roles of the president. chief executive power of appointment power to issue executive orders white...
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Roles of the President
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Chief Executive
• Power of appointment
• Power to issue executive orders
• White House Staff & Executive Office
• The Cabinet
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Power of Appointment • Helping the president to enforce laws passed by
Congress, the Constitution authorizes him to appoint, with the advice and consent of the Senate
• Presidents look for people who will be loyal, competent and serve with integrity to fill appointed positions
• Most of the nominations for the President’s Cabinet get approved
• Cabinet: The formal body of presidential advisers who head the fifteen executive departments
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Power to issue Executive Orders
• Executive orders offer the president an opportunity to make policy without legislative approval
• Executive Order: A rule or regulation issued by the President that has the effect of law
• Many executive Orders are issued to help clarify or implement legislation enacted by Congress• EXAMPLE: Truman ordered the end to segregation in
the military • Affirmative Action was institutionalized by Lyndon B.
Johnson
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EO 11130
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EO 10730
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The White House Staff• Personal assistants and advisors are not subjected to
Senate confirmation
• Chief of Staff: job is to facilitate the smooth running of the staff and the executive branch of the government
• The size of the White House Staff has grown as the public demands from the president have increased
• The current size is about 400 staffers
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Executive Office
• Executive Office of the President (EOP): Established in 1939 to help the president oversee the executive branch bureaucracy
• EOP expanded over time to include advisory and policy-making agencies and task forces
• EOP has become a prime policy maker in their fields of expertise
• They must perform their tasks in accordance with congressional legislation
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EOP’s Memebers
• National Security Council
• Council of Economic Advisers
• Office of Management and Budget
• Office of the Vice President
• U.S. Trade Representative
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The Cabinet
• Cabinet has no basis in the Constitution which is an informal institution based on practice and precedent whose membership is determined by tradition and presidential discretion
• Typically included heads of major executive departments
• Major function is to help the president execute the laws and assist him in making decisions
• Page 297 has chart of Department heads & responsibilities
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The Cabinet
• Three executive departments that spend the most money• Department of Health and Human Services• Department of Defense• Department of Treasury???????
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Vice President
• When John Adams took the position as the first vice president the office had no importance
• The office eventually evolved to create a balance politically and geographically
• The power of the Vice President depends on how much power the President gives them
• It wasn’t until 1961 that the Vice President had an office in the White House
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Vice President
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First Lady
• Assist presidents as informal advisers while making other, more public, significant contributions to American society
• Abigail Adams was John’s sounding board and encouraged him to “Remember the Ladies”
• Edith Bolling Galt Wilson became Woodrow Wilson’s surrogate and make decisions when Wilson collapsed and was partly paralyzed in 1919
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First Lady
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Chief Legislator
• Congress & President work together to shape public policy
• Initiates legislation
• Veto Power
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Congress & the President working together
• FDR said, “It is the duty of the President to propose and it is the privilege of the Congress to dispose”
• LBJ said, “merely placing a program before Congress is not enough…without constant attention from the administration, most legislation moves through the congressional process at the speed of a glacier”
• Important for President and Congress to construct coalitions to work for passage of his legislation
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Initiating Legislation
• The State of the Union Address
• The annual budget message
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Veto Power
• Authority to reject any congressional legislation
• The threat of a presidential veto often prompts members of Congress to fashion legislation that they know will receive Presidential support
• Gives the president another way to influence law-making
• Keeps in the system of checks and balances
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Chief Diplomat
• Power to send & receive ambassadors
• Power to make treaties
• Power to make executive agreements
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Power to send & receive ambassadors
• President can “receive ambassadors” which has been interpreted to allow the president to recognize the very existence of other nations
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Power to make treaties
• Power to make treaties with foreign nations is checked by all treaties must be approved by at least 2/3 of the members of the Senate
• Most notable rejection of Senate’s ratification of a treaty is the Treaty of Versailles
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Power to make Executive Agreements
• Executive Agreements: Formal government agreement entered into by the president that does not require the advice and consent of the U.S. Senate
• These allow the President to form secret and highly sensitive arrangements with foreign nations without Senate approval
• These agreements, however, are not binding with subsequent administrations
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Commander-in-chief
• Civilian control of armed services
• President’s war powers vs Congress’ power to declare war
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Civilian control of Armed Services
• Who is control of the armed forces?
• Why would it be civilian control?
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President’s war powers vs. Congress’ power to declare
war• War Powers Act: Passed by Congress in 1973; the
President is limited in the deployment of troops overseas to a 60 day period in peacetime (which can be extended for an extra 30 days to permit withdrawal) unless Congress explicitly gives its approval for a longer period
• Presidents have in the past use the Commander-in-chief clause in conjunction with their chief executive’s duty to “take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed” to wage war
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Chief of State
• Ceremonial head of government
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Ceremonial Head
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Chief Jurist
• Power of appointment (Supreme Court)
• Power to grant pardons, reprieves, commutations & amnesty
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Power of Appointment• Most important appointment presidents can
make is a nomination to fill a Supreme Court vacancy
• The court is split ideologically so one or two appointments can affect the outcome of important constitutional cases well beyond the president’s term in office
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Power to grant pardons, reprieves, commutations &
amnesty• Pardon: An executive grant providing
restoration of all rights and privileges of citizenship to a specific individual charged or convicted of a crime
• Presidents can exercise a check on judicial power through their constitutional authority to grant reprieves or pardons except in impeachment
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Ford pardoning Nixon on television
Thanksgiving turkey pardon
Carter gave draft dodgers a commutation
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Protector of the Prosperity
• Historical development
• Political importance of this role
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Historical Development
• Public expects the president to act as an economic superhero who will protect against both a depression and an inflation while keeping economy at full employment
• Herbert Hoover did not manage the prosperity leading the U.S. into the Great Depression
• Jimmy Carter did not prevent the inflation
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Political Importance of this Role
• Protecting the Prosperity or neglecting to protect the countries prosperity can hurt a presidents chances of reelection
• George H.S. Bush was not reelected due to his inability to handle the economy
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Head of Party
• Presidential Popularity
• “Coattails”
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Presidential Popularity
• A president’s every action either helps or hurts that party, and its members keep a close eye on the president to make sure that its ideas and fortunes are promoted
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Presidential Popularity
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“Coattails”
• “Riding the president’s coattails into office” occurs in an election when voters also elect representatives or senators belonging to a successful presidential candidate’s party
• Example:• Obama’s Congress in 2008• FDR’s Congress in 194