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ROMAN CALENDAR

INTRODUCTION ROMAN DATES

KALENDS - NONES - IDES NUNDINAE - FERIAE

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Roman dates

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Contents

1 Years1.1 Consular dating

1.2 Dating from the founding of the city2 Months3 Days

3.1 Kalends, Nones, and Ides

3.2 Other days

4 Leap Year

5 Table of Dates

6 References7 See also

Years

Years were given in one of two ways: either with reference to the year's consuls, or with reference to the year of thefounding of the City.

Consular dating

When using Consular dating the names of both consuls were given in the ablative case, followed by the word"consulibus (cos.)." So, 63 BCE would be "M. Tullio Cicerone C. Antonio Hibrida consulibus" ("M. TulliusCicero and C. Antonius Hibrida being the consules"). Also, it was not uncommon to shorten this to "M. Tullio C.Antonio cos." or even "Cicerone Hibridaque cos."

N.B. The consular date is not the name of the year but a description of the year, meaning "X and Y beingconsules" or "while X and Y were consules". So one does not say "the conspiracy of Catilina was thwarted in M.Tullio C. Antonio cos." but simply "the conspiracy of Catilina was thwarted M. Tullio C. Antonio cos."

Dating from the founding of the city

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EnglishGregorian Latin

pre-Julian Latin

Accusative

plural

Ablative

plural

January Ianuarius Ianuarias Ianuariis

February Februarius Februarias Februariis

March Martius Martias Martiis

April Aprilis Apriles Aprilibus

May Maius Maias Maiis

June Iunius Iunias Iuniis

JulyIulius

Quin[c]tilis

Iulias

Quin[c]tiles

Iuliis

Quin[c]tilibus

AugustAugustusSextilis

AugustasSextiles

AugustisSextilibus

September September Septembres Septembribus

October October Octobres Octobribus

November November Novembres Novembribus

December December Decembres Decembribus

When using reference to the founding of the City (i.e., Rome), the accepted date is 753 BCE, which would makethe year 2001, for instance, "2754." This number is given, followed by the words "anno Urbis conditae" or "abUrbe condita" ("in the year of the founding of the City" or "from the City being Founded"), both abbreviated"a.u.c."

Months

The pre-Julian Latin name and forms are onlygiven when in disagreement with the Gregorianequivalents.

Days

Kalends, Nones, and Ides

Roman dates were given by using references tothree sacred days which fall at roughly the sametime each month. These days are the Kalends,the Nones, and the Ides.

The Kalends ("Kalendae" , in Latin; abbr."Kal.") always fall on the first day of themonth. The Nones (Nonae, "Non.") fall mostlyon the 5th, but on the 7th in March, May, July,and October. The Ides (Idus, "Id.") fall mostlyon the 13th, but on the 15th in those monthsjust mentioned.

When the date to be given is one of these threesacred days (Kalends, Nones, Ides), the dateis given as the day and month, both in thefeminine ablative plural. Therefore, "Kalendis Aprilibus," "Nonis Septembribus," "Idibus Maiis."

Other days

Dates were given by counting, inclusively, backwards from the next reference day, putting this number, ordinally, inthe accusative case, after the words "ante diem," excepting one case, which is the day before the referenced day,in which case rather than the number and "ante diem," the word "pridie" was used instead. Usually, instead ofwriting each word out, the words "ante diem" were abbreviated to "a.d.," "pridie" is abbreviated to "pr.," andthe number was just given as a numeral. Following this, the referenced sacred day and month was placed in thefeminine accusative plural.

To refer to the 29th of January, for instance, the date would be "ante diem quartum Kalendas Februarias (a.d.IV Kal. Feb.)," literally translated to "the fourth day before the February Kalends (usually reckoned as "Kalends of'month'"). Similarly, the 14th of March: "pridie Idus Martias (pr. Id. Mar.)," i.e., "the day before the March Ides."

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Leap Year

Table of Dates

Ianuarius

Sextilis December

FebruariusFebruarius

(leap year)

MartiusMaius

QuintilisOctober

AprilisIunius

SeptemberNovember

1 Kalendis Kalendis Kalendis Kalendis

2 a.d. IV Non. a.d. IV Non. a.d. VI Non. a.d. IV Non.

3 a.d. III Non. a.d. III Non. a.d. V Non. a.d. III Non.

4 pridie Nonas pridie Nonas a.d. IV Non. pridie Nonas

5 Nonis Nonis a.d. III Non. Nonis

6 a.d. VIII Id. a.d. VIII Id. Pridie Nonas a.d. VIII Id.

7 a.d. VII Id. a.d. VII Id. Nonis a.d. VII Id.

8 a.d. VI Id. a.d. VI Id. a.d. VIII Id. a.d. VI Id.

9 a.d. V Id. a.d. V Id. a.d. VII Id. a.d. V Id.

10 a.d. IV Id. a.d. IV Id. a.d. VI Id. a.d. IV Id.

11 a.d. III Id. a.d. III Id. a.d. V Id. a.d. III Id.

12 pridie Idus pridie Idus a.d. IV Id. pridie Idus

13 Idibus Idibus a.d. III Id. Idibus

14 a.d. XIX Kal. a.d. XVI Kal. pridie Idus a.d. XVIII Kal.

15 a.d. XVIII Kal. a.d. XV Kal. Idibus a.d. XVII Kal.

16 a.d. XVII Kal. a.d. XIV Kal. a.d. XVII Kal. a.d. XVI Kal.

17 a.d. XVI Kal. a.d. XIII Kal. a.d. XVI Kal. a.d. XV Kal.

18 a.d. XV Kal. a.d. XII Kal. a.d. XV Kal. a.d. XIV Kal.

19 a.d. XIV Kal. a.d. XI Kal. a.d. XIV Kal. a.d. XIII Kal.

20 a.d. XIII Kal. a.d. X Kal. a.d. XIII Kal. a.d. XII Kal.

21 a.d. XII Kal. a.d. IX Kal. a.d. XII Kal. a.d. XI Kal.

22 a.d. XI Kal. a.d. VIII Kal. a.d. XI Kal. a.d. X Kal.

23 a.d. X Kal. a.d. VII Kal. a.d. X Kal. a.d. IX Kal.

24 a.d. IX Kal. a.d. VI kal a.d. bis VI Kal. a.d. IX Kal. a.d. VIII Kal.

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25 a.d. VIII Kal. a.d. V Kal. a.d. VI Kal. a.d. VIII Kal. a.d. VII Kal.

26 a.d. VII Kal. a.d. IV Kal. a.d. V Kal. a.d. VII Kal. a.d. VI Kal.

27 a.d. VI Kal. a.d. III Kal. a.d. IV Kal. a.d. VI Kal. a.d. V Kal.

28 a.d. V Kal.pridie

Kalendasa.d. III Kal. a.d. V Kal. a.d. IV Kal.

29 a.d. IV Kal. (-)pridie

Kalendasa.d. IV Kal. a.d. III Kal.

30 a.d. III Kal. (-) (-) a.d. III Kal.pridie

Kalendas

31pridie

Kalendas(-) (-)

pridie

Kalendas(-)

References

See also

Roman calendar

Consular Years

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