roles of watchdogs_editted
TRANSCRIPT
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ROLES OF SUPERVISORY AGENCIES
TO THE EFFECTIVE DEVELOPMENT OF STOCK MARKET
Peoples Teacher, Associate Professor, Doctor To Ngoc Hung
Today, the instability issues in the financial market are becoming severe as the
capacity of internal risk management in financial institutions are weak and financial
market supervisory system is still not synchronous, tightened which leads to many holes
in supervisory activities. Therefore, raising the effectiveness of supervision for financial
supervisory system will play an important role in ensuring stability for entire financial
system, including the securities field.
As for Vietnam, after more than 10-year-development based on the objectives
of Development Strategy for Vietnam stock market to 2010 and Capital market
development strategy to 2010 and vision to 2020, the operation of stock market has
obtained some positive results in terms of legal framework, institutional policies,
market scale and goods, securities listing and transaction, investor base system, system
of business organizations, securities services, market organization, and market
management and supervision operations. Management and supervision operations of
stock market emphasize on protecting the interests of investors. The stock market
management policy has the objective to enhance openness, transparency and gradually
adopt the good corporate governance practices, international accounting and auditing
standards and recommendations of International Organization of Stock Commission(IOSCO). However, besides the achievements, the fact also shows the gaps in
management of the stock market, particularly in supervision and inspection activities.
Accordingly, the responsibilities for stock marker supervision and inspection activities
are not only of the State Securities Commission but also involve the supervision of
financial institutions in the financial safety network (National Financial Supervisory
Commission, the State Bank of Vietnam (SBV), Agency of Insurance Administration
and Management (AIAM) and Deposit Insurance of Vietnam (DIV). The reason is that
stock market has a strong communication with other markets which are under the
professional management of monitoring organization in the financial safety network.Those communications combines with the gaps in the supervisory activities of the
monitoring organization has put Vietnam's stock market in the open position with
systemic risk. Questioned by these problems, all of my research will focus on
assessing the role of watchdogs for effective development of Vietnam stock market
performance.
1. The role of supervisory offices to Vietnam stock market management.
In fact, maintenance function for a stable financial system, including stock
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market is responsible of five agencies of the financial safety network: SBV, Securities
Commission, Agency of Insurance Administration and Management, National
Financial Supervisory Commission and Deposit Insurance of Vietnam.. The functions
of organizations directly involved in financial safety network in Vietnam can be listed
as follows:
- Agency for Banking Supervision under the State Bank of Vietnam, establishedunder decision No. 83/2009/QD-TTG dated 27/05/2009 of the Prime Minister has
responsibility for administrative inspection, special inspection and special supervision
of banking aspects within jurisdiction of SBV; advise and assist the Governor for state
management of credit institutions, small-scale financial institutions small-scale,
banking operations of other organizations, anti-money laundering implementation as
prescribed by law. "
- The State Securities Commission is the organization which directly-monitors
and inspects activities of securities markets and securities firms.
- Agency of Insurance Administration and Management has responsibilities toassist the Minister of Finance to state administration of insurance business in the
whole country, directly manages, inspects and supervises operation of insurance
business, insurance brokerage companies operating in Vietnam; inspect and supervise
activities of representative offices of foreign insurance enterprises and foreign
insurance brokerage enterprises in Vietnam regulated by laws.
- Deposit Insurance of Vietnam was established for protecting interests of
depositors, enhancing public confidence, contributing to stability and development of
the finance - banking system. In principle, Deposit Insurance of Vietnam is an
independent organization and plays important role in the implementation of thefunctions, tasks and supervision of banking operations and credit institutions, activities
coordination, information exchange and sharing responsibility for risk management,
monitoring implementation with State Management Agencies such ahs Ministry of
Finance, SBV to ensure safety and development of financial monetary system -
money.
- National Financial Supervisory Commission (NFSC) was established with the
advisory function to the Prime Minister in coordinating surveillance of national
financial markets, specialized supervision on three domains of banking, securities and
insurance; specifically, monitoring the observance of international rules and standards
on monitoring activities of specialized supervision and inspection agencies;
monitoring licensing conditions of credit institutions, non-bank credit organizations
operating in these three areas. In addition, the Commission is responsible for
proposing the Government to promulgate regulations on coordination of national
financial market supervisory activities and coordinating with relevant Ministries and
Agencies to submit to the Minister on strategic orientation for financial markets ... and
propose to special supervision and inspection body and competent authorities to
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handle violations of entities that violate banking, securities and insurance conditions.
Simultaneously, the Commission conducts an analysis, forecasting, warning safety
level of financial and banking system and risks for national financial markets; builds
up database, synthesises, and processes and reports information about national
financial market to the Prime Minister.
2. Actual situation of supervisory offices stock market monitoring activities.With current model, three outstanding issues in the supervision and inspection
activities related to the assurance of stock market can be illustrated as follows:
(1) State Securities Commission is the direct supervision body of stock market
but still shows some shortcomings in implementing its supervisory power
- Stock market monitoring operations are conducted by SSC based on the
provisions scattered in the state management regulations on securities and stock
market. It can be summarized specifically as follows:
- Ministry of Finance guides SSC in the implementation of stock market
strategy, planning and development policy as well as policies and regimes forsecurities and securities market management and supervision activities;
- SSC manages and supervises the operation of Stock Exchange, Stock
Exchange Centre, Securities Depository Centre and supporting organizations :or
temporarily suspends trading activities, depository activities of Securities Exchanges,
Stock Exchange Centre, Securities Depository Center in case of signs affecting rights
and lawful interests of investors; inspect, supervise and administrative fine, settle
complaints, denunciations securities and securities market operations.
Specifying this regulation, Prime Minister issued Decision No. 112/2009/QD-
TTg date 11th September 2009 clearly stated that SSC is the body under Ministry ofFinance, performs advisory and assisting functions to Minister of Finance in state
management on securities and stock market; directly manage and supervise securities
and stock market activities; manage services in the securities and stock market fields
in accordance with the law
Currently, the organization involved directly to the implementation market
supervision is Market Supervision Department under the Decision No. 389/QD-BTC
on 23th February 2010 by Minister of Finance. Accordingly, Market Supervision
Department has the following powers and responsibilities: (1) Propose all legal
documents on securities transactions supervision to the President SSC to submit to
Minister of Finance; ( 2) Submit to Present of SSC all professional guidance
documents, regulations, standards and business processes related to securities
transactions supervision to get approval, (3) Lead and coordinate with other policy
making organization to build up policies, solutions, schemes and plans related to
supervisory operations of securities transactions, develop monitoring system for
securities transactions; implement schemes and plans after approval;(4) Supervise and
inspect the observance of laws and provisions on securities and securities market of
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Stock Exchange and Securities Depository Center, (5) Coordinate with Stock
Exchange, Securities Depository Center to supervise changes transactions daily and
periodically; analysis, evaluate abnormal transactions; detect, synthesis and report to
the President of SSC to take timely treatment, (6) coordinate with related agencies to
monitor and examine public companies, listed companies, securities companies, fund
management companies, securities investment companies , depository members,organizations and individuals who are able to or related control or corner market,
trading spiers, (7) Act as guiding agency for SSC units to carry out supervision to
market, institutions and individuals related to stock market.
At Pointb,c Clause 1 Article 8 Securities Law 2006
In fact, beside Market supervision Agency, securities supervision activities are
also conducted by three functional units that are Securities Business Department,
Management Department of Fund Managing Companies and Securities IssuanceManagement Department. With the establishment of such stock market monitoring
mechanism, the supervision of SSC focuses on key issues including: (1) monitoring
the observance of market intermediaries; issuance and listing organizations, (2)
monitoring observance Stock Exchange, Stock Trading Center, (3) monitoring
transactions on the market to detect market abuses; (4) inspecting to perform
enforcement functions, (5) strongly contribute to ensuring openness and transparency
of the market.
For inspection securities inspection operations, the current laws on securities
focus on three important issues that are inspection objectives, inspection scope and
inspection form:
First, inspection objects include:
Organizations offering securities to the public;
Public companies;
Organizations listing securities;
Stock Exchange, Securities Trading Center;
Securities Depository Center , depository members;
Securities companies, fund management companies, securities investment
company, custodian bank, branch and representative offices of a securities
company, the foreign fund management companies in Vietnam;
The practice of securities;
Organizations and individuals invest and operate in stock market;
Other organizations and individuals involved in securities activities and
stock market.
Secondly, inspection scope includes:
Securities offering activities to the public;
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Securities listing operations
Securities transacting activities
Securities trading, securities investment, services related to securities
services and stock markets;
Information promulgating activities;
Other activities related to securities and stock market.Thirdly, inspection forms include:
Inspection program or plan approved by the President of SSC
Sudden inspection is conducted when detecting organizations and
individuals investing and operating in the market show signals violating
Law on securities and stock market; required by resolution of complaints
and denunciations or assigned by President of SSC.
Those contents above have been specified in Decision No. 398/QD-BTC dated
23rd February 2010 by Minister of Finance on 12 functions of securities inspection
activities. In fact, SSC inspection has hosted and coordinated with other SSC units toconduct more inspections to detect violation signs, insider trading, market
manipulation ... In 2008, SSC inspection and specialty Departments of SSC has
sanctioned 124 cases of violations of securities laws with total fines of 3.765 billion.
These violations include: Violation of regulations on public companies, offering
securities to public, reporting mechanism and information disclosure of public
companies and listed companies; false transactions; market manipulation; making
securities transactions without reporting of shareholders listed companies; Violation of
regulations on securities trading operations of securities companies; Violation of
reporting regime and information disclosure of Securities companies. In 2009, numberof securities companies fined due to violations of regulations on transactions is 74, in
which the inspection used suspension form with 43 cases. Status of recidivism and
violations on stock market shows that supervision and enforcement operation is not
strong and deterrent enough to prevent and avoid violations. Other fact is the sanctions
for administrative violations on securities is so low that investors are willing to break,
ready to pay the fine in exchange for greater benefits from market violations and
abuses. (Decree No. 36/2007/ND-CP by the Government on sanctioning
administrative violations on securities and stock market was issued on 8th March 2007,
but sanctions are just penalties, the maximum fine for violations of securities sector is
only 70 million. Even Ordinance amending and supplementing the 2002 - Ordinance
on handling administrative violations, in effect from 1st August 2008 which has
increased fines for violations on securities legislation to a maximum of 500 million
does not guarantee to handle violations for ensuring conformity with the nature and
extent of violations (penalty of 500 million is still considered too low compared to
many violations). Besides, the application of additional sanctions such as revoking
illegal income is encountered some difficulties because no specific instructions on
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formula illicit income from violation activities. Meanwhile, insider trading and
manipulations may bring offenders billions. Obviously, the supervision and detection
violations are just a condition to ensure market safety. If sanctions for violations are
not effective, they can disable supervision function. On the other hand competence of
securities watchdogs is still limited, low independence and adequate criteria for
financial supervision operations have been not developed yet. These problems havecreated difficulties for implementing effectively observance supervision of SSC with
the stock market in general and securities firms in particular.
Besides observance supervisory activities related to the specific problems of
entities operating in the securities market, SSC units also perform risk monitoring
through periodic reports (example summary report on financial market of Analysis &
Market Forecast Office under the Center for Scientific Research and Training -
SSC ...). This suggests that the Commission pays attention to safety supervision at
macro level in relation to the security of stock market. This will be the basis for SSC
sending out early warnings for negative fluctuations on the stock market. In addition,coordination mechanisms of monitoring activities between SSC units are not close and
overlapping as well as difficult to define responsibilities of relevant parties. However,
it is clear that all SSC relevant units related to market surveillance operations have not
developed an effective method of identifying and handling the relationship between
macro risks and risks on securities markets. In fact, during period from 2009 to now,
the world complicated economic - politic situation as well as the difficulties of the
Vietnam economy has affected Vietnam stock market. However, those fluctuations
clearly reveal weaknesses in macro-level supervision of Vietnam financial inspection
supervision in general as well as of stock market inspection supervision in particular.Specifically, inspectors were unable to predict the systemic risks from relations of
credit market, real estate market and stock market and the negative impacts of these
interconnections.
(2)Members of financial safety network do not really have effective methods
in participation in market management and supervisory activities.
In principle, members of financial safety network are responsible for developing
a stable market.
If not mention SSC, 4 remaining members of financial safety network also
shows "defects" in basic safety supervision at macro-level and monitoring elements
affecting to market within its special surveillance function.
Firstly, members of financial safety network all are responsible for supervising
the macro security through macroeconomic analysis and sending out the warning to
the market. However, during the period from 2008 to present, all macro-economic
analysis as well as early warning is really valuable market development. Most of
analysis report and alerts are done only when fluctuations have negative effects.
Secondly, members of financial safety network really do not effectively monitor
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the impacts from objects within its special supervision. Specifically, up to now, the
supervision of capital flows from commercial banks to the stock market and vice versa
as well as the capital flows between real estate market, gold market and the stock
market is ineffective. This is illustrated by many supervisory institutions has difficulty
in publishing supervision and evaluation results. In many cases, agencies in financial
safety network sending out opposite evaluation of the market which leads tounnecessary fluctuations of foreign exchange market, gold market and stock market...
(3)Many inadequacies appeared in coordinating supervision operation to
maintenance the stability of financial market in general and of the stock market in
particular.
In fact, coordinating responsibilities in supervision activities to ensure the safety
of financial markets in general and in particular stock market are of National Financial
Supervisory Commission. However, the role of National Financial Supervisory
Commission in coordinating operations of supervisory agencies is vague because it is
organized in the form of consulting agency with no policy making functions and donot really have supervision power as well as violation handling. This leads to four
consequences in supervisory operations of Vietnam financial safety networks related
to stock market development as follows:
Firstly, organizations in Vietnam financial safety network have face many
issues relating to development trend of financial conglomerates in recent years. Many
studies have shown evidences of ineffective coordination between inspecting
supervisory organizations which have led to failure in preventing financial
corporations abusing legal gaps and holes in surveillance regulation to avoid being
supervised during they operate. Especially when the finance corporationsimultaneously participated in multiple markets: credit market, stock market, insurance
market, gold market...
Secondly, supervisory organizations in the network have difficulty in handling
requirements for monitoring new financial products in integrated trend. This trend is a
mix of financial products to launch new financial products (including the mix of
deposit products of bank with securities investment products made by Financial
Groups) which causes the determination of Supervisors responsibilities becoming
more complex.
Thirdly, there appeared duplication of supervision activities which are the same
or similar between supervisory authorities or "leave empty" supervision areas which
will create a risk of wasting resources or risk system. Many financial corporations
engaged in securities or securities companies stated that they have to "welcome" too
many inspection teams for one monitor operational aspect.
Obviously, the coordination in supervisory activities of organizations in
financial safety network shows too many problems and is considered almost
nonexistent. As identified by ADB experts in the project TA 7087 VIE - Support for
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Capital Market Development, "the relationships between inspection agencies are very
lax." Moreover, while legal framework on this issue is not fully clear, agencies in
financial safety network is not active in signing agreements on coordinating and
bilateral information exchange with other supervisory authorities.
(4) The limitation in sharing mechanisms on supervision information
Information sharing and coordination among agencies in market supervisionshows many limitations. Information on inspection and supervision normally is kept
confidential and used for the purpose of each agency. This limits supervision ability of
entire system. In recent three years, National Financial Supervisory Commission
initially has performed the coordination in information exchange to supervise all
financial market activities. However, there is still the situation of financial
corporations and securities operations as securities firms must comply with various
reporting requirements for different member organizations financial safety network. In
terms of supervisory operations for financial conglomerates, supervisory systems of
securities and insurance firms aare separate SBV inspection activities. Accordingly,the supervisory system of securities and insurance companies and insurance will report
results to Ministry of Finance. Therefore, ineffective cooperation in sharing
information will lead to two problems: overlapping controlling risks from this field to
other fields and supervising consolidated risks of financial conglomerates.
(5) Incomplete legal systems as a basis for coordination between member
organizations of financial safety network.
At first it can be seen that the current Vietnam legal system does not mention the
concept of financial security network. Most legislative documents also do not clearlyidentify coordination mechanism of inspection, supervision and information sharing
between organizations in financial safety network. Moreover, the laws of Vietnam do
not state clearly responsibilities of each organization in the financial safety network
when crisis appears, especially in bank failure. (Decree 05/2010/ND-CP stipulating the
bankruptcy application for credit institutions does not specify the coordination among
members of secure network).
Secondly, law system on supervision is incomplete and inconsistent (there is a
separation between Law on the State Bank, Law on Credit Institution, Law on
Securities and Law on Insurance). All these laws are referred to safety supervision
issue, consumer protection, and risk management and information disclosure of low-
level organizations. Because of being built apart from another, the rules relating to
above subjects may overlap. Monitored by a specialized law does not allow
supervisory organizations becoming independence and having authority as well as
transparency in detecting and handling of violations affecting system safety when
construction policy and implementation of supervisory activities functions are
identified.
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Legal framework also vacated a number of subjects related to financial products
supervision of financial products, consumer protection, integrated supervision,
analysis, forecasting and early warning. The weakness stems primarily from the
absence of appropriate supervision model. Since implementing supervision system
model by the functions, laws and legal norms are oriented according to specialized
supervision. In fact, there appear some regulations on supervision cooperationmechanism but effect of these provisions is not high. This will lead to bad
consequences that are to reduce legal basis for transparency and accuracy of
information and lead to inefficiencies in stock market operation.
3. Some solutions to enhance the watchdogs roles for Vietnam stock
market development.
Dealing with limitations of inspection and supervision operations of monitoring
organizations in the securities field as mentioned, we need to develop a uniform
solution system including short-term and strategic solutions to ensure safe and
sustainable development of Vietnam stock market.
3.1. Short-term solutions
3.1.1. For State Securities Commission
- Complete legal system on securities and stock market. Laws should be
regulated more closely in the field of inspection and control to ensure that businesses
offering securities in accordance with capital increasing purposes. In fact some
businesses take advantage of the market rally to release large amounts of securities,using funds obtained in finance investment while SSC has not had a powerful tools
permitted by law to prevent or regulate this action. Law allows securities firms to carry
out securities short sellings in accordance with Ministry of Finance, but up to now,
there have been no specific guidelines on these activities.
- Being aggressive and tougher in handling violations related to securities and
securities market, increasing penalties of violations.
- Improve the market surveillance criteria system; ensure comprehensive
supervision from transactions supervision, securities issuance monitoring, securities
companies, investment funds and fund management companies. For each object of
surveillance, criteria should be developed scientifically to ensure that after the
assessment completion early warning of risks can be sending out. For example, when
developing evaluation criteria for the safety of Securities Companies, these criteria
should include financial and non financial targets associated with the system of
operating norms, minimum safety ratios of each criterion as well as for the entire
indicators system. These will help inspectors quantify risk and timely report expected
losses when they find out that operation of securities companies does not guarantee
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predetermined safety threshold (this is similar to provisions of handling commercial
banks which does not guarantee a minimum capital adequacy or ensure safety limits
prescribed by banking regulations).
- Improve the independence of supervisory authorities in task implementation,
raise SSC competence. Accordingly, SSC has the right to question, investigate, search
evidence, and seizure documents of those who are suspected of market abuse. Lawsneed to increase time limit for completion of inspection checks, especially in
complicated cases involving many subjects which require long-term inspection.
- Improve the capacity of inspectors in the field of securities inspection and
supervision in which, at first is to increase the number of securities inspectors.
Specifically, Ministry of Finance Ministry need to study and propose Prime Minister
appropriate financial mechanisms for SSC for approval, then attract and encourage
qualified staff and professionals working in securities market management and
supervision agencies. Simultaneously, there needs to have an appropriate mechanism
to improve staff qualifications.- SSC should develop a standard supervision system based on modern
information technology. Accordingly, all past transactions on the market can be
recovered, and on this basis, experts can analyze and find out signals of irregular price
trading, or insider trading ... in the market.
3.1.2. For elements of securities market
- Specifically, for securities companies, SSC requires strict reporting regime,
information disclosure; observance with current regulations on organization and
operation of securities companies, management of securities business practice; strictimplementation of regulations on securities trading, securities settlement.
- Check the entire customers transaction record to ensure it kept fully and
accurately. Inform current status of accounts (opening balance, transactions in the
period, closing balance of cash and securities accounts) for customers as prescribed.
- Strengthen governance, risk management, internal control and ensure safe
operation under current regulations.
- As for listed companies, SSC requires companies to strictly observe the
information disclosure regime on securities market as stipulated in Circular
09/2010/TT-BTC dated 15th January2010. Particularly, SSC should make formal
request to listed companies to set up unit for receiving, processing, answering
questions, petitions, complaints by shareholders
- For two stock exchanges, strengthen transaction supervision operation,
member monitoring, information disclosure supervision and rumors monitoring.
Actively and promptly report rumors and activities with violation signals to SSC for
consideration and handling.
- For Depository Center, strengthen the supervision in securities registration,
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depository, clearing and settlement activities depository members, report provisions
violations to SSC for review and handling.
3.2. The long-term solution
First, ConstructLaw on financial inspection and supervision, clearly statewhich objects under the supervisions of which supervisory organizations, , avoid
duplication in monitoring activities as an object supervised by several supervisors and
therefore subject too many laws which leads to misunderstanding and incorrect
implementation. . Simultaneously, the Law clearly defines responsibilities and powers
of supervisory bodies, information exchange mechanisms and coordination among
agencies and responsibilities to handle inspected violations of each unit, avoid pushing
responsibility to each other.
Second: Roles and responsibilities of each specialized supervision agency
should be clearly concretized, clarified (on monitoring objects, competence onviolation handling and management...), to avoid overlapping iteration and blame each
other. Concurrently, members of financial safety network (National Financial
Supervisory Commission, the State Bank of Vietnam (SBV), Agency of Insurance
Administration and Management (AIAM) and Deposit Insurance of Vietnam (DIV))
should exchange and share information to ensure harmonious action, warning,
detection and timely violation handling objects inspected and supervised and
especially support each other to increase the effectiveness of macro safety supervision
and systemic risk monitoring.
Thirdly, gradually improve National Financial Supervisory Commission by: (i)
Increased powers for National Financial Supervisory Commission , accordingly
National Financial Supervisory Commission have the power to draft and issue laws,
rules and regulations for monitoring operations and violation handling of objects
monitored in the field of banking, securities and insurance; have rights to license and
dissolute of financial institutions subject to supervision on all three domains, (ii)
Recruit more highly qualified staff who are have deep knowledge about financial and
monetary sector, about laws and regulations, experienced in in operating supervision
in banking, securities, insurance to National Financial Supervisory Commission. Theseofficers can be immediately appointed appropriate position or can participate in
training courses for a gradual supplementation; (iii) Investment in technological
innovations served for information collection, market changes monitoring and
supervised objects, gradually build early warning systems, remote warnings , detection
and prevention of risks in financial markets, share information with specialized
supervision agencies specialized supervision, and coordination in the implementation
of market inspection and supervision implementation; (iv) build a separate system of
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information resources for inspection and supervision operations, information
transferred to concerned departments to recognize, evaluate and promptly handle
problems. (v) Improving indicators system and appropriate monitoring methods
consistent with international standards and practice as a basis to assess observance and
risk supervision of financial system, micro supervisory indicators based on CAMELS
evaluation model, macro supervisory indicators based on macroeconomic indicators
such as economic growth, inflation, exchange rates, balance of payments... At first,
National Financial Supervisory Commission should review the financial system;
Inspect and assess products of financial service on the market to identify risks;
Evaluate the performance on loan classification and adequate provisioning for risk
reserves of credit institutions (operations account for over 50% of total assets) and
check investments on valuable papers, analyze interested transactions between banks
and securities firm, especially securities companies and banks have had o contributed
capital relations; (vi) Government should provide adequate resources and conditionsfor the Commission to implement its responsibilities.
Fourth: formulate unified and centered model of supervisors under the
administration of National Financial Supervisory Commission. National Financial
Supervisory Commission becomes an independent agency under the Government or
Parliament, has authority to promulgate legal documents, regulations and handle
violations related to inspection and supervision operations on all three domains of
banking, securities and insurance. Closely Implement and coordinate to exchange
information with SBV, Ministry of Finance, find out the solutions to removing
difficulties in the supervision of financial system; establish early warning systems and
prevent risks or impacts of domestic and foreign factors from financial markets.
Financial Supervisory Commission performs the functions of supervising
operations of specialized supervision agencies which require those agencies to
regularly or suddenly report the implementation their work.
In conclusion, to ensure effective supervision of securities markets, the roles of
watchdog organizations should settle three major contents: (1) encourage the t market
participants implement good corporate governance, (2) build up effective market
discipline mechanism and (3) inspection and supervision system performs observanceand risks supervision.
REFERENCES:
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1. Duong Thi Phuong (2010 ), Operation effects of financial supervisory system in
Vietnam, The summary record of Scientific Conference on the Effect of financial
supervisory system in Vietnam, Finance Publisher.
2. Nguyen Son (2010), 10 years of Vietnam stock market and the orientation strategyperiod 2010 - 2020, Journal of Economics and Special forecasting for Vietnam socio-
economic overview, 2nd edition June 20103. Peter Hayward (2009), Project TA 7087 VIE: Support for Capital Market
Development and Capacity Improvement Financial Sector: Structure of supervision,
ADB Report