role of sustainability indices in tall buildings

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE

TALL STRUCTURES Evolution and Innovation

ROLE OF SUSTAINABILITY

INDICES IN TALL BUILDINGS

A J I T

S A B N I S

1. OVERVIEW

2. SUSTAINABILITY IN TRUE SENSE

3. ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS

4. SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT

5. CONCEPT OF FIGURE OF MERIT

6. CASE STUDY …………………………………..

Acknowledgements: Some of the Figures, Images and Tables are

outsourced from internet. These are being used only for knowledge

dissemination and not for commercial use. We thank all those original

sources from where these are picked and depicted here.

It all began at the Rio,

Brazil, Earth Summit In

1992. The Convention

included the adoption of

the UN Framework on

Climate Change.

This convention set out a framework for action aimed at

stabilizing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases

(GHGs) to avoid “ dangerous anthropogenic interference

with the climate system.”

1. OVERVIEW

FOLLOWED BY:

• Kyoto Protocol (COP3) Kyoto,

Japan, 1997. Setting

internationally binding

emission reduction targets.

• Placed a heavier burden on

developed nations, being

responsible for the current

high levels of GHG emissions

in the atmosphere as a result

of more than 150 years of

industrial activity

The detailed rules of Kyoto Protocol were adopted

at COP 7 in Marrakesh, Morocco, in 2001, and are

referred to as the “ Marrakesh Accords ”. COP 22

is again in MORRACO this month.

• INDIA PLAYED A MAJOR ROLE.

• 195 COUNTRIES PARTICIPATED

• DEVELOPED NATIONS PLEDGED

• FINACIAL ASSISTANCE OF 100 B-USD

• TO STRIVE HARD TO HOLD GLOBAL

TEMPRATURE RISE BELOW 1.5 DEGREES

• COUNTRIES WERE BOUND BY INDCs

THEN CAME :

COP 21, THE PARIS SUMMIT, 2015

INDC : Intended Nationally Determined Contribution

• Annually, 220 billion rupees of CSR money is to be

spent on environmental initiatives.

• Propagate Sustainable Living

• Adopt Eco-friendly Paths / Mechanisms

• Reduce GHG emission by 35% by 2025

• Generate 40% of the total power required using

renewable energy technologies.

• Create additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion

tonnes by 2030.

• In addition to this India has strategized many GHG

reduction measures.

India’s Intended Nationally

Determined Contributions (INDCs)

INDIA

CO2

6.5%

Construction

Industry

contribution

40 %

OPERATIVRE

PHASE

75 to 80 %

PRE USE AND

OTHER PHASES

20 TO 25 %

EXTENSIVE STUDY

DONE ON THIS

PHASE

NEGLECTED

PHASE . HENCE

OUR FOCUS

PRE USE AND OTHER

PHASES 20 TO 25 %

CRADLE TO CRADLE SYSTEM BOUNDARY

2. SUSTAINABILITY

IN TRUE SENSE

TRUE

SUSTAINABILITY:

Holistic Integration

of all the three

independent

environmental

entities.

We focus on the

sphere of Natural

Environment.

World Commission on Environment and

Development (Brundtland Commission) :

"development which meets the needs of current

generations without compromising the ability of

future generations to meet their own needs".

Resource Depletion- Global Warming-Ecological Rucksack

Impact

Sustainable development

Most appropriate definition for engineers

An indicator helps us to

understand where we are,

which way we are going and

how far we are from where we

want to be.

A good indicator alerts to a

problem before it gets too bad

and helps you recognize what

needs to be done to fix the

problem.

Sustainability Indicator ?

Indicators of a sustainable community point to areas

where the links between the economy, environment and

society are weak.

COMPENDIUM OF SUSTAINABLE

INDICATOR INITIATIVE TALKS ABOUT 500 +

INDICATORS

LIVING PLANET INDEX (LPI) : Global Biodiversity Indicator

ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT INDEX (EFI) : Measures Land and

Water requirement to sustain life on earth.

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX (HDI) : Deals with Social Dimension, Literacy, Life expectancy etc.

ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY INDEX (ESI) : Quantifies whether

a country is capable of preserving its Natural Resources

ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE INDEX (EPI) : Deals with

stresses in human beings due to environmental deterioration.

CITY DEVELOPMENT INDEX (CDI)

INFRASTRUCTURE

INDEX

WASTE

INDEX

ECONOMIC

INDEX

EDUCATIONAL

INDEX

HEALTH

INDEX

Transportation

Communication

Electricity

Potable Water

Waste Water

Treatment

Solid Waste

DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS DUE

TO GLOBAL WARMING

Fossil Fuel Depletion

Ozone Depletion

Smog

Acidification

Eutrophication

Deforestation, Soil Erosion

Habitat Alteration

Loss of Bio-Diversity

Water Depletion

Ecological Toxicity

Human Health / Carcinogenic

4. SUSTAINABILITY INDICATORS

Built Environment Impacts Natural Environment. Assessing

total Energy Impact involves Life Cycle Analysis from

extraction stage to end of life stage. But has its own

limitations.

Assessment of Green House Gas emissions in terms of

Carbon Dioxide equivalent is complicated due to several

processes involved from equipment efficiency to Transport

efficiency.

UNEP calls for development of country specific sustainable

indicators that help in assessing the overall energy impact

applicable to any building or infrastructure project.

This calls for developing new Sustainability Indicators

Whole Building Life Cycle Analysis :

Involves three methods- Input-out put analysis-Process

Analysis and Hybrid Analysis-First two have limitations-Third combines both and hence more realistic.

SUSTAINABILITY INDICATORS FOR

ENERGY IMPACT ANALYSIS

TPSI-Tall Building Projects Sustainability Indicator :

Takes into account sub-systems involved in a construction process. Specialized only for buildings that are more than

20 floors. This threshold limit is on the established fact that

beyond 20 floors, energy efficiency dramatically changes.

MIPS – Material Intensity per Service Unit Indicator : Quantifies ecological disturbances due to technological

interferences using FoM concept.

NEW SUSTAINABILITY INDICATORS

FOR ENERGY IMPACT ANALYSIS

Green Building Rating Systems :

Most Green Building Rating systems available today are

criteria based. Whole building process are categorized into several criteria and credited with points – Normalizing them

into Star Ratings or other nomenclature. They are good to

streamline the processes but do not accurately measure

the impact of BE on NE.

None of the systems include properties of materials and

integrate them in the assessment process. This lacunae calls

for development of a New Sustainability Indicator, applicable for entire Built environment with ease.

• SUSTAINABILITY IS COMPLEX

PHENOMENA

• TOO MANY VARIABLES

• LACK OF Dependable DATA

• LIMITATIONS IN EXISTING

ASSESSMENT TOOLS

• UNEP CALL FOR DEVELOPING

COUNTRY SPECIFIC

INDICATORS

IN CONCLUSION ;

Sustainability

Development Index (SDI)

based on Figure of Merit (FoM)

concept and evaluate sustainability

Levels in TALL buildings.

SDI developed is expressed in terms

Sustainability Percentage.

5. Figure of Merit (FoM)

Figure of Merit (FoM) has

several contextual definitions

and has been extensively used

in various fields of engineering

to assess the most suitable

option amongst available

alternatives.

Figure of Merit to be a mathematical expression where

inputs are some of the important engineering

characteristics of a material and the output data

validating these characteristics.

Engineering

characteristics of a

Material

Validation of input

Characteristics

FoM-

Mathematical

Expression

Figure of Merit (FoM)

Applications

In engineering designs-

FoM is applied to find out

material suitability, Compare utility,

applicability and design options.

In commercial domain-

FoM helps end users to decide

upon the dependability of a particular

brand.

In risk assessment-

FoM helps in decision making in respect of a

type of risk mitigation measure to be adopted.

Studies show many examples of FoM applications

and formulations using engineering parameters.

REFERENCE

ENGINEERING

PROPERTY 1

REFERENCE

ENGINEERING

PROPERTY 2

CONSTRUCTION

INDUSTRY COST

STIMULANT 2

CONSTRUCTION

INDUSTRY COST

STIMULANT 1

FIGURE OF

MERIT

(FoM)

Figure of Merit (FoM)

Construction

E = Modulus of Elasticity in GPa ;

ρ = Density of material in Kg/ m3;

Cm = Cost of material in INR / m3;

Ca = Cost of construction per square meter

Figure of Merit ( FoM)

ZC = E/ρ x C

m x 1/C

a

Sustainability Development Index

Interaction Model (SDIIM)

INTERACTION

VALUES

( I1, I2, I3)

COMBINING FOM

WITH RELEVANT

ECO PARAMETERS

LEADS TO …

SDI = I1+I2+I3

SDI = I1 + I2 + I3

I1= √ (ZC x EE

C x TE

C)

I2= √ (ZC x EC

C x TE

C x µ)

I3= √ (ZC x EE

C x EC

C x TE

C)

ZC = Figure of Merit as defined in Equation 1;

EEC = Embodied Energy Coefficient = EE / EE (stone)

ECC = Embodied Carbon Coefficient = ECe / ECe (stone)

TEC = Transport Energy Coefficient = 0.00285 / EE

µ = Time Coefficient = EEC x (Design Period / GWP Time Period)

THREE PRIMARY

EQUATIONS

GW: Global Warming , GWP : Global warming Potential , CO 2e : Green house gasses expressed

CO2 equivalent

INTERACTION I3

Materials & Embodied

Energy

Embodied Energy &

GW (CO2e)

GW(CO2e) &

Materials

Figure 2: Evaluation Parameters included in I1,I2 and I3

Synergic Effect of Interaction

(I1+I2+I3)

GWP Period ( 100 years)

Transport Energy

Total Cost of Materials

Cost of Construction

SUSTAINABLE

DEVELOPMENT INDEX

(SDI) %

INTERACTION I1 INTERACTION I2

Modulus of Elasticity

Material Density

Embodoed Energy

Transport Energy

Embodied Carbon

GWP Period ( 100 years)

Design Life (50 years)

Transport Energy

Embodied CO2 (e)


Material Density

Embodoed Energy


Material Density

Embodoed Energy

EVALUATION

PARAMETERS

INCLUDED IN

I1, I2, I3

12 ECO

PARMTRS

EE TE CO2e

I1 I2 I3

CM vs EE EE vs GW GHG vs CM

EE : Embodoed Energy

GW : Global Warming

GHG : CO2 equivalent

System: Refers to Building

SYSTEM INPUTS

QUANTIFICATION

ENERGY AUDIT

APPLICATION

Sustainable Development

Index Expressed in %

ENERGY COEFFICIENTS

SDI= (I1+I2+I3) &

SDI %

Construction Materials and

Construction Process

Material Consumption

Assessment per unit Area of

Construction

INTERACTIONS

SYNERGIC EFFECT

Sustainability Rating System

BMP VALUES

TE : Transport Energy

Individual

Building

Materials within

the Building

Infrastructure

Projects

Cluster of

Buildings

FIGURE 3: SUSTAINABILITY DEVELOPMENT INDEX MODEL

CM : Construction Materials

SDI : Sustainability Development Index

MATERIALS # Extraction # Processing # Manufacture # Transport # Delivery # Use # Maintain # Dispose CRADLE TO CRADLE

# Elasticity Modulus # Material Density # Cost of Material # Cost of Construction # Range Values

FIGURE OF MERIT

PRIMARY PARAMETERS

# Concrete # Steel # Formwork # Structural Glazing # Flooring # Masonry # Plaster # Painting # Waterproofing # Doors # Windows

# Embodied Energy # CO2 Emission

# Transport Energy # Operational Energy # EE Coefficient # EC Coefficient # Design Period # Recyclability

ENERGY AUDIT BENCH MARK PROJECT

SUSTAINABILITY

DEVELOPMENT

INDEX MODEL

(SDIM)

WITHIN

THE

SYSTEM

OUTSIDE

THE

SYSTEM

6. CASE STUDY

BUILDINGS CHOSEN FROM DIFFERENT CLIMATIC

ZONES AND DIFFERENT CITIES OF INDIA

SDI COMPUTATION

INVOLVES :

• Figures of Merit for various construction materials

• Embodied Energy computation per Sqm

• Embodied Carbon computation per Sqm

• Embodied Energy Coefficient

• Embodied Carbon Coefficient

• Transport Energy Coefficient

• I1- Interaction between Materials and EE

• I2- Interaction between EE and Global Warming

• I3- Interaction between Global Warming and Materials

From the EE distribution chart, it

can be seen that Concrete,

Steel, Formwork, Windows and

Masonry are important from

energy efficiency consideration.

From the ECe

distribution chart, it

can be seen that

Concrete, Steel,

Formwork, Windows

and Masonry are

important from

energy efficiency

consideration.

From the SDI %

distribution chart, it

can be seen that

Steel, Formwork,

Concrete, Windows

and Flooring are

important from

Sustainability

assessment point of

view.

P1, 34 P2, 46

P3, 46

P4, 57

P5, 68

P6, 25 P7, 35 P8, 50

P9, 36

P10, 40

P11, 39

P12, 32

P13, 30

P15, 42

P16, 43

STEEL-SDI % VALUES

P1, 1 P2, 1

P3, 2 P4, 2

P5, 1

P6, 7

P7, 8

P8, 12

P9, 13

P11, 1

P12, 8

P15, 1

WINDOWS-SDI %

In Conclusion

Role of Sustainability Indices is to help assessing the energy

impact of Built Environment in Buildings and Infrastructure

Projects. Sustainability Development Index (SDI) discussed

here is one of the methods where :

Sustainability Levels of subsystems within the building can be

computed and expressed in percentage.

Sustainability Level of a building in its entirety as compared to

a Benchmark Project can be expressed in terms of

percentage.

Sustainability level of building clusters in a particular locality. SDI can be an excellent tool in Rating a Building from

Energy perspective.

THANK YOU ALL