role of learning curve - by: rahat kazmi
TRANSCRIPT
Course:BTECHNCBusiness/Similar/NewManagers
Module:HumanResourceDevelopment
Preparedby:RahatKazmi
Lecture1) RoleoftheLearningCurveandtheImportanceofTransferringLearningto
theworkplace2) ContributionofLearningStylesandTheorieswhenPlanningand
DesigningaLearningEvent
FollowhimonTwitter:twitter.com/srahatkazmi JoinFacebookFan’spage: facebook.com/TrainingConsultant & facebook.com/softskillsexpertsVisitthewebsite: www.softskillsexperts.com
Aimsoftoday’slesson
ØExplain the role of the learningcurve and the importance oftransferring learning to theworkplace
ØAssess the contribution oflearning styles and theories whenplanning and designing a learningevent
FollowhimonTwitter:twitter.com/srahatkazmi JoinFacebookFan’spage: facebook.com/TrainingConsultant & facebook.com/softskillsexpertsVisitthewebsite: www.softskillsexperts.com
R
E
C
A
PFollowhimonTwitter:twitter.com/srahatkazmi JoinFacebookFan’spage: facebook.com/TrainingConsultant & facebook.com/softskillsexpertsVisitthewebsite: www.softskillsexperts.com
Learningcurve……….
• Recognize that progress may vary and may not becontinuous. Enable learners to consolidate theirlearning and introduce reinforcement periods intraining programmes to recognize the existence oflearning steps and plateaus.
(Armstong, 2009:707)
FollowhimonTwitter:twitter.com/srahatkazmi JoinFacebookFan’spage: facebook.com/TrainingConsultant & facebook.com/softskillsexpertsVisitthewebsite: www.softskillsexperts.com
Learningcurveq The concept of the Learning Curve basically states that there is less
and less learning as more repetitive steps are taken. The BostonConsulting Group conducted some empirical studies and below arethe conclusions from that study
q The time required to perform a task decreases as the task isrepeated,
q The amount of improvement decreases as more units are produced,and
q The rate of improvement has sufficient consistency to allow its useas a prediction tool.
FollowhimonTwitter:twitter.com/srahatkazmi JoinFacebookFan’spage: facebook.com/TrainingConsultant & facebook.com/softskillsexpertsVisitthewebsite: www.softskillsexperts.com
• Tosuggesttypicalpatterns• Toillustratetheprogressofagiventrainee’slearning
• Toplanthesizeof‘chunks’tobetaughtinonesession
Alearningcurvemaybeused…..
FollowhimonTwitter:twitter.com/srahatkazmi JoinFacebookFan’spage: facebook.com/TrainingConsultant & facebook.com/softskillsexpertsVisitthewebsite: www.softskillsexperts.com
LearningCurves
þ Based on the premise that people and organizations become better at their tasks as the tasks are repeated
þ Time to produce a unit decreases as more units are produced
þ Learning curves typically follow a negative exponential distribution
þ The rate of improvement decreases over time
FollowhimonTwitter:twitter.com/srahatkazmi JoinFacebookFan’spage: facebook.com/TrainingConsultant & facebook.com/softskillsexpertsVisitthewebsite: www.softskillsexperts.com
LearningCurveEffectCo
st/timeperrepetition
Numberof repetitions(volume)0
FollowhimonTwitter:twitter.com/srahatkazmi JoinFacebookFan’spage: facebook.com/TrainingConsultant & facebook.com/softskillsexpertsVisitthewebsite: www.softskillsexperts.com
LearningCurveExamples
ExampleImproving
ParametersCumulative Parameter
Learning-Curve Slope
(%)Model -T Ford
productionPrice Units produced 86
Aircraft assembly
Direct labor-hours per unit
Units produced 80
Equipment maintenance at GE
Average time to replace a group of parts
Number of replacements
76
Steel production
Production worker labor-hours per unit produced
Units produced 79
FollowhimonTwitter:twitter.com/srahatkazmi JoinFacebookFan’spage: facebook.com/TrainingConsultant & facebook.com/softskillsexpertsVisitthewebsite: www.softskillsexperts.com
LearningCurveExamples
ExampleImproving
ParametersCumulative Parameter
Learning-Curve Slope
(%)Integrated
circuitsAverage price per
unitUnits
produced72
Handheld calculator
Average factory selling price
Units produced
74
Disk memory drives
Average price per bit
Number of bits 76
Heart transplants
1-year death rates Transplants completed
79
FollowhimonTwitter:twitter.com/srahatkazmi JoinFacebookFan’spage: facebook.com/TrainingConsultant & facebook.com/softskillsexpertsVisitthewebsite: www.softskillsexperts.com
UsesofLearningCurves
Internal: labor forecasting, scheduling, establishing costs and budgets
External: supply chain negotiationsStrategic: evaluation of company and
industry performance, including costs and pricing
FollowhimonTwitter:twitter.com/srahatkazmi JoinFacebookFan’spage: facebook.com/TrainingConsultant & facebook.com/softskillsexpertsVisitthewebsite: www.softskillsexperts.com
LimitationsofLearningCurves
þ Learning curves differ from company to company as well as industry to industry so estimates should be developed for each organization
þ Learning curves are often based on time estimates which must be accurate and should be reevaluated when appropriate
FollowhimonTwitter:twitter.com/srahatkazmi JoinFacebookFan’spage: facebook.com/TrainingConsultant & facebook.com/softskillsexpertsVisitthewebsite: www.softskillsexperts.com
LimitationsofLearningCurves
þ Any changes in personnel, design, or procedure can be expected to alter the learning curve
þ Learning curves do not always apply to indirect labor or material
þ The culture of the workplace, resource availability, and changes in the process may alter the learning curve
FollowhimonTwitter:twitter.com/srahatkazmi JoinFacebookFan’spage: facebook.com/TrainingConsultant & facebook.com/softskillsexpertsVisitthewebsite: www.softskillsexperts.com
Definition – Transfer of Learning
• Transfer of learning is the ability to apply knowledge learned in one context to new contexts.
• Transfer of learning occurs when the learner– recognizes common features among concepts,
skills, or principles;– links the information in memory; and– sees the value of utilizing what was learned in
one situation in another.
FollowhimonTwitter:twitter.com/srahatkazmi JoinFacebookFan’spage: facebook.com/TrainingConsultant & facebook.com/softskillsexpertsVisitthewebsite: www.softskillsexperts.com
Examples
• Knowledge of French may help student learn Spanish
• Learning to drive a car helps a person to later drive a truck
• Learning mathematics prepares students to study physics
• Learning to get along with siblings may prepare one for getting along better with others
FollowhimonTwitter:twitter.com/srahatkazmi JoinFacebookFan’spage: facebook.com/TrainingConsultant & facebook.com/softskillsexpertsVisitthewebsite: www.softskillsexperts.com
Why is it important? (cont.)
• If we did not transfer some of our prior knowledge, then each new learning situation would start from scratch.
• Assumption of education: what is taught in a course will be used in relevant situations in other courses, in the workplace and out of school
FollowhimonTwitter:twitter.com/srahatkazmi JoinFacebookFan’spage: facebook.com/TrainingConsultant & facebook.com/softskillsexpertsVisitthewebsite: www.softskillsexperts.com
FactorsthatAffectTransfer
• Initial acquisition of knowledge is necessary for transfer. – Rote learning (memorizing isolated facts) does
not tend to facilitate transfer, learning with understanding does
– Transfer is affected by degree to which students learn with understanding
• Context plays a fundamental role.– Knowledge learned that is too tightly bound to
context in which it was learned will significantly reduce transfer
FollowhimonTwitter:twitter.com/srahatkazmi JoinFacebookFan’spage: facebook.com/TrainingConsultant & facebook.com/softskillsexpertsVisitthewebsite: www.softskillsexperts.com
Factors that Affect Transfer (continued)
• Knowledge that is overly contextualized can reduce transfer; abstract representations can promote transfer (Bransford, 41).
• Attempts to cover too much too quickly may hinder transfer.
• Motivation affects the amount of time people are willing to devote to learning.– People are more motivated when they can see
the usefulness of what they are learning
FollowhimonTwitter:twitter.com/srahatkazmi JoinFacebookFan’spage: facebook.com/TrainingConsultant & facebook.com/softskillsexpertsVisitthewebsite: www.softskillsexperts.com
Positive vs. Negative
• Positive transfer: when learning in one context improves performance in some other context– Speakers of one language find it easier to learn
related rather than unrelated second languages• Negative transfer: when learning in one
context has a negative impact on performance in another context– Contrasts in vocabulary, pronunciation, and
syntax create difficulties – Typically causes problems only in the early stages
FollowhimonTwitter:twitter.com/srahatkazmi JoinFacebookFan’spage: facebook.com/TrainingConsultant & facebook.com/softskillsexpertsVisitthewebsite: www.softskillsexperts.com
Near vs. Far• Near transfer: transfer between very similar
contexts– When a mechanic repairs an engine in a new
model of car, but with a design similar to prior models
– Much better prospects than far transfer• Far transfer: transfer between contexts that
seem alien to one another– A chess player may apply basic strategies to
investment practices or policies
FollowhimonTwitter:twitter.com/srahatkazmi JoinFacebookFan’spage: facebook.com/TrainingConsultant & facebook.com/softskillsexpertsVisitthewebsite: www.softskillsexperts.com
Teaching for Transfer• In many situations, transfer will
take care of itself – students face instances of
reading outside of college-newspapers, books, and so on- print provides a stimulus to call to mind reading skills
• In other contexts of learning conditions for transfer are less promising– If social studies is not taught
by including actual practice in looking at current events with a historical perspective
– If social studies instruction does not encourage learners to reflect upon the eras they are studying and dig up widely applicable questions or conclusions
FollowhimonTwitter:twitter.com/srahatkazmi JoinFacebookFan’spage: facebook.com/TrainingConsultant & facebook.com/softskillsexpertsVisitthewebsite: www.softskillsexperts.com
The more understanding, the better the transfer.
FollowhimonTwitter:twitter.com/srahatkazmi JoinFacebookFan’spage: facebook.com/TrainingConsultant & facebook.com/softskillsexpertsVisitthewebsite: www.softskillsexperts.com
FollowhimonTwitter:twitter.com/srahatkazmi JoinFacebookFan’spage: facebook.com/TrainingConsultant & facebook.com/softskillsexpertsVisitthewebsite: www.softskillsexperts.com
FollowhimonTwitter:twitter.com/srahatkazmi JoinFacebookFan’spage: facebook.com/TrainingConsultant & facebook.com/softskillsexpertsVisitthewebsite: www.softskillsexperts.com
FollowhimonTwitter:twitter.com/srahatkazmi JoinFacebookFan’spage: facebook.com/TrainingConsultant & facebook.com/softskillsexpertsVisitthewebsite: www.softskillsexperts.com
FollowhimonTwitter:twitter.com/srahatkazmi JoinFacebookFan’spage: facebook.com/TrainingConsultant & facebook.com/softskillsexpertsVisitthewebsite: www.softskillsexperts.com
FollowhimonTwitter:twitter.com/srahatkazmi JoinFacebookFan’spage: facebook.com/TrainingConsultant & facebook.com/softskillsexpertsVisitthewebsite: www.softskillsexperts.com
LearningStyles
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I81rGBunsdoVARK
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8VJiKBCZO_c&list=PLE9E5A755CDF7F52CKolb
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Cf-1zx58CU
HoneyandMumford
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nHSZ3_VMgjUMyersBriggs
FollowhimonTwitter:twitter.com/srahatkazmi JoinFacebookFan’spage: facebook.com/TrainingConsultant & facebook.com/softskillsexpertsVisitthewebsite: www.softskillsexperts.com
ClassDiscussion
WhatistheLearningStylesFortheNetGeneration
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rzX21oQx94w&list=PLE9E5A755CDF7F52C&index=6
FollowhimonTwitter:twitter.com/srahatkazmi JoinFacebookFan’spage: facebook.com/TrainingConsultant & facebook.com/softskillsexpertsVisitthewebsite: www.softskillsexperts.com
• Stage1:Unconsciousincompetence(notawareofwhatyoudon’tknow)
• Stage2:Consciousincompetence(Youbecomeawarethatyoudon’tknow)
• Stage3:Consciouscompetence(Youworkatknowing)
• Stage4:Unconsciouscompetence(Youdon’thavetothinkaboutknowing)
Stagesoflearning
FollowhimonTwitter:twitter.com/srahatkazmi JoinFacebookFan’spage: facebook.com/TrainingConsultant & facebook.com/softskillsexpertsVisitthewebsite: www.softskillsexperts.com
Learningcurve
• Graphical representation of the common senseprinciple that more one does something thebetter one gets at it.
• Learning curve shows the rate of improvement inperforming a task as a function of time, or therate of change in average cost (in hours or moneyunit) as a function of cumulative output. Used inresource requirements planning.http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/learning-curve.html, 2013
FollowhimonTwitter:twitter.com/srahatkazmi JoinFacebookFan’spage: facebook.com/TrainingConsultant & facebook.com/softskillsexpertsVisitthewebsite: www.softskillsexperts.com
New&traditionallearningcurves
FollowhimonTwitter:twitter.com/srahatkazmi JoinFacebookFan’spage: facebook.com/TrainingConsultant & facebook.com/softskillsexpertsVisitthewebsite: www.softskillsexperts.com
References
Bransford, John. How People Learn. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press, 1999.
Ip, Y.K. “Transfer of Learning.” Ideas on Teaching. February 2003. Center for Development of Teaching and Learning. http://www.cdtl.nus.edu.sg/Ideas/iot18.htm
“Learning Theories and Transfer of Learning.” [Online] http://otec.uoregon.edu/learning_theory.htm#transfer
Mestre, Jose. “Transfer of Learning: Issues and Research Agenda.” [Online] National Science Foundation. 21 March 2002. http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2003/nsf03212/nsf03212.pdf
Perkins, David. “Transfer of Learning.” [Online] 2 September 1992. http://learnweb.harvard.edu/alps/thinking/docs/traencyn.htm
“Transfer of Learning.” http://education.calumet.purdue.edu/vockell/EdPsyBook/Edpsy6/edpsy6_transfer.htm
FollowhimonTwitter:twitter.com/srahatkazmi JoinFacebookFan’spage: facebook.com/TrainingConsultant & facebook.com/softskillsexpertsVisitthewebsite: www.softskillsexperts.com
• Bpp Business Essentials Human Resourcedevelopment and Employee Relations Chp 1
• http://www.businessballs.com/traindev.htm
References
FollowhimonTwitter:twitter.com/srahatkazmi JoinFacebookFan’spage: facebook.com/TrainingConsultant & facebook.com/softskillsexpertsVisitthewebsite: www.softskillsexperts.com