romanesque architecture in france
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FRENCH ROMANESQUE
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Influencing Factors
Geographical
France is practically on the high
road between the south and north of
Europe.
Each district influenced the various
prevailing types of architecture.
about 8th to 12th century
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Influencing Factors
Geological
Rich in building materials, such as stones, asoft – fined grained stone of Caen and coloredpumice and Tufa that has been used.
Climate
a.) the north resembles that of the south of
Englandb.) the west on the Atlantic coasts is warmer,owing to the Gulf stream and warm S.W. winds.
c.) the south, on the Mediterranean, with a
landscape almost African in its aspect, is sub-tropical.
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Influencing Factors Religion
a.) Christianity, when introduced, took a strong hold in theRhone Valley, Lyons contributing martyrs to the cause.
b.) The severity of whose rules as to church building, caused
a reaction from the decorative character of the laterRomanesque, as in the facades of S. Gilles and of S.
Trophime, Arles.
c.) The change to the pointed style was promoted, by theeffort to solve the problems of vaulting.
Social and Political
Architectural progress was impossible until a more settled
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Architectural CharacterRich decorative facades and graceful cloisters,
a.) PLANS
(south)
internal buttresses, inclosing the outer range
chapels, were preferred, as at Vienne cathedral. round churches are rare in this district.
Towers are detached, resembling the Campanili.
Cloisters were treated with at most elaboration
and richness, usually having double columns withmagnificent capitals, which receive the roundarches of the narrow bays and were left entirelyopen. As glazing or tracery were not required bythe climate.
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Architectural CharacterRich decorative facades and graceful cloisters,
a.) PLANS(north)
Increasing demands of vaulted interiormodified the planning, Vaulted ribs were provided with individual
shafts, which developed the pier plans.
In the early plans: the naves were vaulted insquare bays comprising two aisle bayslongitudinally
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Architectural Characterb.) WALLS
Massiveness is the characteristic of all theearly work.
Walls were rubble with facing stones.
Elaboration was reserved for doorways in thearcaded lower portion of the facades whichare often models of simplicity and richness.
Buttresses are often more strips of slight
projection. The towers are mostly square with pyramidal
roofs.
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Architectural Character
c.) Openings Narrow openings with wide splays to admit
light sufficed.
d.) Roofs (south) early treatment was a tunnel vault to
the nave, buttresses by half tunnels over theaisle, often in two stories, thus not admitting
of clerestory. (north) increased height were obtained by
means of intersecting nave vaults, with groinribs, whose thrust was taken by buttressesarches concealed in the aisle roof.
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Architectural Character
e.) Columns
Either square piers in the nave
arcades that recessed in the planes
Having upon half round shafts carriedto the vaulting ribs, were employed, or
columns, circular or octagonal.
Vaulted shafts started imitating theCorinthian order.
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Architectural Character
f.) Mouldings(south)
elegance due to classic tradition contrastswith the rough axed decoration cut upon the
structural features of the Norman work. Arched jambs are formed in recessed planes,
with nook shafts, plainly fluted, or cutzigzags.
Capital are cubical blocks, either plain orcarved with copies of acanthus leaves fromold Roman examples.
Corbel tables, supported by plain blocks or
grotesque heads, form the cornices of thewalls.
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Architectural Character
g.) Ornament
Small, clear-glazed openings being
employed to set off the opaque color
decoration of the walls. Stained glass favouring large
openings was gradually developed in
the north.
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