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Roman Art and Architecture
Republic
509- 27 BCE
Roman Art – Key Ideas
• Roman art reflects the ambitions of a powerful empire-monumental buildings and sculptures reflect the glory of the gods and the state.
• Roman architecture is revolutionary in its understanding of the powers of the arch, the vault, understanding of the powers of the arch, the vault, and concrete.
• A history of Roman painting survives on the walls of Pompeiian villas
• Roman sculpture is greatly indebted to Greek models
Roman Art
• The Romans valued Greek cultural riches and imported their sculpture, pottery, and jewelry to adorn the capital.
• A general movement took hold to reproduce Greek art by establishing workshops that did little more art by establishing workshops that did little more than make copies of Greek sculpture.
• The single most important archaeological site in the Roman world is the city of Pompeii, which was buried by volcanic ash from Mount Vesuvius in 79 CE. We know more about daily life in ancient Rome than we know about any other civilization in history
Roman History
• Monarch (753-509 BCE)
• Republic (509-27 BCE)
• Early Empire (27 BCE – 96 CE)
• High Empire (96 – 192 CE)
• Late Empire ( 193-337 CE)
Partial model of the city of Rome during 4 th c. CE
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7-3: Temple of “Fortuna Virilis”
from Rome, Italy
c. 75 B.C.E.
Temple Of “Fortuna Virilis”
Engaged columnsPseudoperipteral
Pseudoperipteral-temple with a series of engage columns all around the sides and back of the cella to give the appearance of a peripteral colonnade.
7-4: Temple of “the Sibyl” or of “Vesta”, Tivoli, ItalyEarly first century BCE
Tholos Temple – round temple
7-5: Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia
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PrimigeniaPalestrina, Italy, late second century BCE
7-6: VAULTS
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Fenestrated sequence of groin vaults
Groin
Groin
Bay
Head of a Roman patrician from Otricoli
Verism - superrealistic
7-7: Man with portrait busts of his ancestorsLate first century BCE, 5’5”, Marble
Similar
7-9: Portrait of a Roman generalc. 75-50 BCE, Marble, 6’2”
7-11: Sculpture created for freed slaves, the Gessi ic. 30 BCE, Marble, 2’1”
SimilarSuperrealism - verism
Denarius with portrait of Julius CaesarSimilar
Aerial view of the forum
Pompeii –Buried alive
Forum
Temple
Basilica
7-13: Amphitheater, Pompeii, Italy, c. 70 BCEAmphitheater means
“double theater”
7-14: Brawl in the Pompeii amphitheater
Velarium(awning)
Externaldouble
Cavea: seating area
double staircase
Typical Pompeian house
Atriums
Cubicula
Peristyle
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7-16: House of the VettiSecond century BCE
House of the Silver Wedding
Impluvium
AtriumFauces (foyer)
Tablinum (home office)
Triclinium (kitchen)
7-17: FIRST STYLE (or Masonry Style) ROMAN WALL PAI NTINGLate second century BCE Cue Card
Masonry style that imitates the appearance of expen sive marble panels placed on wall surface using painted stucco relief. Each panel is outlined with stucco. The cornices are also modeled in stucco.
SECOND STYLECue Card
Dionysiac mystery frieze
Visual Platform
7-19: Cubiculum (bedroom)
from the villa of P. Fannius SynistorBoscoreale, Italy
c. 40-30 B.C.E.fresco
recreates and extends reality
SECOND STYLE wall painting
Second style of Roman wall painting –visually extends the space of the room beyond the walls. Utilizes single-point linear perspective. Presents a narrative.
Single-pointperspective
Linear perspective: all the receding lines in a composition converge on a single point along the paintings central axis to show depth and distance
ATMOSPHERIC PERSPECTIVE DEFINITION
Same Picture
Simple definition: as colors go into the distance, two things happen. First, they become cooler (the atmosphere colors them), and the y get lighter in value. A dark shadow in the distance is never as dark as the shadow at your feet. (Also known as aerial perspective.)
Without Atmospheric Perspective With Atmospheric Perspective
Atmospheric Perspective – 2nd Example
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7-20: Gardenscape
from the Villa of Livia, Primaporta, Italy
c. 30-20 B.C.E.fresco , 6’7” high
Atmospheric Perspective Indicating depth by the increasingly blurred appearance of objects in the distance
THIRD STYLE Roman Wall Painting (Ornate Style) - pictorial illusion is confined to "framed" images, where even the "framing" is painted on. The overall appearance is flat rather than a 3-d illusion of space. Predominantly monochrome backgrounds.
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Ixion Room
FOURTH STYLE Roman Wall Painting
Domus Aurea (GoldenHouse) of Nero
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(AKA Intricate Style) confines full 3-dimensional i llusion to the "framed images," which are placed like pictures in an exhibition. The images do not relate to one another nor do they present a narrative, as in the Second Style. Also characterized by the open vistas and the use of aerial perspectiv e, as well as the elaborate architectural framing. Irrational fantasies, crow ded and confused compositions, and sometimes garish color combinations.
House) of Nero
7-25: Portrait of a husband and wife, Pompeii, Italy ,c. 70-79 CE, fresco, 1’11 x 1’8”
Still-life Painting:The representation ofinanimate objects, artfully arranged
7-26: Still Life with Peaches
Detail of 4th style wall paintingfrom Herculaneum, Italy
c. 62-79 C.E.fresco approximately 1 ft. 2 in. x 1 ft. 1 1/2 in.