede Sweden 136 65 48

Suisse Switzerland 70 26 37,4

Taiwan (Chine / China) 197 38 19.5

Ukraine Ukraine 178 85 47,5

Total 14 175 2 662 18,8

Source AIEA (base de données PRIS), IAEA (PRIS database)

Caractéristiques principales des filières électronucléairesMain characteristics of reactor types

FILIÈRES REGROUPÉES

reactor type groups

FILIÈRE

type

CALOPORTEUR

coolant

MODERATEUR

moderator

COMBUSTIBLE

fuel

GRAPHITE-GAZ

gas-graphite

AGR

MGUNGG

HTR(GT-MHR,PBMR)

C02 ADVANCED GAS

COOLED C02 MAGNOX GAS COOLED

He HIGH TEMPERATURE

GRAPHITE

U02 ENRICHI

enriched U02

U NATUREL

natural U

U02. UC2. Th02.

EAU LOURDE

heavy water

PHWR EAU LOURDE SOUS PRESSION

heavy water pressurized

EAU LOURDE

heavy water

U02 NATUREL OU ENRICHI

natural or enriched U02

EAU ORDINAIRE

light water

BWR (ABWR)

PWR (APWR, WWER)

EAU ORDINAIRE BOUILLANTE

light water boiling

EAU ORDINAIRE SOUS PRESSION

light water pressunzed

EAU ORDINAIRE

light waterU02ENRICHi

enriched U02

OU U02 ENRICHI ET MOX

or enriched U02 and MOX

NEUTRONS RAPIDES

fast reactor

SURGENERATEUR

breeder

SODIUM

sodium

UO2ENRICH!-Pu02

enriched U02-Pu02

EAU-GRAPHITE

water-graphite

RBMK (LWGR) EAU ORDINAIRE BOUILLANTE

light water boiling

GRAPHITE U02 ENRICHI

enriched UO2

EAU ORDINAIRE-EAU

LOURDE

light water-heavy water

HWLWR (ATR) EAU ORDINAIRE BOUILLANTE

light water boiling

EAU LOURDE

heavy water

U02 ENRlCHI-Pu02

enriched U02-Pu02

ABWR; APWR, GT-MHR, PBMR : MODELES AVANCES DE REACTEUR (Advanced reactor type )

FUEL Install capacity (MW) Out of use (MW) In use (MW) Operating capacity (MW)

Coal 8304 2370 5934 4699

Oil and gas 4174 1522 2652 347

Hydro 5828 5828 5804

Nuclear 706 706 706

Others 985 985 985

TOTAL 19997 3892 16105 12541

Number of consumers: 8.3 million

National grid length: 9600 km (220 kV, 400 kV and 750 kV).

ROMANIAN INSTALL POWER (2006)

2008 – ROMANIAELECTRICITY GENERATION, by SOURCE

-Total produced : 64.772 MWh -

CNE CERNAVODA

CERNAVODA NPPGeneral Site View

CERNAVODA NPPGeneral Site View

CERNAVODA NPPGeneral Site View

CERNAVODA NPPGeneral Site View

WORK PROGRESS FOR CERNAVODA NPP MILESTONES

Time Period Type of work

1978 Contracts between AECL (Canada) and Romenergo (Romania)

concluded for Nuclear Steam Plant Unit. l ‑

1979 Start work on Cernavoda site

1980 First concrete Reactor Building Unit. l‑

1981 Contracts between Ansaldo (Italy), General Electric (USA) and

ROMENERGO (Romania) for Balance of the Plant (BOP) Unit.l‑

and. 2

1982 Governmental decision to increase supply of components from

Romania.

1983 Containment perimeter wall sliding complete (Units 1 and 2).

WORK PROGRESS FOR CERNAVODA NPP MILESTONES WORK PROGRESS FOR CERNAVODA NPP MILESTONES

Time Period Type of work

1984-1985 Contracts with equipment main suppliers concluded.

1985 Installed Calandria vessel Unit. 1.‑

1986 Installed Calandria vessel Unit. 2.‑

1989 Fuel channels installation Unit. 1.‑

1990 1991 Inspections, repairs and corrective actions.‑

1991 New Project Management Contract with AECL Ansaldo Consortium.‑

1992 1993 Construction work continued for Unit. 1 Preparation work perform‑

for Units 2 5‑

16.04.1996 U1 First criticality

11.07.1996 U1 Grid connection

02.10.1996 U1 Full power

Cernavoda NPP – a clean Source of Electricity

In January, 2009, Unit 1 produced 529.131 MWh, out of which 486.972 MWh in the NationalPower System, at a capacity factor of 101,72%.

In 2008, Cernavoda NPP- Unit 1 produced 5.227.976 MWh, out of which 4.805.476 MWh have been supplied in the National Power System, at an average capacity factor of 84,83%, due to planned shut-down in June, 2008.

In 2007, Cernavoda NPP- Unit 1 produced 6.005.175 MWh, 5.518.346 MWh being supplied in the National Power System, at a 97,62% factor of capacity.

In 2006, the quantity of electricity produced within “Nuclearelectrica” SA National Society, by Cernavoda NPP – Nuclearelectrica Plant Unit 1, was of 5.631.510 MWH. In SEN, 5.177.926 MWh have been supplied, in the conditions in which Unit 1 also supplied the inner consumption services of Unit 2, being, at that date, under testing.

More than that, every year, Unit 1 supplied 60 to 80 Gcal for heating services to the consumers living on the industrial platform of the plant, and Cernavoda town. as well ( about 50% out of the required quantity ) at a specific price, the lowest at national level, without affecting the nominal power of the turbo power unit in any way.

REACTOR

5x700 MWe NUCLEAR POWER PLANT CERNAVODA

1. Reactor Type:- CANDU - PHW, horizontal, with pressure tubes, heavy water moderated and cooled.- fuel - natural UO2

2. Rated Power:- Thermal power: 2180 MWt- Electric power output: 706.494 MWe- Net electric power: 629.846 MWe3. Purpose:- Electric power production

4. Location:- Cernavoda, Constantza county, Romania5. Owner:Romanian Electricity Authority (RENEL) through Cernavoda Nuclear Power Plant Branch (FCNE - Cernavoda)6. Designer and Constructor:- Center of Technology and Engineering for Nuclear Projects (CITON - Bucharest) Design based on AECL Canada documentation, for the Nuclear part, and ANSALDO Italy documentation, for the classical part.- CNE S.A. Cernavoda - Constructor- Nuclearmontaj S.A., AMEA S.A., TMUCB S.A., Energomontaj S.A. - Installation Works

7. Today Status of Works (January 2001):

Unit 1 - in operation since December 2, 1996

Unit 2 - construction completed about 30%

8. Number of Units: 59. Reactor:

- number of channels: 380- arrangement of channels: square lattice- core radius: 314.17 cm- core length: 394.36 cm- fuel quantity: 95.76 tons UO2 (4580 fuel elements)- burnup: 180 MWh/kg U (average)

260 MWh/kg U (maximum)

10. Moderator:- D2O inventory: 264.3 tons (concentration 99.75% mol.)- thermal load: 120 MWt- reactor inlet/outlet temperatures: 49/77º C- flow rate: 940 l/sec

11. Reactor Primary Coolant:- D2O inventory: 199.1 tons (concentration - 99.5% mol.)- thermal load: 2064 MWt- reactor inlet/outlet temperatures: 266/310º C- flow rate: 7.7x103kg/sec- header inlet/outlet pressures: 11.13/9.89 MPa- number of loops: 2, double.

12. Fuel Handling:- number of fuelling machines (FIM): 2- on-power loading- position as to the reactor: outside

13. Secondary Agent:- fluid: steam- pressure: 4.6 MPa- temperature: 260º C- flow rate: 3758.152 t/h

14. Turbine - Generator Ass.:

- type: condensation, multistage action, axial on one shaft line, consisting of four sections: a double flow high pressure section and three double flow low pressure sections- rated speed: 1500 RPM- number of steam extraction lines: 5- condenser vacuum: 4 kPa- condenser circulation water flow rate: 46 m3/sec- electrical generator: - rated power: 800 MVA

- power factor: 0.9 - rated voltage: 24 KV - stator cooling agent: H2O - rotor cooling agent: H2

15. Instrumentation and Control:

- process control is carried-out by two process computers;- measurements are duplicated or triplicated;- plant control: from the Main Control Room (MCR) or, in

case of MCR unavailability, the plant is controlled from the Secondary Control Room (SCR).

16. Nuclear Safety Design Philosophy and Special Systems:

- NPP design, construction and operation should provide that the occurance probability of any radioactive release due to any component failure or human error in manoeuvering, is under 10-7 year reactor

- prestressed concrete shielding containment (outer diametre - 43.59 m; height - 51.21 m)

- emergency core cooling systems- shut-down cooling system no.2 (6 shut-down liquid

injection units with boron or gadolinium solution)

17. Layout (for 5 Units)

- enclosure area: 40 ha - building occupational rate: 42.2% - overall occupational rate: 81% - installed power related to the enclosure area: 87.5 MWe/ha

RESEARCH REACTORS

SCN Pitesti

SCN Pitesti is owner of a TRIGA reactor, a pool type reactor, with 2 cores: Steady State Reactor ( SSR ) which operates at maximum 14 MW and Annulus Core Pulse Reactor ( ACPR ), that can give a pulse of 20.000 MW and be operated as a SSR at maximum 500 W.The reactor has been in operation since 1979.

Hot cell operating area

The Post-Irradiation Examination Laboratory first started operation in 1983; it is has been used to investigate the fuel and the structural materials typical for power reactors. The laboratory in Pitesti is the only one of the kind in the country and one of the most performing at international level.

RESEARCH REACTORS

IFIN – Horia Hulubei – Bucuresti - Magurele

Since 1957 IFIN – HH is the owner of a VVR – S reactor, thank type, of 2 MW power.

Reactor was permanently shut down in 1997 and a governmental decision for decommissioning was issued in 2002

Heavy Water Plant

ROMANIAN experience in D2O fabrication technology based on water distillation

Installations designed, constructed and commissioned by Romanian institutes and Enterprises:

Plant Capacity [t]D2O/y

Designed Constructed Commissioned

ICSIRm Vilcea

2 1978 - 1980 1979 - 1981 1982

HW PlantRomag SADrobeta

400 1985 - 1988 1987 - 1989 1989

D2O UpgradersUnit 1 NPPCernavoda

150 1986 - 1988 1993 - 1996 1996

D2O UpgradersUnit 2 NPPCernavoda

150 2003 - 2004 2003 - 2006 2007

BAITA BIHOR REPOSITORY

BAITA BIHOR REPOSITORY

Main Romanian Energy Players