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  • Role of Trichomes in Regulation of Optical Properties in Carya …biology.kenyon.edu/HHMI/posters_2016/korsberga.pdf · 2016-10-13 · Role of Trichomes in Regulation of Optical Properties
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Role of Trichomes in Regulation of Optical Properties in Carya glabra and Carya ovata Alexa Korsberg ’17, Jacob Scharfetter ‘17, & Professor Christopher Bickford Abstract Trichomes – leaf hairs – have many func3ons including herbivore and radia3on defense as well as temperature and water regula3on. While trichome func3on and purpose is well understood most research has been done on adaxial trichomes, while li>le is known about the func3on of abaxial trichomes. We hypothesized that the purpose of abaxial trichomes is to re-reflect transmi>ed light back into the leaf to op3mize light efficiency and increase the amount of photons going into the leaf. We observed two lines of hickory trees - Carya glabra (Pignut, glabrous) and Carya ovata (Shagbark, pubescent) – and looked at the op3cal proper3es of the abaxial surface, gas exchange values, and leaf mass. We found that while neither the pignut nor shagbark lines differed in either stomatal conductance (p=0.871) or leaf mass/area (p=0.302), pignut leaves had higher photosynthe3c rates than shagbark, 9.00 micromol CO 2 m 2 s -1 (SE=+/-0.315) and 7.40 micromol CO 2 m 2 s -1 (SE=+/-0.190) respec3vely (p=0.0001). Shagbark had higher reflectance and transmi>ance values than pignut between wavelengths 450-700 nm (P<<0.05), while pignut had greater absorptance than shagbark between wavelengths 513-604 nm and 694-700 nm (P<0.05). There is a clear difference between the op3cal proper3es of pignut and shagbark trees, however future experiments must be conducted where the leaves are manipulated to confirm whether or not trichomes are contribu3ng to this difference. Introduction Discussion Acknowledgments I would like to thank Jacob Scharfe>er for being an extremely helpful and resourceful lab partner. I would also like to thank Professor Christopher Bickford for his guidance throughout the project. Finally, I would like to thank Kenyon College and the biology department for its funding, resources, and facili3es. Results Trichomes are small hair-like structures found on many plant surfaces. There are two kinds of trichomes – glandular, which contain defense compounds, and non- glandular. Both kinds of trichomes are important for both herbivore and pathogen defense. Other func3ons include UV protec3on and water regula3on both in the interior and on the exterior of the leaf (Bickford 2016). We were interested in non- glandular trichomes to see if their presence had an impact on the op3cal proper3es of plant leaves. Figure 4. Leaf mass per area. Leaf punches were collected using leaf punches with a circumference of 1.04 cm. 2-Sample T-Test, Error Bars = SEM, p = 0.302. We found four glabrous and five pubescent hickory trees outside and collected samples. We cut mul3ple branches off each tree then immediately trimmed about 2 inches off the bo>om of each branch to remove any embolisms created during the ini3al cut. This allowed the branches to con3nue on with normal photosynthe3c rates as well as stomatal conductance aeer being cut. Op3cal proper3es of the leaves - reflectance, transmi>ance, and absorptance - were measured using a Jaz-TR-Spectroclip (Ocean Op3cs). Photosynthe3c and stomatal conductance measurements were taken using an LI-6400XT Li-Cor Biosciences based on the CO 2 flux. Leaf mass samples were collected using a 1.04 cm circumference leaf punch. Samples were dried for 24 hours and weighed. Leaf shaving methods were experimented with using scotch tape, masking tape, generic razor blades, and op3cal knives of various sizes ranging from 1.2-1.8 mm. We experimented with various methods on both the adaxial and abaxial surfaces. Methods Figure 1. Reflectance of light on the abaxial surface of the leaves. The light orange line represents glabrous leaves while the dark orange represents pubescent leaves. 2-Sample T-Test, Error Bars = SEM, p << 0.05 between wavelengths 450-700. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 450 500 550 600 650 700 Transmi(ance (%) Wavelength (nm) Figure 2. Transmi>ance of light moving through the leaf from the abaxial surface. The light blue line represents glabrous leaves while the dark blue represents pubescent leaves. 2-Sample T-Test, Error Bars = SEM, p<<0.05 between wavelengths 450-700 nm. Figure 3. Absorptance of light in the mesophyll of the leaves. The light green line represents glabrous leaves while the dark green line represents pubescent leaves. 2-Sample T-Test, Error Bars = SEM, p<0.05 between wavelengths 513-604 nm and 694-700 nm. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Photosynthe8c Rate Glabrous (Pignut) Pubescent (Shagbark) Figure 5. Photosynthe3c rates were measured with a licor aeer the stems were re-cut under water. 2-Sample T-Test, Error Bars = SEM, p = 0.0001. No sugges3ons that re-reflected light into the leaf enhances photosynthesis because glabrous leaves had higher photosynthe3c rates than pubescent leaves. Species differences poten3ally contribute to the photosynthe3c differences They may have different amounts of important enzymes Pubescence appears to increase re-reflectance of light into the leaf More transmi>ance in pubescent leaves was unexpected as we believed trichomes would increase reflectance while reducing transmi>ance Absorptance was high in the red and blue spectrum as expected because that is what is used for photosynthesis Understanding how trichomes work is important when understanding how plants have evolved and how they func3on in different climates because of their defensive and regulatory quali3es Possible to bio-engineer crops that increase the albedo to help mi3gate climate change 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 450 500 550 600 650 700 Absorptance (%) Wavelength (nm) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 450 500 550 600 650 700 Reflectance (%) Wavelength (nm) 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 Leaf Mass (g/1.04 cm) Glabrous (Pignut) Pubescent (Shagbark) Shagbark leaf (above) www.extension.iastate.edu Pignut leaf (below) h>p://www.florafinder.com

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Page 1: Role of Trichomes in Regulation of Optical Properties in Carya …biology.kenyon.edu/HHMI/posters_2016/korsberga.pdf · 2016-10-13 · Role of Trichomes in Regulation of Optical Properties

Role of Trichomes in Regulation of Optical Properties in Carya glabra and Carya ovataAlexa Korsberg ’17, Jacob Scharfetter ‘17, & Professor Christopher Bickford

Abstract Trichomes–leafhairs–havemanyfunc3onsincludingherbivoreandradia3ondefenseaswellastemperatureandwaterregula3on.Whiletrichomefunc3onandpurposeiswellunderstoodmostresearchhasbeendoneonadaxialtrichomes,whileli>leisknownaboutthefunc3onofabaxialtrichomes.Wehypothesizedthatthepurposeofabaxialtrichomesistore-reflecttransmi>edlightbackintotheleaftoop3mizelightefficiencyandincreasetheamountofphotonsgoingintotheleaf.Weobservedtwolinesofhickorytrees-Caryaglabra(Pignut,glabrous)andCaryaovata(Shagbark,pubescent)–andlookedattheop3calproper3esoftheabaxialsurface,gasexchangevalues,andleafmass.Wefoundthatwhileneitherthepignutnorshagbarklinesdifferedineitherstomatalconductance(p=0.871)orleafmass/area(p=0.302),pignutleaveshadhigherphotosynthe3cratesthanshagbark,9.00micromolCO2m2s-1(SE=+/-0.315)and7.40micromolCO2m2s-1(SE=+/-0.190)respec3vely(p=0.0001).Shagbarkhadhigherreflectanceandtransmi>ancevaluesthanpignutbetweenwavelengths450-700nm(P<<0.05),whilepignuthadgreaterabsorptancethanshagbarkbetweenwavelengths513-604nmand694-700nm(P<0.05).Thereisacleardifferencebetweentheop3calproper3esofpignutandshagbarktrees,howeverfutureexperimentsmustbeconductedwheretheleavesaremanipulatedtoconfirmwhetherornottrichomesarecontribu3ngtothisdifference.

Introduction

Discussion

Acknowledgments IwouldliketothankJacobScharfe>erforbeinganextremelyhelpfulandresourcefullabpartner.IwouldalsoliketothankProfessorChristopherBickfordforhisguidancethroughouttheproject.Finally,IwouldliketothankKenyonCollegeandthebiologydepartmentforitsfunding,resources,andfacili3es.

Results

Trichomesaresmallhair-likestructuresfoundonmanyplantsurfaces.Therearetwokindsoftrichomes–glandular,whichcontaindefensecompounds,andnon-glandular.Bothkindsoftrichomesareimportantforbothherbivoreandpathogendefense.Otherfunc3onsincludeUVprotec3onandwaterregula3onbothintheinteriorandontheexterioroftheleaf(Bickford2016).Wewereinterestedinnon-glandulartrichomestoseeiftheirpresencehadanimpactontheop3calproper3esofplantleaves.

Figure4.Leafmassperarea.Leafpuncheswerecollectedusingleafpuncheswithacircumferenceof1.04cm.2-SampleT-Test,ErrorBars=SEM,p=0.302.

Wefoundfourglabrousandfivepubescenthickorytreesoutsideandcollectedsamples.Wecutmul3plebranchesoffeachtreethenimmediatelytrimmedabout2inchesoffthebo>omofeachbranchtoremoveanyembolismscreatedduringtheini3alcut.Thisallowedthebranchestocon3nueonwithnormalphotosynthe3cratesaswellasstomatalconductanceaeerbeingcut.Op3calproper3esoftheleaves-reflectance,transmi>ance,andabsorptance-weremeasuredusingaJaz-TR-Spectroclip(OceanOp3cs).Photosynthe3candstomatalconductancemeasurementsweretakenusinganLI-6400XTLi-CorBiosciencesbasedontheCO2flux.Leafmasssampleswerecollectedusinga1.04cmcircumferenceleafpunch.Samplesweredriedfor24hoursandweighed.Leafshavingmethodswereexperimentedwithusingscotchtape,maskingtape,genericrazorblades,andop3calknivesofvarioussizesrangingfrom1.2-1.8mm.Weexperimentedwithvariousmethodsonboththeadaxialandabaxialsurfaces.

Methods

Figure1.Reflectanceoflightontheabaxialsurfaceoftheleaves.Thelightorangelinerepresentsglabrousleaveswhilethedarkorangerepresentspubescentleaves.2-SampleT-Test,ErrorBars=SEM,p<<0.05betweenwavelengths450-700.

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Figure2.Transmi>anceoflightmovingthroughtheleaffromtheabaxialsurface.Thelightbluelinerepresentsglabrousleaveswhilethedarkbluerepresentspubescentleaves.2-SampleT-Test,ErrorBars=SEM,p<<0.05betweenwavelengths450-700nm.

Figure3.Absorptanceoflightinthemesophylloftheleaves.Thelightgreenlinerepresentsglabrousleaveswhilethedarkgreenlinerepresentspubescentleaves.2-SampleT-Test,ErrorBars=SEM,p<0.05betweenwavelengths513-604nmand694-700nm.

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Figure5.Photosynthe3cratesweremeasuredwithalicoraeerthestemswerere-cutunderwater.2-SampleT-Test,ErrorBars=SEM,p=0.0001.

Nosugges3onsthatre-reflectedlightintotheleafenhancesphotosynthesisbecauseglabrousleaveshadhigherphotosynthe3cratesthanpubescentleaves.Speciesdifferencespoten3allycontributetothephotosynthe3cdifferencesTheymayhavedifferentamountsofimportantenzymesPubescenceappearstoincreasere-reflectanceoflightintotheleafMoretransmi>anceinpubescentleaveswasunexpectedaswebelievedtrichomeswouldincreasereflectancewhilereducingtransmi>anceAbsorptancewashighintheredandbluespectrumasexpectedbecausethatiswhatisusedforphotosynthesisUnderstandinghowtrichomesworkisimportantwhenunderstandinghowplantshaveevolvedandhowtheyfunc3onindifferentclimatesbecauseoftheirdefensiveandregulatoryquali3esPossibletobio-engineercropsthatincreasethealbedotohelpmi3gateclimatechange

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Shagbarkleaf(above)www.extension.iastate.edu

Pignutleaf(below)h>p://www.florafinder.com

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